Haplogroup R1

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Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)
)

Haplogroup R1
Southwest Asia[1][2][3]
AncestorR (R-M207)
DescendantsR1a (M420), R1b (M343)
Defining mutationsM173/P241/Page29, CTS916/M611/PF5859, CTS997/M612/PF6111, CTS1913/M654, CTS2565/M663, CTS2680, CTS2908/M666/PF6123, CTS3123/M670, CTS3321/M673, CTS4075/M682, CTS5611/M694, CTS7085/M716/Y481, CTS8116/M730, F93/M621/PF6114, F102/M625/PF6116, F132/M632, F211/Y290, F245/M659/Y477, FGC189/Y305, L875/M706/PF6131/YSC0000288, L1352/M785/YSC0000230, M306/PF6147/S1, M640/PF6118, M643, M689, M691/CTS4862/PF6042/YSC0001281, M710/PF6132/YSC0000192, M748/YSC0000207, M781, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238/PF6115, P242/PF6113, P245/PF6117, P286/PF6136, P294/PF6112, PF6120[4]

Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).

Males carrying R-M173 in modern populations appear to comprise two subclades: R1a and R1b, which are found mainly in populations native to Eurasia (except East and Southeast Asia). R-M173 contains the majority of representatives of haplogroup R in the form of its subclades, R1a and R1b (Rosser 2000, Semino 2000).

Structure

Human Y-DNA Phylogenetic Tree
Haplogroup R1
M173 (R1)
M420 (R1a)
M459 (R1a1)
M512

(R1a1a)

(R1a1*)

(R1a*)

M343 (R1b)
L278 (R1b1)
L754

(R1b1a)

M335

(R1b1b)

PH155

(R1b1c)

(R1b*)

Origins

R1 and its sibling clade R2 (R-M79) are the only immediate descendants of

Haplogroup P1 (P-M45), and a sibling clade, therefore, of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242). The origins of haplogroup R1 cannot currently be proved. According to the SNP-Tracker (as of May 2023) it evolved around 25 000 BP/23 000 BC in western Siberia between the southern Urals and Lake Balkhash.[5]

No examples of the

BP), from the Mal'ta-Buret' culture, in Siberia.[6] The autosomal DNA of the Mal'ta-Buret' people is a part of a group known to scholars of population genetics as Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). The first major descendant haplogroups appeared subsequently in hunter-gatherers from Eastern Europe (R1a, 13 kya)[7] and Western Europe (R1b, 14 kya),[8] with genotypes derived, to varying degrees, from ANE.[9]

General distribution

Eurasia

Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of

South Siberia.[10]

Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines

* (R-M207). R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan (Firasat 2007
).

Americas

See also:
Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The presence of haplogroup R1 among

Tohono O'odham
38%.

Some authorities point to the greater similarity between haplogroup R1 subclades found in North America and those found in Siberia (e.g. Lell [11] and Raghavan [12]), suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and/or Beringia.

Africa

One subclade, now known as R1b1a2 (R-V88), is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to

Fulani, and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration from Eurasia to Africa.[citation needed
]

Subclade distribution

R1a (R-M420)

Main article: Haplogroup R1a

The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca 25,000 years ago (95% CI: 21, 300–29, 000 BP), or roughly the

last glacial maximum. A large study performed in 2014 (Underhill et al. 2015), using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was compelling evidence that "the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present-day Iran."[13]
The subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified ca. 5,800 years ago.
origins of the Indo-Europeans
. High frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found amongst
South Altaians (58.1%),[18] Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%) (Semino 2000, Wells 2001, Behar 2003, and Sharma 2007
).

R1b (R-M343)

Main article: Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R1b probably originated in Eurasia prior to or during the last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan.(Lobov 2009) It may have survived the last glacial maximum,[19] in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and Aegean Sea.(Lobov 2009).

It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, with higher diversity than in western Europe, suggesting an ancient migration of haplogroup R1b from the east.[20] Haplogroup R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia, its likely region of origin.

There may be a correlation between this haplogroup and the spread of

Centum branch Indo-European languages in southern and western Europe. For instance, the modern incidence of R1b reaches between 60% and 90% of the male population in most parts of Spain, Portugal, France, Britain and Ireland.[21] The clade is also found at frequencies of up to 90% in the Chad Basin, and is also present in North Africa, where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria
.

Although it is rare in

Asia-Pacific Research Center had European Y-DNA R1b to 13% in an Public Y-DNA Library.[22][23][24]

R-M343 (previously called Hg1[citation needed] and Eu18[citation needed]) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. It is an offshoot of R-M173, characterised by the M343 marker.[25] An overwhelming majority of members of R-M343 are classified as R-P25 (defined by the P25 marker), the remainder as R-M343*. Its frequency is highest in Western Europe (and due to modern European immigration, in parts of the Americas). The majority of R-M343-carriers of European descent belong to the R-M269 (R1b1a2) descendant line.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup R1 of Y-DNA.

Genetics

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

References

  1. ^ Kivisild 2003
  2. ^ Soares 2010
  3. ^ (Wells 2001) [dead link]
  4. ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades – 2008 from ISOGG
  5. ^ "SNP Tracker".
  6. S2CID 196643946
    .
  7. PMID 33523926
    .
  8. PMID 27135931
    .
  9. PMID 25731166
    .
  10. ^ "Results for R1b1 members". Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  11. PMID 11731934
    .
  12. PMID 24256729
    .
  13. PMID 24667786
  14. ^ Underhill 2014, p. 130.
  15. ^ a b c Pamjav 2012.
  16. ^ Underhill 2014.
  17. ^ a b Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions Archived 30 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  18. S2CID 566825
  19. S2CID 11556974
    .
  20. ^ "Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Distribution and Origins | WorldFamilies.net". www.worldfamilies.net. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  21. ^ Most Euro men are related to King Tut: DNA testing reveals strange genetic link among Europeans; Oddly, most Egyptians not in the family, Metro NY, 2 August 2011, archived from the original on 23 March 2012, retrieved 14 September 2011 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  22. ^ "With a sample population of 105 Filipinos, the company of Applied Biosystems, analysed the Y-DNA of average Filipinos and it is discovered that about 0.95% of the samples have the Y-DNA Haplotype "H1a", which is most common in South Asia and had spread to the Philippines via precolonial Indian missionaries who spread Hinduism and established Indic Rajahnates like Cebu and Butuan. The 13% frequeny of R1b also indicate Spanish admixture". Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  23. ^ "Manual Collation". Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  24. ^ Philippines DNA Project Archived 4 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine - Y-DNA Classic Chart
  25. ^ Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the "R1b" haplogroup. Then, for a time (from 2003 to 2005) what is now R1b1c was designated R1b3.

Works cited

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