Haplogroup L3
Haplogroup L3 | |
---|---|
L3'4 | |
Descendants | L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N |
Defining mutations | 769, 1018, 16311[7] |
Haplogroup L3 is a
It is strongly associated with the out-of-Africa migration of modern humans of about 70–50,000 years ago. It is inherited by all modern non-African populations, as well as by some populations in Africa.[8][3]
Origin
Haplogroup L3 arose close to 70,000 years ago, near the time of the recent out-of-Africa event. This dispersal originated in East Africa and expanded to West Asia, and further to South and Southeast Asia in the course of a few millennia, and some research suggests that L3 participated in this migration out of Africa. A 2007 estimate for the age of L3 suggested a range of 104–84,000 years ago.[9] More recent analyses, including Soares et al. (2012) arrive at a more recent date, of roughly 70–60,000 years ago. Soares et al. also suggest that L3 most likely expanded from East Africa into Eurasia sometime around 65–55,000 years ago as part of the recent out-of-Africa event, as well as from East Africa into Central Africa from 60 to 35,000 years ago.[3] In 2016, Soares et al. again suggested that haplogroup L3 emerged in East Africa, leading to the Out-of-Africa migration, around 70–60,000 years ago.[10]
Haplogroups
The possibility of an origin of L3 in Asia was proposed by Cabrera et al. (2018) based on the similar coalescence dates of L3 and its Eurasian-distributed
According to other research, though earlier migrations out of Africa of anatomically modern humans occurred, current Eurasian populations descend instead from a later migration from Africa dated between about 65,000 and 50,000 years ago (associated with the migration out of L3).[11][4][12]
Vai et al. (2019) suggest, from a newly discovered old and deeply-rooted branch of maternal haplogroup N found in early Neolithic North African remains, that haplogroup L3 originated in East Africa between 70,000 and 60,000 years ago, and both spread within Africa and left Africa as part of the Out-of-Africa migration, with haplogroup N diverging from it soon after (between 65,000 and 50,000 years ago) either in Arabia or possibly North Africa, and haplogroup M originating in the Middle East around the same time as N.[4]
A study by Lipson et al. (2019) analyzing remains from the Cameroonian site of Shum Laka found them to be more similar to modern-day Pygmy peoples than to West Africans, and suggests that several other groups (including the ancestors of West Africans, East Africans and the ancestors of non-Africans) commonly derived from a human population originating in East Africa between about 80,000-60,000 years ago, which they suggest was also the source and origin zone of haplogroup L3 around 70,000 years ago.[13]
Distribution
L3 is common in
L3 is subdivided into several clades, two of which spawned the macrohaplogroups M and N that are today carried by most people outside Africa.[15] There is at least one relatively deep non-M, non-N clade of L3 outside Africa, L3f1b6, which is found at a frequency of 1% in Asturias, Spain. It diverged from African L3 lineages at least 10,000 years ago.[16]
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to
Subclade distribution
L3 has seven equidistant descendants: L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N. Five are African, while two are associated with the Out of Africa event.
- N – Eurasia possibly due to migration from Africa, and North Africa possibly due to back-migration from Eurasia.[3][6][4]
- M – Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, and parts of Africa due to back-migration.[3][6]
- L3a – East Africa.[8][3] Moderate to high frequencies found among the Sanye, Samburu, Iraqw, Yaaku, El-Molo and other minor indigenous populations from the East African Rift Valley. It is infrequent to nonexistent in Sudan and the Sahel zone.[19]
- L3b'f
- L3b – Spread from East Africa in the upper paleolithic to West-Central Africa. Some subclades spread from Central Africa to East Africa with the Bantu migration.[3]
- L3f – Northeast Africa, Sahel, Arabian peninsula, Iberia. Gaalien,[22] Beja[22]
- L3f1
- L3f1a – Carried by migrants from Eastern Africa into the Sahel and Central Africa.[3]
- L3f1b – Carried by migrants from Eastern Africa into the Sahel and Central Africa.[3]
- L3f1b1 – Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.[3]
- L3f1b1a – Settled from East-Central Africa to Central-West Africa and into North Africa and Berber regions.[3]
- L3f1b4 – Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.[3]
- L3f1b1 – Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.[3]
- L3f1b6 – Rare, found in Iberia.[16]
- L3f2 – Primarily distributed in East Africa.[3] Also found in North Africa and Central Africa.[21]
