Haplogroup R (mtDNA)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the Y-chromosome haplogroup, see Haplogroup R (Y-DNA).
Haplogroup R
U
Defining mutations12705, 16223[5]

Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the

sub-Saharan Africa.[6]

Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-

JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T
).

Origin

Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.[1]

This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the

Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia.[3]
It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.[7] The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from South East Asia.[8]

Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.[2] Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast.[6] The Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).[9][10]

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.

The basal R* clade is found among the

Arabian peninsula (0.3%).[11]

Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the

Roman periods.[12]

Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.[13]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[5] and subsequent published research.

References

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    S2CID 14231815
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  4. PMID 28535779
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  5. ^
    S2CID 27566749
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  6. ^
    PMID 28535779
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  7. ^
    PMID 15467980
    .
  8. PMID 28535779
    .
  9. PMID 27832758
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  10. PMID 28535779
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  11. PMID 19012329. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  12. PMID 28556824
    .
  13. PMID 27417496
    .
  14. ^ Non, Amy. "ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE" (PDF). University of Florida. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
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    ]
  21. ^ oxfordancestors.com Maternal Ancestry Archived 2017-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R Archived 2009-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
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    PMID 15339343
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    PMID 18680585
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    PMID 18680585
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  27. PMID 19662095
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  28. ^ Ian Logan 2009, Haplogrupo R9b, Mitochondrial DNA Site
  29. ^
    PMID 16982817
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  31. ^ Albert Min-Shan Ko, Chung-Yu Chen, Qiaomei Fu, et al. (2014), "Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan." The American Journal of Human Genetics 94, 426–436, March 6, 2014.
  32. ^
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  35. ^ Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
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  37. ^
    PMID 19755666
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  38. PMID 16855009
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  39. PMID 29367746
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  40. ^ Haplogroup R14, Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
  41. PMID 19414523
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  42. PMID 16453062
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  47. ^ Harding, Rosalind 2006, Gene tree analyses of Aboriginal Australians. Archived 2009-09-20 at the Wayback Machine University of Oxford
  48. PMID 17496137
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  49. ^ mtDNA Haplogroup U1a page at cagetti.com
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  51. PMID 14563219
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  52. ^ Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. "Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan" (PDF). University of Khartoum. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  53. PMID 24885141
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  54. ^
    PMID 27837350
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup R (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

 
L
) 		   
L0 L1–6  
L1
L2
  
L3
    
L4
L5
L6
M N  
CZ
 D E G Q   O A S R   I
W
 X
Y
C Z B F
R0
   pre-JT   P  
U
HV
JT
 K
H V J T
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