Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA)
Haplogroup N1a | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 12,000-32,000 YBP[1] |
Possible place of origin | Near East |
Ancestor | N1a'e'I |
Descendants | N1a1 |
Defining mutations | 152, 669, 2702, 5315, 8901, 16147G, 16172, 16248, 16355[2] |
Haplogroup N1a is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
N1a originated in the Near East [3] 12,000 to 32,000 years ago.[1] Specifically, the Arabian Peninsula is postulated as the geographic origin of N1a. This supposition is based on the relatively high frequency and genetic diversity of N1a in modern populations of the peninsula.[4] Exact origins and migration patterns of this haplogroup are still subject of some debate.
Debate on Origin of Neolithic Europeans
Two main competing scenarios exist for the spread of the Neolithic package from the Near East to Europe: demic diffusion (in which agriculture was brought by farmers) or cultural diffusion (in which agriculture was spread through the passage of ideas).
N1a became particularly prominent in this debate when a team led by Wolfgang Haak analyzed skeletons from
A separate study analyzed 22 skeletons from European hunter-gatherer sites dated 13400-2300 BC. Most of these fossils carried the mtDNA
Haak's team concludes that "the transition to farming in central Europe was accompanied by a substantial influx of people from outside the region."[7] However, they note that haplogroup frequencies in modern Europeans are substantially different from early farming and late hunter-gatherer populations. This indicates that "the diversity observed today cannot be explained by admixture between hunter-gatherers and early farmers alone" and that "major demographic events continued to take place in Europe after the early Neolithic."
Critics of these studies claim that the LBK N1a specimens could have derived from local communities established in Europe before the introduction of farming. Ammerman's team voiced concern due to some of the LBK specimens coming from communities several hundred years after farming was first established in the region;[8] a rebuttal was given.[9]
In 2010, researchers led by Palanichamy conducted a genetic and phylogeographic analysis of N1a. Based on the results, they conclude that some of the LBK samples were indigenous to Europe while others may have resulted from 'leapfrog' colonization.[1] Deguilloux's team agreed with Haak's conclusion on a genetic discontinuity between ancient and modern Europeans. However, they consider demic diffusion, cultural diffusion, and long-distance matrimonial exchanges all equally plausible explanations for the current genetic findings.[10]
Ancient DNA
Seven of 42 skeletons from Linear Pottery Culture (Linearbandkeramik) sites were found to be members of the N1a haplogroup (see Neolithic European). N1a was also identified in skeletal remains within a 6200-year-old megalithic long mound near Prissé-la-Charrière, France.[10] A 2500-year-old fossil of a Scytho-Siberian in the Altai Republic, easternmost representative of the Scythians, was found to be a member of N1a1.[11] A study of a 10th and 11th century Hungarians found that N1a1a1 was present in high-status individuals but absent from commoners.[12] One of thirteen skeletons analyzed from a medieval cemetery dated 1250-1450 AD in Denmark was found to be a member of subclade N1a1a.[13]
The N1 subclade has also been found in various other fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the
Distribution
Haplogroup N1a is widely distributed throughout Europe, Northeast Africa, the Near East and Central Asia. It is divided into the European/Central Asian and African/South Asian branches based on specific genetic markers.
Near East
Relatively high frequencies of N1a are found in the modern population of Saudi Arabia. Estimates range from 2.4%[16] to 4%.[17] Regional analysis revealed that the haplogroup was most common in the center of the country. Haplotype diversity is noted for being higher here than elsewhere.[4]
Frequencies of N1a in Yemen are relatively high, with estimates varying by study: 3.6%,[16] 5.2%,[18] and 6.9%.[17] Yemen is noted for high haplotype diversity within the population.[4][18]
Elsewhere in the Near East, prevalence of N1a is lower. A 2008 article cited population frequencies of 1.1% in Qatar, 0.3% in Iran, and 0.2% in Turkey.[16]
Europe
N1a is a rare haplogroup that currently appears in only 0.2% of European populations.
A study of 542 individuals in Portugal found an N1a frequency of 0.37%. Only 0.11% of individuals analyzed in Scotland were members of the haplogroup.[24]
Asia
Analysis of modern Siberian populations revealed a 1.2% prevalence in
In India, N1a was identified in 4 members of the
Haplogroup N1a1 has been observed in 2.9% (4/138) of a sample of Kyrgyz from Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.[27]
Africa
N1a is concentrated among
Additionally, haplogroup N1a is found among the Socotri (6.2%).[30]
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N1a subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.[31]
- N
- N1'5
- N1
- N1a'c'd'e'I
- N1a'd'e'I
- N1a'e'I
- N1a
- N1a1
- N1a1a
- N1a1a1
- N1a1a1a
- N1a1a2
- N1a1a3
- N1a1a1
- N1a1b
- N1a1a
- N1a1
- N1a
- N1a'e'I
- N1a'd'e'I
- N1a'c'd'e'I
- N1
- N1'5
The tree of N1a has two distinct branches: Africa/South Asia and Europe with a Central Asian subcluster.[5][25] However, the African branch has members in southern Europe, and the European branch has members in Egypt and the Near East. The Africa/South Asia branch is characterized by the 16147G mutation, whereas the European branch is characterized by 16147A, 3336 and 16320. The Central Asian subcluster is an offshoot of the European branch that is characterized by marker 16189.
Subclade N1a1 is associated with mutation 16147A.[1][4] Palanichamy calculates N1a1 to have emerged between 8900 and 22400 YBP (Years Before Present). Subclade N1a1a is denoted by marker 16320, and is therefore associated with the European N1a branch. Petraglia estimates that N1a1a arose between 11000 and 25000 YBP.
See also
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic Genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population Genetics
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L )
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L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1
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L2
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L3
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L4
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L5
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L6
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M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ
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D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W
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X | Y
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C | Z | B | F | R0
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pre-JT | P | U
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HV
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JT
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K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
References
- ^ a b c d e
Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder; Zhang, Cai-Ling; Mitra, Bikash; Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Chaudhuri, Tapas Kumar; Zhang, Ya-Ping (12 October 2010). "Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography, with implication to the origin of European farmers". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 304. PMID 20939899.
- ^ a b
Van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (13 October 2008) [2009]. "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. S2CID 27566749.
- PMID 11032788.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-481-2719-1.
- ^ S2CID 11546893.
- PMID 21085689.
- ^ S2CID 206521424.
- PMID 16809513.
- S2CID 220083496.
- ^ PMID 20717990.
- S2CID 35948291.
- S2CID 1359107.
- PMID 20689597.
- PMID 29144465. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
- PMID 31699931.
- ^ PMID 18269758.
- ^ PMID 17331239.
- ^ PMID 15457403.
- PMID 16100752.
- PMID 20102088.
- S2CID 16959586. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-11-22.
- S2CID 40763875.
- ^
Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Kravtsova, Olga (10 May 2010). "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (10): 2220–6. PMID 20457583.
- PMID 12627534.
- ^ PMID 17924343.
- S2CID 19488203.
- ^ Guo, Y.; Xia, Z.; Cui, W.; Chen, C.; Jin, X.; Zhu, B. Joint Genetic Analyses of Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosome Molecular Markers for a Population from Northwest China. Genes 2020, 11, 564. doi:10.3390/genes11050564
- ^ a b Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. "Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan" (PDF). University of Khartoum. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
- PMID 19934476. Retrieved 28 Feb 2011.
- PMID 19012329. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^
Van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. S2CID 27566749.
External links
- Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree
- mitosearch Archived 2011-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup N (including N1a1, N1a1b, N1a1b1)
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup N1a1a
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup N1a3