- L3f3 – Spread from Eastern Africa to Chad and the Sahel around 8–9 ka.[3] Found in the Chad Basin.[21][23]
- L3f1
- L3c'd
- L3e'i'k'x
- L3e – Suggested to have originated in the Central Africa/Afro-Brazilians.[29]
- L3e1 – Spread from West-Central Africa to Southwest Africa with the Bantu migration. Found in Angola (6.8%).[30] Mozambique, Kikuyu of Kenya, as well as in Yemen, and the Tikar of Cameroon,[31] and among the Akan people of Ghana.[25]
- L3e5 – Originated in the Chad Basin. Found in Algeria,[32] as well as Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Tunisia, South Morocco and Egypt[33]
- L3i Almost exclusively found in East Africa.[3]
- L3k – Rare haplogroup primarily found in North Africa and the Sahel.[3][21]
- L3x – Almost exclusively found in East Africa.[3] Found among Ethiopian Oromos,[24] Egyptians[Note 1][34]
- L3e – Suggested to have originated in the Central Africa/
- L3h – Almost exclusively found in East Africa.[3]
- L3h1 – Primarily found in East Africa with branches of L3h1b1 sporadically found in the Sahel and North Africa.[20][21]
- L3h2 – Found in Northeast Africa and Socotra. Split from other L3h branches as early as 65–69 ka during the middle paleolithic.[20][21]
Ancient and historic samples
Haplogroup L3 has been observed in an ancient fossil belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture.[35] L3x2a was observed in a 4,500 year old hunter-gather excavated in Mota, Ethiopia, with the ancient fossil found to be most closely related to modern Southwest Ethiopian populations.[36][37] Haplogroup L3 has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies (1/90; 1%) excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, with the rest deriving from Eurasian subclades, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Ptolemaic periods. The Ancient Egyptian mummies bore Near eastern genomic component most closely related to modern near easterners.[38] Additionally, haplogroup L3 has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Gran Canaria site, with most of these specimens found to belong to the L3b1a subclade (3/4; 75%) with the rest from both islands (8/11; 72%) deriving from Eurasian subclades. The Guanche skeletons also bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, which suggests that they originated from ancestral Berber populations inhabiting northwestern Affoundnat a high ncy[39]
A variety of L3 have been uncovered in ancient remains associated with the Pastoral Neolithic and Pastoral Iron Age of East Africa.[40]
Culture | Genetic cluster or affinity | Country | Site | Date | Maternal Haplogroup | Paternal Haplogroup | Source |
Early pastoral | PN | Kenya | Prettejohn's Gully (GsJi11) | 4060–3860 | L3f1b | – | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic | PN | Kenya | Cole's Burial (GrJj5a) | 3350–3180 | L3i2 | E-V32 | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic or Elmenteitan | PN | Kenya | Rigo Cave (GrJh3) | 2710–2380 | L3f | E-M293 | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic | PN | Kenya | Naishi Rockshelter | 2750–2500 | L3x1a | E-V1515 (prob. E-M293) | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic | PN | Tanzania | Gishimangeda Cave | 2490–2350 | L3x1 | – | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic | PN | Kenya | Naivasha Burial Site | 2350–2210 | L3h1a1 | E-M293 | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic | PN | Kenya | Naivasha Burial Site | 2320–2150 | L3x1a | E-M293 | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic | PN | Tanzania | Gishimangeda Cave | 2150–2020 | L3i2 | E-M293 | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic or Elmenteitan | PN | Kenya | Njoro River Cave II | 2110–1930 | L3h1a2a1 | – | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic | N/A | Tanzania | Gishimangeda Cave | 2000–1900 | L3h1a2a1 | – | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Neolithic | PN | Kenya | Ol Kalou | 1810–1620 | L3d1d | E-M293 | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Iron Age | PIA | Kenya | Kisima Farm, C4 | 1060–940 | L3h1a1 | E-M75 (excl. M98) | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Iron Age | PIA | Kenya | Emurua Ole Polos (GvJh122) | 420–160 | L3h1a1 | E-M293 | Prendergast 2019 |
Pastoral Iron Age | PN outlier | Kenya | Kokurmatakore | N/A | L3a2a | E-M35 (not E-M293) | Prendergast 2019 |
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[7] and subsequent published research.[41]
Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
- L1-6
- L2-6
- L2'3'4'6
- L3'4'6
- L3'4
- L3
- L3a
- L3a1
- L3a1a
- L3a1b
- L3a2
- L3a2a
- L3a1
- L3b'f
- L3b
- L3b1
- L3b1a
- L3b1a1
- L3b1a2
- L3b1a3
- L3b1a4
- L3b1a5
- L3b1a5a
- L3b1a6
- L3b1a7
- L3b1a7
- L3b1a8
- L3b1a9
