Harlem
Harlem | |
---|---|
UTC−4 (EDT) | |
ZIP Codes | 10026, 10027, 10030, 10035, 10037, 10039 |
Area code | 212, 332, 646, and 917 |
Harlem is a neighborhood in
Originally a
The area is served by the New York City Subway and local bus routes. It contains several public elementary, middle, and high schools, and is close to several colleges, including Columbia University, Manhattan School of Music, and the City College of New York. Central Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 10.[1] It is patrolled by the 28th and 32nd Precincts of the New York City Police Department. The greater Harlem area also includes Manhattan Community Districts 9 and 11 and several police precincts, while fire services are provided by four New York City Fire Department companies.
Geography
Harlem is located in
Central Harlem is the name of Harlem proper; it falls under Manhattan Community District 10.[8] This section is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east; Central Park on the south; Morningside Park (Manhattan), St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west; and the Harlem River on the north.[8] A chain of large linear parks includes Morningside Park (Manhattan), St. Nicholas Park, Jackie Robinson Park, as well as Marcus Garvey Park (also known as Mount Morris Park) which separates this area from East Harlem to the east.[8] Central Harlem includes the Mount Morris Park Historic District.
West Harlem (
SoHa controversy
In the 2010s some
Multiple New York City politicians have initiated legislative efforts to curtail this practice of neighborhood rebranding, which when successfully introduced in other New York City neighborhoods, have led to increases in rents and real estate values, as well as "shifting demographics".[17] In 2011, U.S. Representative Hakeem Jeffries attempted but failed to implement legislation "that would punish real estate agents for inventing false neighborhoods and redrawing neighborhood boundaries without city approval."[17] By 2017, New York State Senator Brian Benjamin also worked to render illegal the practice of rebranding historically recognized neighborhoods.[17]
Political representation
Politically, central Harlem is in New York's 13th congressional district.[18][19] It is in the New York State Senate's 30th district,[20][21] the New York State Assembly's 68th and 70th districts,[22][23] and the New York City Council's 7th, 8th, and 9th districts.[24]
History
Before the arrival of European settlers, the area that would become Harlem (originally Haarlem) was inhabited by a Native American band, the Wecquaesgeek, dubbed Manhattans or Manhattoe by Dutch settlers, who along with other Native Americans, most likely Lenape,[25] occupied the area on a semi-nomadic basis. As many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands.[26] Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established.[27][28] The settlement of Harlem was formally incorporated in 1660[2] under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant.[29]
During the
The Jewish and Italian demographic decreased, while the black and Puerto Rican population increased in this time.[35] The early-20th century Great Migration of black people to northern industrial cities was fueled by their desire to leave behind the Jim Crow South, seek better jobs and education for their children, and escape a culture of lynching violence; during World War I, expanding industries recruited black laborers to fill new jobs, thinly staffed after the draft began to take young men.[36] In 1910, Central Harlem population was about 10% black people. By 1930, it had reached 70%.[37]
Starting around the time of the end of World War I, Harlem became associated with the New Negro movement, and then the artistic outpouring known as the Harlem Renaissance, which extended to poetry, novels, theater, and the visual arts. So many black people came that it "threaten[ed] the very existence of some of the leading industries of Georgia, Florida, Tennessee and Alabama."[38] Many settled in Harlem. By 1920, central Harlem was 32.43% black. The 1930 census revealed that 70.18% of central Harlem's residents were black and lived as far south as Central Park, at 110th Street.[39]
However, by the 1930s, the neighborhood was hit hard by job losses in the
