Haplogroup L4

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Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)
)
Haplogroup L4
Possible time of origin90–80 kya
Possible place of origin
L4b
Defining mutations5460, 16362[1]

Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a somewhat uncommon maternal clade primarily found in East Africa, and West Asia.[2]

Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup L4.
ka
) indicated are maximum likelihood estimates obtained for the whole-mtDNA genome.

L4 is important in East Africa. The highest frequencies are in Tanzania among the Hadza at 60-83% and Sandawe at 48%.[3]

It has two branches, L4a and L4b. Subgroup L4a was formerly called L7 and considered a separate subclade of

L3 as its outgroup by Behar et al. (2008).[4]
The parent clade L3'4 is to have emerged at 106–66 kya.[5] L4 is not much later than this, estimated at 87 kya by Fernandes et al. (2015).[6]

Phylogeny

The following phylogeny is based on van Oven and Kayser (2008).[1]

  • L3'4
    • L4
      • L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
        • L4a1
          • L4a1a
        • L4a2
      • L4b, mutations: 709, 3918.
        • L4b1
        • L4b2 (formerly known as L3g or L4g)
          • L4b2a
            • L4b2a1
            • L4b2a2
              • L4b2a2a
              • L4b2a2b
          • L4b2b

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 27566749
    .
  2. ^ Haplogroups L4.
  3. ^ Tishkoff, S. et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
  4. PMID 18439549
    .
  5. ^ "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material (p. 83)" (PDF). 2009: 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

 
L
) 		   
L0 L1–6  
L1
L2
  
L3
    
L4
L5
L6
M N  
CZ
 D E G Q   O A S R   I
W
 X
Y
C Z B F
R0
   pre-JT   P  
U
HV
JT
 K
H V J T
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