- L3b1a9a
- L3b1a10
- L3b1a11
- L3b1b
- L3b1b1
- L3b1a
- L3b2
- L3b2a
- L3b2a
- L3b3
- L3b1
- L3f
- L3f1
- L3f1a
- L3f1a1
- L3f1b
- L3f1b1
- L3f1b2
- L3f1b2a
- L3f1b3
- L3f1b4
- L3f1b4a
- L3f1b4a1
- L3f1b4b
- L3f1b4c
- L3f1b4a
- L3f1b5
- L3f1a
- L3f2
- L3f2a
- L3f2b
- L3f3
- L3f3a
- L3f3b
- L3f1
- L3b
- L3c'd
- L3c
- L3d
- L3d1-5
- L3d1
- L3d1a
- L3d1a1
- L3d1a1a
- L3d1a1
- L3d1b
- L3d1b1
- L3d1c
- L3d1d
- L3d1a
- 199
- L3d2
- L3d5
- L3d3
- L3d3a
- L3d4
- L3d5
- L3d1
- L3d1-5
- L3e'i'k'x
- L3e
- L3e1
- L3e1a
- L3e1a1
- L3e1a1a
- 152
- L3e1a2
- L3e1a3
- L3e1a1
- L3e1b
- L3e1c
- L3e1d
- L3e1e
- L3e1a
- L3e2
- L3e2a
- L3e2a1
- L3e2a1a
- L3e2a1b
- L3e2a1b1
- L3e2a1
- L3e2b
- L3e2b1
- L3e2b1a
- L3e2b2
- L3e2b3
- L3e2b1
- L3e2a
- L3e3'4'5
- L3e3'4
- L3e3
- L3e3a
- L3e3b
- L3e3b1
- L3e4
- L3e3
- L3e5
- L3e3'4
- L3e1
- L3i
- L3i1
- L3i1a
- L3i1b
- L3i2
- L3i1
- L3k
- L3k1
- L3x
- L3x1
- L3x1a
- L3x1a1
- L3x1a2
- L3x1b
- L3x1a
- L3x2
- L3x2a
- L3x2a1
- L3x2a1a
- L3x2a1
- L3x2b
- L3x2a
- L3x1
- L3e
- L3h
- L3h1
- L3h1a
- L3h1a1
- L3h1a2
- L3h1a2a
- L3h1a2b
- L3h1b
- L3h1b1
- L3h1b1a
- L3h1b1a1
- L3h1b1a
- L3h1b2
- L3h1b1
- L3h1a
- L3h2
- L3h1
- M
- N
- L3a
- L3
- L3'4
- L3'4'6
- L2'3'4'6
- L2-6
Popular culture
- Writer Bonnie Greer is a member of haplogroup L3.[42]
- Author Malcolm Gladwell is a member of haplogroup L3f1.[43]
- Musician Branford Marsalis is a member of haplogroup L3f1b.[44]
See also
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L )
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L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1
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L2
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L3
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L4
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L5
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L6
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M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ
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D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W
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X | Y
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C | Z | B | F | R0
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pre-JT | P | U
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HV
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JT
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K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
References
- ^ Soares et al. 2011. Point estimates of 71.6 kya by Soares et al. (2009) and of 70.2 by Fernandes et al. (2015).
- ^ S2CID 210862788.
- ^ PMID 22096215.
- ^ PMID 30837540.
- ^ Osman, Maha M.; et al. "Mitochondrial HVRI and whole mitogenome sequence variations portray similar scenarios on the genetic structure and ancestry of northeast Africans" (PDF). Institute of Endemic Diseases. Meta Gene.
- ^ PMID 29921229.
- ^ S2CID 27566749.
- ^ PMID 18439549.
- PMID 17194802.
- S2CID 26196645.
- S2CID 140098861.
- PMID 31196864.
- ^ Ancient Human DNA from Shum Laka (Cameroon) in the Context of African Population History, by Lipson Mark et al., 2019 | page=5
- PMID 19425100.
- ^ PMID 10570998.
- ^ S2CID 22184219.
- PMID 11553319.
- ^ "Cambridge DNA Services -". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
- ^ Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011). Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Maryland. p. 118.
- ^ a b c d e See Supplemental_TreeUpdatedOctober.xls under the Supplementary data of Soares et al. 2011
- ^ .
- ^ a b Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. "Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan" (PDF). University of Khartoum. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- PMID 19309521.
- ^ PMID 15457403.
- ^ PMID 21723214.
- ^ Sheet1 – PLOS Pathogens
- PMID12395296
- ^ Anderson, S. 2006, Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation. Archived 2011-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 221411246.
- S2CID 13213447.
- PMID 11851985.
- S2CID 6407058.
- S2CID 44901197.
- PMID 24901650.
- PMID 26449472.
- PMID 26449472.
- PMID 28556824.
- PMID 29107554.
- PMID 31147405.
- ^ "PhyloTree.org | tree | L3". phylotree.org. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
- ISBN 978-1909807624.
- ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2010). Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts. New York University Press. pp. 187–188.
- ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2015). Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 11.
Notes
- ^ GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Haplogroup L3
- Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree L3
- Spread of Haplogroup L3, from National Geographic