There were major changes following World War II. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Harlem was the scene of a series of rent strikes by neighborhood tenants, led by local activist Jesse Gray, together with the Congress of Racial Equality, Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU), and other groups. These groups wanted the city to force landlords to improve the quality of housing by bringing them up to code, to take action against rats and roaches, to provide heat during the winter, and to keep prices in line with existing rent control regulations.[40]
The largest public works projects in Harlem in these years were public housing, with the largest concentration built in East Harlem.[41] Typically, existing structures were torn down and replaced with city-designed and managed properties that would, in theory, present a safer and more pleasant environment than those available from private landlords. Ultimately, community objections halted the construction of new projects.[42]
From the mid-20th century, the low quality of education in Harlem has been a source of distress. In the 1960s, about 75% of Harlem students tested under grade levels in reading skills, and 80% tested under grade level in math.[43] In 1964, residents of Harlem staged two school boycotts to call attention to the problem. In central Harlem, 92% of students stayed home.[44] In the post-World War II era, Harlem ceased to be home to a majority of the city's black people,[45] but it remained the cultural and political capital of black New York, and possibly black America.[46][47]
By the 1970s, many of those Harlemites who were able to escape from poverty left the neighborhood in search of better schools and homes, and safer streets. Those who remained were the poorest and least skilled, with the fewest opportunities for success. Though the federal government's Model Cities Program spent $100 million on job training, health care, education, public safety, sanitation, housing, and other projects over a ten-year period, Harlem showed no improvement.[48] The city began auctioning its enormous portfolio of Harlem properties to the public in 1985. This was intended to improve the community by placing property in the hands of people who would live in them and maintain them. In many cases, the city would even pay to completely renovate a property before selling it (by lottery) below market value.[49]
After the 1990s, Harlem began to grow again. Between 1990 and 2006 the neighborhood's population grew by 16.9%, with the percentage of black people decreasing from 87.6% to 69.3%,[39] then dropping to 54.4% by 2010,[50] and the percentage of whites increasing from 1.5% to 6.6% by 2006,[39] and to "almost 10%" by 2010.[50] A renovation of 125th Street and new properties along the thoroughfare[51][52] also helped to revitalize Harlem.[53]
Culture
In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem was the focus of the "
The
In 1936,
From 1965 until 2007, the community was home to the Harlem Boys Choir, a touring choir and education program for young boys, most of whom are black.[61] The Girls Choir of Harlem was founded in 1989, and closed with the Boys Choir.[62]
From 1967 to 1969, the Harlem Cultural Festival took place in Mount Morris Park. Another name for this festival is "Black Woodstock". Artists like Stevie Wonder, The 5th Dimension, and Gladys Knight performed here.[63][64]
Harlem is also home to the largest African American Day Parade, which celebrates the culture of African diaspora in America. The parade was started up in the spring of 1969 with Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr. as the Grand Marshal of the first celebration.[65]
Arthur Mitchell, a former dancer with the New York City Ballet, established Dance Theatre of Harlem as a school and company of classical ballet and theater training in the late 1960s. The company has toured nationally and internationally. Generations of theater artists have gotten a start at the school.
By the 2010s, new dining hotspots were opening in Harlem around Frederick Douglass Boulevard.
Uptown Night Market was founded in 2021 to celebrate cuisine, community, and culture.[68] It is one of the largest night markets in Manhattan. The main attractions include musical performances, arts and crafts shows, and food.[69]
Music
Many R&B/Soul groups and artists formed in Harlem.
