Haplorhini

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Haplorhines
Temporal range: Paleocene-Holocene
Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Pocock, 1918[1]
Infraorders


sister: Strepsirrhini

Synonyms

Simia

Haplorhini (/hæpləˈraɪnaɪ/), the haplorhines (Greek for "simple-nosed") or the "dry-nosed" primates is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini ("moist-nosed"). The name is sometimes spelled Haplorrhini.[2] The simians include catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans), and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys).

Haplorhini was proposed by Pocock in 1918 when he realized the tarsiers were actually sister to the monkeys rather than the lemurs, also following findings of Hugh Cuming 80 years earlier and Linnaeus 160 years earlier.[1][3] For Linnaeus, this ensemble of primates constituted a genus "Simia". For religious reasons, Homo constituted its own genus (which has remained).[citation needed]

The extinct omomyids, which are considered to be the most basal haplorhines, are believed to be more closely related to the tarsiers than to other haplorhines. The exact relationship is not yet fully established – Williams, Kay and Kirk (2010) prefer the view that tarsiers and simians share a common ancestor, and that common ancestor shares a common ancestor with the omomyids, citing evidence from analysis by Bajpal et al. in 2008; but they also note two other possibilities – that tarsiers are directly descended from omomyids, with simians being a separate line, or that both simians and tarsiers are descended from omomyids.[4]

Haplorhines share a number of derived features that distinguish them from the

diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys
).

All anthropoids have a single-chambered

gestation periods, haplorhine newborns are relatively much larger than strepsirrhine newborns, but have a longer dependence period on their mother. This difference in size and dependence is credited to the increased complexity of their behavior and natural history. [clarification needed] [citation needed
]

Etymology

The

genitive ῥινός), 'nose'). It refers to the lack of a rhinarium or "wet nose", which is found in many mammals, including strepsirrhine primates.[7]

Classification and evolution

Molecular estimates based on mitochondrial genomes suggest Haplorhini and its sister clade, Strepsirrhini, diverged 74 million years ago (mya), but no crown primate fossils are known prior to the beginning of the Eocene, 56 mya.[8] The same molecular analysis suggests the infraorder Tarsiiformes, whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier (Tarsiidae), branched off from the other haplorhines 70 mya.[8] The fossil Archicebus may be similar to the most recent common ancestor at this time.

The other major clade within Haplorhini, the

Cercopithecoidea) about 25 mya.[11] The available fossil evidence indicates that both the hominoid and cercopithecoid clades originated in Africa.[10]

The following is the listing of the living haplorhine families, and their placement in the Order Primates:[12][13]

  • Order Primates
    • Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, galagos etc.
    • Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers + monkeys and apes

Uncertain placement of extinct early haplorhines

The exact placement of early haplorhine families is uncertain owing to limited evidence. The following sets out a possible order put together by Williams, Kay and Kirk in 2010, based on cladograms put together by Seiffert et al. (2005), Marivaux (2006) and Bajpai et al. (2008), and should not be seen as definitive. They do not include Propliopithecoidea as they classify them as early catarrhines.[4] Also included are Archicebidae, the discovery of which was announced by Ni et al. in 2013.[14] (but see notes below regarding placement).

Sigé et al. (1990) describe Altiatlasius as an Omomyiform, but also state that it could be an early anthropoid, with the latter view being supported by Godinot (1994) and Bajpai et al. (2008).[4]

Kay et al. (2004) point out that a case can be made for Amphipithecidae being placed either as adapiformes (i.e. early strepsirrhines) or as early anthropoids, noting in particular that they had a long evolution separate from other groups, and that key parts of their anatomy are missing from the fossil record. They conclude that either possibility is equally plausible.[15]

Kay and Williams (2013, edited by Feagle and Kay), look at possible hypotheses about how oligopiths, parapiths and propliopiths relate to each other and catarrhines and platyrrhines:
- that parapiths and propliopiths are closely related, with their common ancestor being related to oligopiths, and the common ancestor of all three being related to the platyrrhines with extant catarrhines (i.e.

hominoidea
) being descended from the propliopiths;
- or that parapiths and propliopiths are closely related but their common ancestor is closely related to the platyrrhines and the common ancestor of all three is related to the oligopiths, with extant catarrhines again being descended from the propliopiths;
- or that propliopiths and oligopiths are closely related, and parapiths are related to the common ancestor of both and the common ancestor of all three is related to the platyrrhines, with cercopithecoidea being descended from the parapiths and hominoidea being descended from propliopiths.
- finally, they also consider the hypothesis that oligopiths are adapiformes (i.e. early strepsirrhines rather than early haplorhines)[16]

Ni et al., in announcing Archicebus achilles in 2013 as what they describe as the earliest known primate with such detailed remains, place it somewhat differently to the above as they place Omomyids within Tarsiiformes, with Omomyids and Tarsiidae sharing a common ancestor, and that common ancestor sharing a common Tarsiiform ancestor with the Archicebidae.[14]

Possible stem Haplorrhini are some species which are usually considered to be Strepsirrhini, such as the Notharctidae,[17] and Darwinius.[18]

References

  1. ^
    ISSN 0370-2774
    .
  2. ^ "Haplorrhini". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  3. ^ Society (London), Zoological (1838). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. p. 67.
  4. ^
    PMID 20212104
    .
  5. PMID 3113259
    .
  6. PMID 29447758
    .
  7. ^ Ankel-Simons 2007, pp. 394–395.
  8. ^
    PMID 24583291
    .
  9. PMID 12832653
    .
  10. ^
    S2CID 4456556
    .
  11. S2CID 87688481
    .
  12. OCLC 62265494
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6
    .
  14. ^
    S2CID 4321956
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-4419-8873-7
    p. 114
  16. ISBN 978-1461347002
    p. 365
  17. PMID 33171091
    .
  18. S2CID 84871434
    .

Literature cited

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