Haplogroup F-M89

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Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)
)
This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup F (mtDNA).
Haplogroup F-M89
CF
DescendantsPrimary: F1, F2, F3, GHIJK.
Defining mutationsM89/PF2746, L132.1, M213/P137/Page38, M235/Page80, P14, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141, P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316

Haplogroup F, also known as F-M89 and previously as Haplogroup FT, is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup. The clade and its subclades constitute over 90% of paternal lineages outside of Africa.

The vast majority of individual males with F-M89 fall into its direct descendant Haplogroup GHIJK (F1329/M3658/PF2622/YSC0001299).[9] in addition to GHIJK, haplogroup F has three other immediate descendant subclades: F1 (P91/P104), F2 (M427/M428), and F3 (M481). These three, with F* (M89*), constitute the paragroup F(xGHIJK). They are primarily found throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia.

Haplogroup GHIJK branches subsequently split into two direct descendants:

T
.

Origins

It is estimated that the

Indian Subcontinent, or somewhere close to it, and most of the descendant subclades and haplogroups appear to have radiated outward from The Persian Gulf and/or neighbouring parts of the Middle East and Southeast Asia
.

Some lineages derived from Haplogroup F-M89 appear to have back-migrated into Africa from West Asia, during prehistory. For example, subclades of F-M89 were discovered in ancient DNA samples from Sudan, which were associated with both Meroitic and Post-Meroitic [1] burials.

Distribution

The vast majority of living individuals carrying F-M89 belong to subclades of GHIJK. By comparison, cases of the paragroup F(xG,H,I,J,K) – that is, either basal F* (M89) or the primary subclades F1 (P91; P104), F2 (M427; M428) and F3 (M481) – are relatively rare worldwide.

F(xG,H,I,J,K)

A lack of precise, high resolution testing in the past makes it difficult to discuss F*, F1, F2* and F3* separately.

South East Asia. However, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some cases may in fact belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK. This was, for instance, the case with the subclade Haplogroup H2
(P96), which was originally named "F3", i.e. – a name that has since been reassigned to F-M481.

F(xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka, 5.2% of males across India (including up to 10% of males in South India), 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran.

Men originating in

Burma, and Vietnam
.

In Central Asia, examples of F(xG,H,I,J,K) have been reported in individuals from Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.[14]

Kutanan et al. (2020) have found F*-M89 in 50.0% (8/16) of a sample of Red

North Thailand and the Y-DNA of the Phuan individual from Central Thailand has been estimated to be 12,675 years before present. The TMRCA of the F*-M89 cluster from Northeast Thailand has been estimated to be 6,492 years before present. The TMRCA of all these F*-M89 individuals from Thailand has been estimated to be 16,006 years before present.[15]

There is also evidence of westward

South-East Europe.[18]

Neolithic migration into Europe from

Southwest Asia, by first wave of farmers in Europe has been put forward as the source of F and G2a found in European Neolithic remains, dating from circa 4000 BCE. These remains, according to Herrerra et al. (2012) showed a "greater genetic similarity" to "individuals from the modern Near East" than to modern Europeans.[19] F(xG,H,I,J,K) may have been found in Bronze Age remains from Europe, namely the individuals known as DEB 20 and DEB 38, who lived about 7,000–7,210 BP, and were found at the Derenburg Meerenstieg II site in Germany.[20]

Three less certain cases, which have not been tested for all subclades of GHIJK, have been found among Neolithic remains in Europe. I0411 (Troc 4), who lived 7,195–7,080 years BP, was found in the

K.[18] However, subsequent research has revealed that Oase 1 belonged to K2a*.[21]
)

Some cases reported amongst modern populations of Europeans, Native Americans and Pacific Islanders may be due to migration and admixture of F(xG,H,I,J,K), as a result of contact with South and/or South East Asia, during the early modern era (16th–19th Century).[9] Such examples include:

F* (M89*)

Basal F-M89* has been reported among 5.2% of males in India.[10] A regional breakdown was provided by Chiaroni et al. (2009): 10% in South India; 8% in Central India; about 1.0% in North India and Western India, as well as 5% in Pakistan; 10% in Sri Lanka; 4% among the Tamang people of Nepal; 2% in Borneo and Java; 4-5% in Sulawesi and Lembata in Southeast Asia.[12]

In

Hormozgan Province have been found to carry basal F-M89.[16]

Haplogorup F* has been found in only 11.67% of Yunnan Han Chinese tested.[24] Xi'an (1/34),[24]

Haplogroup F-M89 has also been observed in Northeast Africa among two

Meroe Island.[25]
The remains of the
calibrated years before present, carry also the basal lineage of the Y chromosome haplogroup F-M89.[26]

F1 (P91)

Main article: Haplogroup F1 (Y-DNA)

This subclade is defined by the SNP P91. It is most common in Sri Lanka.[2][27]

F2 (M427)

Main article: Haplogroup F2 (Y-DNA)

F2 Y-chromosomes have been reported among minorities from the borderlands of

Burma, and Vietnam, namely the Yi and Kucong or Lahu Shi ("Yellow Lahu"), a subgroup of the Lahu.[28]

F3 (M481)

Main article: Haplogroup F3 (Y-DNA)

The newly defined and rare subclade F3 (M481; previously F5) has been found in India and Nepal, among the Tharu people and in Andhra Pradesh.[29] F-M481 should not be confused with Haplogroup H2 (L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282, P96), which was previously misclassified under F-M89, as "F3".

Haplogroup GHIJK

Main article: Haplogroup GHIJK

Basal GHIJK has never been found, either in living males or ancient remains.

Subclades – including some major haplogroups – are widespread in modern populations of the

Pacific Islands and Native Americans
.

Phylogenetics

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).

Phylogenetic trees

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup F-M89. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008

Houston, Texas
. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

The Genomic Research Center draft tree

The Genomic Research Center's draft tree for haplogroup F-M89 is as follows.[30] (Only the first three levels of subclades are shown.)

  • F-M89 P14, M89, M213, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141, P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316, L132.1, L313, L498
    • F-P91 P91, P104
    • F-M427 M427, M428
    • F-P96 P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286
      • F-L280 L280
    • G-M201 M201, P257, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, L1258, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23, U33
    • H-M69 M69, M370, PAGES00049
    • IJK L15, L16

YCC/ISOGG tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008.[2] Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.[citation needed]

  • CF
    • F (L132.1, M89/PF2746).
      • F1 (P91, P104)
      • F2 (M427, M428)
      • F3 (M481)
      • Macrohaplogroup GHIJK (F1329/M3658/PF2622/YSC0001299).

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
F-M89 2 VI 1R 20 Eu10 H4 B F* F F F F F F F F F F
F-APT/H-APT 15 VI 1R 20 Eu10 H4 B F1 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2

See also

Genetics

Backbone Tree

References

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  30. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-01-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

External links

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