Manhattan's contributions to
Harlem's classical music birthed organizations and chamber ensembles such as Roberta Guaspari's Opus 118,[70] Harlem Chamber Players,[71] Omnipresent Music Festival BIPOC Musicians Festival,[72] Harlem Quartet, and musicians such as violinist Edward W. Hardy.[73]
In the 1920s, African American pianists who lived in Harlem invented their own style of jazz piano, called stride, which was heavily influenced by ragtime. This style played a very important role in early jazz piano[74][75]
Language
In 1938, jazz bandleader and singer
Religious life
Religious life has historically had a strong presence in Black Harlem. The area is home to over 400 churches,
Many of the area's churches are "storefront churches", which operate in an empty store, or a basement, or a converted brownstone townhouse. These congregations may have fewer than 30–50 members each, but there are hundreds of them.[83] Others are old, large, and designated landmarks. Especially in the years before World War II, Harlem produced popular Christian charismatic "cult" leaders, including George Wilson Becton and Father Divine.[84]
Mosques in Harlem include the
Landmarks
Officially designated landmarks
Many places in Harlem are official city landmarks labeled by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
- 12 West 129th Street, a New York City landmark[85]
- 17 East 128th Street, a New York City landmark[86]
- 369th Regiment Armory, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[87][82]
- Abyssinian Baptist Church, a New York City landmark[88]
- Apollo Theater, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[89][82]
- Astor Row, a set of New York City landmark houses[81]: 207
- Blockhouse No. 1, Fort Clinton, and Nutter's Battery, part of Central Park, a New York City scenic landmark and NRHP-listed site[90][82]
- Central Harlem West–130–132nd Streets Historic District, a New York City landmark[91]
- Dunbar Apartments, a New York City landmark[92]
- Graham Court Apartments, a New York City landmark[93]
- Hamilton Grange, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[94]
- Harlem River Houses, a New York City landmark[95]
- Harlem YMCA, a New York City landmark[96]
- Hotel Theresa, a New York City landmark[97]
- Jackie Robinson YMCA Youth Center, a New York City landmark[98]
- Langston Hughes House, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[99][82]
- Macombs Dam Bridge and 155th Street Viaduct, a New York City landmark[100]
- Manhattan Avenue-West 120th-123rd Streets Historic District, a NRHP historic district[82]
- Metropolitan Baptist Church, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[101][82]
- Minton's Playhouse, a NRHP-listed site[82]
- Morningside Park, a New York City scenic landmark[102]
- Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, a New York City landmark[103]
- Mount Morris Park Historic District, a New York City landmark district[104]
- Mount Olive Fire Baptized Holiness Church, a New York City landmark[105]
- Regent Theatre, a New York City landmark[107]
- St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church, a New York City landmark[109]
- St. Andrew's Church, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[110][82]
- St. Philip's Protestant Episcopal Church, a New York City landmark[111]
- St. Martin's Episcopal Church (formerly Trinity Church), a New York City landmark[112]
- St. Nicholas Historic District, a New York City landmark district[113]
- St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran Church, a New York City landmark[114]
- Wadleigh High School for Girls, a New York City landmark[115]
- Washington Apartments, a New York City landmark[116]
Other points of interest
Other prominent points of interest include:
- Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building
- All Saints Church
- ATLAH World Missionary Church
- The Polo Grounds ticket booth.[117]
- Cotton Club
- Duke Ellington Circle
- Frederick Douglass Circle
- Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts
- Harlem Children's Zone
- Harlem Hospital Center
- The Harlem School of the Arts
- Lenox Lounge
- Marcus Garvey Park
- Harlem Fire Watchtower, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[118][82]
- Morningside Park
- National Black Theatre
- New York College of Podiatric Medicine
- Red Rooster
- Rucker Park
- Savoy Ballroom
- St. Nicholas Houses
- Studio Museum in Harlem
- Sylvia's Soul Food
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine
- New York Amsterdam News
Demographics
The demographics of Harlem's communities have changed throughout its history. In 1910, black residents formed 10% of Harlem's population, but by 1930, they had become a 70% majority.[7] The period between 1910 and 1930 was marked by the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to northern cities, including New York. Within the city, this era also witnessed an influx of black residents from downtown Manhattan neighborhoods, where black people were feeling less welcome, to the Harlem area.[7] The black population in Harlem peaked in 1950, with a 98% share of the population of 233,000. As of 2000, central Harlem's black residents comprised 77% of the total population of that area; however, the black population has recently declined as many African Americans move out and more immigrants move in.[119] As of 2021, central Harlem's Black residents numbered 56,668, comprising 44% of the total population.[120] In that regard, there are an estimated 27% (34,773) Hispanics, 18% (23,182) White, 4% (5,151) Asian, 6% (7,727) of two or more races and 2% (2,575) Other.
