Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen | |
---|---|
Leaders | Sajjad Afghani Fazlur Rehman Khalil |
Dates of operation | 1985–present |
Headquarters | Pakistan |
Ideology | Islamism, jihadism |
Notable attacks | Indian Airlines Flight 814 |
Status | Designated as a terrorist group by |
Part of | United Jihad Council[6] |
Allies | State allies Non-state allies
|
Opponents | Soviet-Afghan war
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir |
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami (
The group has been designated as a
Post Soviet–Afghan War
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was originally formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami in 1985.
Immediately following the merger India arrested three senior members: Nasrullah Mansur Langaryal, chief of the former Harkat-ul Mujahideen in November 1993; Maulana Masood Azhar, General Secretary in February 1994, and Sajjad Afghani (Sajjad Sajid) in the same month in Srinagar. Muzaffar Ahmad Baba was killed in an encounter at Pandan Nowhatta with the BSF in January 1994.[citation needed]
As a response the group carried out several
In 1997, the United States designated Harkat-ul-Ansar as a terrorist organization, and in response it renamed itself to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[12]
In 1999, Sajjad was killed during a jailbreak which led to the hijacking, by the group, of
Post 9/11 attacks
The group again came to the attention of the US after the
The long-time leader of the group, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, in mid-February 2000 stepped down as HUM emir, turning the reins over to the popular Kashmiri commander and his second-in-command, Farooq Kashmiri. Khalil assumed the position of HUM Secretary General.
HUM is thought to have several thousand armed supporters located in Pakistani Kashmir, and India's southern Kashmir and Doda regions. It uses light and heavy machine guns, assault rifles, mortars, explosives, and rockets. HUM lost some of its membership due to defections to the Jaish-e-Mohammed.
The group is based in Muzaffarabad, Rawalpindi, and several other towns in Pakistan and Afghanistan, but members conduct insurgent and terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir.
The group's current leader, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, lives openly in the Islamabad suburb of Golra Sharif. He has denied having any contact with Osama bin Laden.[14]
According to The New York Times, Osama Bin Laden's seized cellphones attest Harkat-ul-Mujahideen's continued contact with Osama Bin Laden and its bases and fighters shared with the
Designation as terrorist organization
The countries and organizations below have officially listed the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) as a terrorist organization.
Country | Date | References |
Bahrain | [15] | |
Canada | 27 November 2002 | [16] |
India | [17] | |
United Kingdom | 14 October 2005 | [18] |
United States | [19] |
Harkat ul-Ansar
Harkat ul-Ansar (HuA) was an
Soon after its founding, several members of its leadership were arrested by
It was labeled a terrorist organization in 1997 by the United States because of its connections with Saudi terrorist Osama bin Laden.[20][22] The ban severely limited the funding of the group, and as a result HuA was reorganized as a reincarnated Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. At the time, Azhar split from the group to form Jaish-e-Mohammed.[20][23] In 1998, U.S.'s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in its report stated, "HuA, an Islamic terrorist organisation that Pakistan supports in its proxy war against Indian forces in Kashmir, increasingly is using terrorist tactics against Westerners and random attacks on civilians that could involve Westerners to promote its pan-Islamic agenda." CIA also stated that Hua had abducted at least 13 persons, of which 12 were from western countries in the period from early 1994 to 1998.[24][25]
See also
- List of Deobandi organisations
- 1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir
- Ansar Al-Mujahideen
- Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami
- Jaish-e-Mohammed
References
- ^ "Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities)". Mofa.gov.bh. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ "About the listing process". Public Safety Canada. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- ^ "Terrorism Act 2000". Schedule 2, Act No. 11 of 2000. Archived 21 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- ^ a b "List of Banned Organisations". Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI. Government of India. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ a b Pakistan Archived 19 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Mapping Militants. Stanford University.
- ^ In the Spotlight: Harkat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HuJI)Center for Defense Information 16 August 2004 Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Carlotta Gall; Pir Zubair Shah; Eric Schmitt (24 June 2011). "Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin Laden's Pakistani Links". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ a b Indictment of John Walker Lindh Archived 29 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine American Rhetoric February, 2002
- ISBN 9781601270245. Archived from the originalon 18 January 2020.
- ^ "United States State Department". 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Harkat-ul-Mujahideen". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ In the Spotlight: Harkat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HuJI)Center for Defense Information 16 August 2004 Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Terror leader lives freely near Pakistani capital Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Dawn (newspaper), 16 June 2011
- ^ "Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities)". Mofa.gov.bh. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ "About the listing process". Public Safety Canada. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- ^ "NIA :: Banned Terrorist Organisations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- ^ "Terrorism Act 2000". Schedule 2, Act No. 11 of 2000. Archived 21 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- ^ a b c "Harkat ul-Ansar". South Asia Terrorism Portal. 2001. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ a b Sahni, Sati (1999). "Who are the Harkat-ul-Ansar?". Rediff. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "US puts Harakat and its affiliates on terror list". Dawn news. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "Recast Harkat-ul-Ansar stoking anti-India sentiments in Kashmir". Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
- ^ "India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list". The Hindu. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ "Afridi's cousin killed in J&K: BSF". rediff.com. 12 September 2003. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.