Haraldskær Woman

Coordinates: 55°42′10″N 9°26′22″E / 55.70278°N 9.43944°E / 55.70278; 9.43944
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Haraldskær Woman on display in a glass-covered sarcophagus in Vejle, Denmark

The Haraldskær Woman (or Haraldskjaer Woman) is the name given to a

pre-Roman Iron Age).[1][2] Workers found the body in 1835 while excavating peat on the Haraldskær Estate. The anaerobic conditions and acids of the peat bog contributed to the body's excellent preservation. Not only was the intact skeleton found, but so were the skin and internal organs. Scientists settled disputes about the age and identity of this well preserved body in 1977, when radiocarbon dating determined conclusively that the woman's death occurred around the 5th century BC.[3]

The Haraldskær Woman's body is on permanent display in a glass-covered sarcophagus inside The Cultural Museum in central Vejle, Denmark.[4][5]

Details

Haraldskær Estate in 1857
The body of the Haraldskær Woman

Excavators found the body of the Haraldskær Woman in a supine position in an excellent state of preservation. She was naked and her clothes, consisting of a leather cape and three woolen garments, had been placed on top of her.[6] Hurdles of branches and wooden poles pinned the body down.[7] The complete skin envelope and the internal organs were both intact. The body had a lancing wound to the knee joint area, where some object (possibly one of the sharp poles) penetrated to some depth.[8] Her skin was deeply bronzed with a robust skin tone due to tannins in the peat, and all the body joints were preserved with overlying skin in a state as if she had died only recently. Doctors determined she had been about 50 years old when she died and in good health without signs of degenerative diseases (such as arthritis) which are typically found in human remains of that age.[9]

In 1979, doctors at Århus Hospital undertook a further forensic examination of the Haraldskær Woman. By this time, the body had desiccated, shrunken, and the skin was leathery, severely wrinkled and folded.

CT-scan of the cranium more accurately determined her age to be about 40 at the time of her death.[11] The body height now measured only 1.33 m (4 ft 4 in), but doctors used the original 1835 descriptions to estimate she would have stood about 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in).[12]

In 2000, Lone Hvass of the Elsinore Museum,

blackberries. Her neck had a faint groove as if someone applied a rope for torture or strangulation. The scientists concluded bog acids caused the swelling of the knee joint and that the woman was probably already dead before the branches pinned her down.[9] Because of her careful placement, and since cremation was the prevailing mode of interment during that period in Jutland, the examiners guess the Haraldskær Woman was a victim of ritual sacrifice.[9]

Relation to other bog bodies

The principal locations where bog bodies have been discovered are the Northern European countries of

Borremose Woman.[14][18]

Mistaken identity

After the discovery of the body, early theories of her identity centered on the persona of

Queen Gunnhild of Norway
, who lived around 900–1000 CE. Most of the bog bodies recovered indicate the victim died from a violent murder or ritualistic sacrifice. These theories are consistent with the body being put into a bog as opposed to burial in dry earth.

According to the

Jomsvikinga Saga, Harald Bluetooth of Denmark ordered Queen Gunnhild be drowned in a bog.[19] Based upon the belief of her royal personage, King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway commanded an elaborately carved sarcophagus
to hold her body.

This careful treatment of the Haraldskær Woman's remains explains the excellent state of conservation of the corpse;[3] conversely, Tollund Man, a later discovery, was not properly conserved and most of the body has been lost, leaving only the head as original remains in his display.

In 1842, the young Danish

Iron Age who lived about 490 BCE.[1][2]

Literary references

Danish author Steen Steensen Blicher, an amateur archaeologist and one of the first to visit the site, made the first literary reference to the Haraldskær Woman.[21] In 1836, he published his novella Gravhøjen which was a parody about a mistaken archaeological find. However, by 1841 Blicher seemed to have changed his mind about the Haraldskær Woman's identity when he wrote the poem Dronning Gunhild, a lament for the dead queen in the bog.[22] In 1846, the Danish playwright Jens Christian Hostrup wrote his comedy, A Sparrow Doing a Crane Dance, (En Spurv i Tranedans), in which the ghost of Queen Gunnhild gives a magical ring to a scheming tailor and makes everyone blind to his actions.[23] Hostrup's play indirectly satirized the theory that the Haraldskær Woman was Queen Gunnhild, and became the first major public endorsement of Worsaae’s hypothesis.

See also

References

  1. ^
    OCLC 18616344
    .
  2. ^
    OCLC 53099015
    .
  3. ^ a b Archaeological Institute "Haraldskaer Woman: Bodies of the Bogs", Archaeology, Archaeological Institute of America, December 10, 1997.
  4. ISBN 0-676-90203-0
    .
  5. ^ "Cultural Museum". vejlemuseerne.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2021-10-23.
  6. ISBN 87-7801-725-4
    .
  7. ISBN 1-4058-1100-5
    .
  8. ^ (Aldhouse-Green 2004, p. 93)
  9. ^ a b c d (Aldhouse-Green 2006, pp. 95–6)
  10. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 58)
  11. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 62)
  12. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 61)
  13. ^ Lang, Karen E., Tales from the Bog, National Geographic Magazine, September (2008)
  14. ^ a b Fischer, Christian: Tollundmanden. Gaven til guderne. Mosefund fra Danmarks forhistorie. Hovedland 2007.
  15. ^ Hirst, Kris K."Bog Bodies", Archaeology, About.Com
  16. ^ a b Knudsen, Anne, Moselig, Weekendavisen, Nr. 40, 5-11, Oct. 2007.
  17. ISBN 0-19-924697-1
  18. ^ Andersen, S., Geertinger, P., "Bog Bodies Investigated in the Light of Forensic Medicine", Journal of Danish Archaeology Vol. 3 (1984), p. 111-119.
  19. ISBN 978-0-7867-0405-7
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-19-922774-7
    .
  21. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 23)
  22. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 30)
  23. ^ Hostrup, Jens Christian, En Spurv i Tranedans, Folkecomedie i 4 akter, (1846)

Further reading

External links

55°42′10″N 9°26′22″E / 55.70278°N 9.43944°E / 55.70278; 9.43944

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