Harlem suffers from unemployment rates generally more than twice the citywide average, as well as high poverty rates.[121] and the numbers for men have been consistently worse than the numbers for women. Private and governmental initiatives to ameliorate unemployment and poverty have not been successful. During the Great Depression, unemployment in Harlem went past 20% and people were being evicted from their homes.[122] At the same time, the federal government developed and instituted the redlining policy. This policy rated neighborhoods, such as Central Harlem, as unappealing based on the race, ethnicity, and national origins of the residents.[3] Central Harlem was deemed 'hazardous' and residents living in Central Harlem were refused home loans or other investments.[3] Comparably, wealthy and white residents in New York City neighborhoods were approved more often for housing loans and investment applications.[3] Overall, they were given preferential treatment by city and state institutions.
In the 1960s, uneducated black people could find jobs more easily than educated ones could, confounding efforts to improve the lives of people who lived in the neighborhood through education.
Central Harlem
For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Central Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: Central Harlem North and Central Harlem South, divided by 126th street.
The most significant shifts in the racial composition of Central Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the White population's increase by 402% (9,067), the Hispanic / Latino population's increase by 43% (7,982), and the Black population's decrease by 11% (9,544). While the growth of the Hispanic / Latino was predominantly in Central Harlem North, the decrease in the Black population was slightly greater in Central Harlem South, and the drastic increase in the White population was split evenly across the two census tabulation areas. Meanwhile, the Asian population grew by 211% (1,927) but remained a small minority, and the small population of all other races increased by 4% (142).[129]
The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises Central Harlem, had 116,345 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 76.2 years.[3]: 2, 20 This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[130]: 53 (PDF p. 84) Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of 0–17, while 35% are between 25 and 44, and 24% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 11% respectively.[3]: 2
As of 2017, the median
Other sections
In 2010, the population of West Harlem was 110,193.
In 2010, the population of
2020 Census
In the 2020 census, Harlem's demographics were broken up into North Harlem, South Harlem, Hamilton Heights, and West Harlem. North Harlem had 40,000+ Black residents being the largest concentration of the black population of the Harlem area, 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and less than 5000 Asian residents. South Harlem had 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 5,000 to 9,999 Hispanic residents, 10,000 to 19,999 White residents, and fewer than 5,000 Asian residents. Hamilton Heights had 10,000 to 19,999 Black residents, 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents being the largest population group in this section, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and fewer than 5,000 Asian residents. West Harlem had an equal number of Black and Hispanic residents with each of their population at 5,000 to 9,999 residents and each the White and Asian population were fewer than 5,000 residents. [136]
Police and crime
Central Harlem is patrolled by two precincts of the New York City Police Department (NYPD).[137] Central Harlem North is covered by the 32nd Precinct, located at 250 West 135th Street,[138] while Central Harlem South is patrolled by the 28th Precinct, located at 2271–2289 Eighth Avenue.[139]
The 28th Precinct has a lower crime rate than it did in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 72.2% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 2 murders, 9 rapes, 172 robberies, 245 felony assaults, 153 burglaries, 384 grand larcenies, and 52 grand larcenies auto in 2021.[140] Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 28th Precinct had a rate of 1,125 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.[141][142][143]
The crime rate in the 32nd Precinct has also decreased since the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 71.4% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 16 murders, 18 rapes, 183 robberies, 519 felony assaults, 168 burglaries, 320 grand larcenies, and 54 grand larcenies auto in 2021.[144] Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 32nd Precinct had a rate of 1,042 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.[141][142][143]
As of 2018[update], Community District 10 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 116 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 1,347 per 100,000 people, the second-highest in the city, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.[3]: 8
Crime trends
In the early 20th century, Harlem was a stronghold of the
By the early 1950s, the total money at play amounted to billions of dollars, and the police force had been thoroughly corrupted by
The popularity of playing the numbers waned with the introduction of the state lottery, which is legal but has lower payouts and has taxes collected on winnings.[148] The practice continues on a smaller scale among those who prefer the numbers tradition or who prefer to trust their local numbers bank to the state.
Statistics from 1940 show about 100 murders per year in Harlem, "but rape is very rare".
Injecting heroin grew in popularity in Harlem through the 1950s and 1960s, though the use of this drug then leveled off. In the 1980s, use of crack cocaine became widespread, which produced collateral crime as addicts stole to finance their purchasing of additional drugs, and as dealers fought for the right to sell in particular regions, or over deals gone bad.[151]
With the end of the "
Despite reductions versus historic highs, Harlem continues to have a high rate of violent crime and one of the highest rates of violent crime in New York City.
Gangs
There are many gangs in Harlem, often based in housing projects; when one gang member is killed by another gang, revenge violence erupts which can last for years.
Harlem and its gangsters have a strong link to hip hop, rap and R&B culture in the United States, and many successful rappers in the music industry came from gangs in Harlem.[155] Gangster rap, which has its origins in the late 1980s, often has lyrics that are "misogynistic or that glamorize violence", glamorizing guns, drugs and easy women in Harlem and New York City.[156][155]
Fire safety
Central Harlem is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:[157]
- Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40 – 415 West 125th Street[158]
- Engine Company 58/Ladder Company 26 – 1367 5th Avenue[159]
- Engine Company 59/Ladder Company 30 – 111 West 133rd Street[160]
- Engine Company 69/Ladder Company 28/Battalion 16 – 248 West 143rd Street[161]
Five additional firehouses are located in West and East Harlem. West Harlem contains Engine Company 47 and Engine Company 80/Ladder Company 23, while East Harlem contains Engine Company 35/Ladder Company 14/Battalion 12, Engine Company 53/Ladder Company 43, and Engine Company 91.[157]
Health
As of 2018[update], preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in Central Harlem than in other places citywide. In Central Harlem, there were 103 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 23 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate is based on a small sample size.[3]: 11 Central Harlem has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 8%, less than the citywide rate of 12%.[3]: 14
The concentration of
84% of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 79% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%.[3]: 13 For every supermarket in Central Harlem, there are 11 bodegas.[3]: 10
The nearest major hospital is NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem in north-central Harlem.[162][163]
Social factors
The
Certain health disparities between Central Harlem and the rest of New York City can be attributed to 'avoidable causes' such as substandard housing quality,
Health problems
Health and housing conditions
Access to affordable housing and employment opportunities with fair wages and benefits are closely associated with good health. Asthma is more common in children and adults in Central Harlem, compared to other New York City neighborhoods.[172] The factors that can increase risk of childhood and adult asthma are associated with substandard housing conditions.[173] Substandard housing conditions are water leaks, cracks and holes, inadequate heating, presence of mice or rats, peeling paint and can include the presence of mold, moisture, dust mites.[174] In 2014, Central Harlem tracked worse in regards to home maintenance conditions, compared to the average rates Manhattan and New York City. Twenty percent of homes had cracks or holes; 21% had leaks and 19% had three or more maintenance deficiencies.[172]
Adequate housing is defined as housing that is free from heating breakdowns, cracks, holes, peeling paint and other defects. Housing conditions in Central Harlem reveal that only 37% of its renter-occupied homes were adequately maintained by landlords in 2014. Meanwhile, 25% of Central Harlem households and 27% of adults reported seeing cockroaches (a potential trigger for asthma), a rate higher than the city average. Neighborhood conditions are also indicators of population: in 2014, Central Harlem had 32 per 100,000 people hospitalized due to pedestrian injuries, higher than Manhattan's and the city's average.[172]
The environment also factors into the health of the people of Central Harlem with the neighborhood being found to have levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 7.9 micrograms per cubic meter compared to all of NYC at 7.5 micrograms per cubic meter. Poorer neighborhoods have some of the highest levels of air pollution in the city. Adults with asthma emergencies experiencing high rates of poverty visit the emergency department at rates nearly 5 times higher than those neighborhoods with lower levels of poverty. Nearly 3 in 4 deaths related to PM2.5 occurs in adults 65 years or older. The attribution of premature adult mortality rate to exposure of PM2.5 experiencing 77.4-117.7 deaths per 100,000 people.[175]
Additionally, poverty levels can indicate one's risk of vulnerability to asthma. In 2016, Central Harlem saw 565 children aged 5–17 years old per 10,000 residents visiting emergency departments for Asthma emergencies, over twice both Manhattan's and the citywide rates. The rate of childhood asthma hospitalization in 2016 was more than twice that of Manhattan and New York City, with 62 hospitalizations per 10,000 residents.[172] Rates of adult hospitalization due to asthma in Central Harlem trends higher in comparison to other neighborhoods. In 2016, 270 adults per 10,000 residents visited the emergency department due to asthma, close to three times the average rates of both Manhattan and New York City.[172]
Health outcomes for men have generally been worse than those of women. Infant mortality was 124 per thousand in 1928, meaning that 12.4% of infants would die.[176] By 1940, infant mortality in Harlem was 5%, and the death rate from disease generally was twice that of the rest of New York. Tuberculosis was the main killer, and four times as prevalent among Harlem citizens than among the rest of New York's population.[176]
A 1990 study of Asthma
Other health problems
Post offices and ZIP Codes
Harlem is located within five primary ZIP Codes. From south to north they are 10026 (from 110th to 120th Streets), 10027 (from 120th to 133rd Streets), 10037 (east of Lenox Avenue and north of 130th Street), 10030 (west of Lenox Avenue from 133rd to 145th Streets) and 10039 (from 145th to 155th Streets). Harlem also includes parts of ZIP Codes 10031, 10032, and 10035.[178] The United States Postal Service operates five post offices in Harlem:
- Morningside Station – 232 West 116th Street[179]
- Manhattanville Station and Morningside Annex – 365 West 125th Street[180]
- College Station – 217 West 140th Street[181]
- Colonial Park Station – 99 Macombs Place[182]
- Lincoln Station – 2266 5th Avenue[183]
Education
Central Harlem generally has a similar rate of college-educated residents to the rest of the city as of 2018[update]. While 42% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 19% have less than a high school education and 39% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[3]: 6 The percentage of Central Harlem students excelling in math rose from 21% in 2000 to 48% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 29% to 37% during the same time period.[184]
Central Harlem's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In Central Harlem, 25% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per
Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools in Central Harlem:[185]
- PS 76 A Phillip Randolph (grades PK-8)[186]
- PS 92 Mary Mcleod Bethune (grades PK-5)[187]
- PS 123 Mahalia Jackson (grades PK-8)[188]
- PS 149 Sojourner Truth (grades PK-8)[189]
- PS 154 Harriet Tubman (grades PK-5)[190]
- PS 175 Henry H Garnet (grades PK-5)[191]
- PS 185 the Early Childhood Discovery and Design Magnet School (grades PK-2)[192]
- PS 194 Countee Cullen (grades PK-5)[193]
- PS 197 John B Russwurm (grades PK-5)[194]
- PS 200 The James Mccune Smith School (grades PK-5)[195]
- PS 242 The Young Diplomats Magnet School (grades PK-5)[196]
- Stem Institute of Manhattan (grades K-5)[197]
- Thurgood Marshall Academy Lower School (grades K-5)[198]
The following middle and high schools are located in Central Harlem:[185]
- Frederick Douglass Academy (grades 6–12)[199]
- Frederick Douglass Academy II Secondary School (grades 6–12)[200]
- Mott Hall High School (grades 9–12)[201]
- Thurgood Marshall Academy For Learning And Social Change (grades 6–12)[202]
- Wadleigh Secondary School for the Performing and Visual Arts (grades 6–12)[203]
Harlem has a high rate of charter school enrollment: a fifth of students were enrolled in charter schools in 2010.[204] By 2017, that proportion had increased to 36%, about the same that attended their zoned public schools. Another 20% of Harlem students were enrolled in public schools elsewhere.[205]
Higher education
The
Libraries
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates four circulating branches and one research branch in Harlem, as well as several others in adjacent neighborhoods.
- The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, a research branch, is located at 515 Malcolm X Boulevard. It is housed in a Carnegie library structure that opened in 1905, though the branch itself was established in 1925 based on a collection from its namesake, Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. The Schomburg Center is a National Historic Landmark, as well as a city designated landmark and a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)-listed site.[206]
- The Countee Cullen branch is located at 104 West 136th Street. It was originally housed in the building now occupied by the Schomburg Center. The current structure, in 1941, is an annex of the Schomburg building.[207]
- The Harry Belafonte 115th Street branch is located at 203 West 115th Street. The three-story Carnegie library, built in 1908, is both a city designated landmark and an NRHP-listed site. It was renamed for the entertainer and Harlem resident Harry Belafonte in 2017.[208]
- The Harlem branch is located at 9 West 124th Street. It is one of the oldest libraries in the NYPL system, having operated in Harlem since 1826. The current three-story Carnegie library building was built in 1909 and renovated in 2004.[209]
- The Macomb's Bridge branch is located at 2633 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard. The branch opened in 1955 at 2650 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, inside the Harlem River Houses, and was the smallest NYPL branch at 685 square feet (63.6 m2). In January 2020, the branch moved across the street to a larger space.[210]
Other branches include the 125th Street and Aguilar branches in East Harlem and the George Bruce and
Transportation
Bridges
The
Public transportation
Public transportation service is provided by the
Subway
Harlem is served by the following subway lines:
In addition, several other lines stop nearby:
Bus
Harlem is served by numerous local bus routes operated by MTA Regional Bus Operations:[214]
- Bx6 SBSalong 155th Street
- Bx19along 145th Street
- Bx33along 135th Street
- M1along Fifth/Madison Avenues
- M2along Seventh Avenue, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues
- M3along Manhattan Avenue, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues
- M4along Broadway, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues
- M125along 125th Street
- M102along Lenox Avenue and 116th Street
- M10along Frederick Douglass Boulevard
- M116 along 116th Street
Routes that run near Harlem, but do not stop in the neighborhood, include:[214]
- M5along Riverside Drive
- M11 along Amsterdam Avenue north of West 110 Street
- M15 SBS and M15along First/Second Avenues
- M35via Triborough Bridge
- M103along Third/Lexington Avenues
- M104 along Broadway
See also
References
- ^ a b c "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ a b Gill 2011, p. 33
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Central Harlem" (PDF). nyc.gov. NYC Health. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ a b "NYC-Manhattan Community District 10--Central Harlem PUMA, NY". Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
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Sources
- Gill, Jonathan (2011). Harlem: The Four Hundred Year History from Dutch Village to Capital of Black America. Grove Press. ISBN 9780802195944. excerpt
- Killens, John; Halstead, Fred (1966). Harlem Stirs.
Further reading
- Bourgois, Philippe. In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio. (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
- Goldstein, Brian D. The roots of urban renaissance: Gentrification and the struggle over Harlem (Harvard University Press, 2017) .
- Ianni, Francis A. J. Black Mafia: Ethnic Succession in Organized Crime, 1974.
- King, Shannon. Whose Harlem Is This? Community Politics and Grassroots Activism During the New Negro Era. New York: New York University Press, 2015.
- Lane, Jeffrey. "The digital street: An ethnographic study of networked street life in Harlem." American Behavioral Scientist 60.1 (2016): 43-58. online
- McGruder, Kevin. Race and Real Estate: Conflict and Cooperation in Harlem, 1890-1920 (Columbia University Press, 2015).
- Orsi, Robert A. The Madonna of 115th Street: faith and community in Italian Harlem, 1880-1950 (Yale University Press, 2010) online.
- Osofsky, Gilbert. Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890–1930, 1971.
- WPA Guide to New York City, 1939
- Wintz, Cary D., and Paul Finkelman. Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance (Routledge, 2012).
- TIME, vol. 84, No. 5, July 31, 1964. "Harlem: No Place Like Home".
- Newsweek, August 3, 1964. "Harlem: Hatred in the Streets".
- "Crack's Decline: Some Surprises from U.S. Cities", National Institute of Justice Research in Brief, July 1997.
- Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity." Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020
External links
- Portraits of Harlem
- Digital Harlem: Everyday Life 1915–1930
- Harlem Archived February 3, 2019, at the Wayback Machine—NYCwiki