Harold Washington
Harold Washington | |
---|---|
Charles A. Hayes | |
Member of the Illinois Senate from the 26th district | |
In office May 7, 1977 – November 20, 1980 | |
Preceded by | Cecil A. Partee |
Succeeded by | James C. Taylor |
Member of the Illinois House of Representatives from the 26th district | |
In office March 22, 1965 – August 8, 1976 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Harold Lee Washington April 15, 1922 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
Died | November 25, 1987 (aged 65) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
Resting place | Oak Woods Cemetery |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse |
Dorothy Finch
(m. 1942; div. 1950) |
Domestic partner | Mary Ella Smith (1967–1987) |
Education | First Sergeant |
Unit | United States Army Air Corps United States Army Air Forces |
Battles/wars | World War II • South Pacific • Central Pacific |
| ||
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Transit projects
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Harold Lee Washington (April 15, 1922 – November 25, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician who was the 51st
Biography
Ancestry
The earliest known ancestor of Harold Lee Washington, Isam/Isham Washington, was born a slave in 1832 in North Carolina.[4] In 1864, he enlisted in the 8th United States Colored Heavy Artillery, Company L, in Paducah, Kentucky. Following his discharge in 1866, he began farming with his wife, Rebecca Neal, in Ballard County, Kentucky. Among their six children was Isam/Isom McDaniel (Mack) Washington, who was born in 1875. In 1896, Mack Washington married Arbella Weeks of Massac County, who had been born in Mississippi in 1878. In 1897, their first son, Roy L. Washington, father of Mayor Washington, was born in Ballard County, Kentucky. In 1903, shortly after both families moved to Massac County, Illinois, the elder Washington died. After farming for a time, Mack Washington became a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church, serving numerous churches in Illinois until the death of his wife in 1952. Reverend I.M.D. Washington died in 1953.[4]
Early life and education
Harold Lee Washington was born on April 15, 1922, at
Military service
In 1942, Washington was drafted into the
Roosevelt College
In the summer of 1946, Washington, aged 24 and a war veteran, enrolled at
In 1946, after the college had moved to the
During his Roosevelt College years, Washington came to be known for his stability. His friends said that he had a "remarkable ability to keep cool", reason carefully and walk a middle line. Washington intentionally avoided extremist activities, including street actions and sit-ins against racially segregated restaurants and businesses. Overall, Washington and other radical activists ended up sharing a mutual respect for each other, acknowledging both Washington's pragmatism and the activists' idealism. With the opportunities found only at Roosevelt College in the late 1940s, Washington's time at the Roosevelt College proved to be pivotal.[11] Washington graduated in August 1949, with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree. In addition to his activities at Roosevelt, he was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.[12][13]
Northwestern University School of Law
Washington then applied for and was admitted to study law at the
At Northwestern Law School, Washington was the only black student in his class (there were six women in the class, one of them being
Early political career
From 1951 until he was first slated for election in 1965, Washington worked in the offices of the 3rd Ward Alderman, former Olympic athlete Ralph Metcalfe. Richard J. Daley was elected party chairman in 1952. Daley replaced C.C. Wimbush, an ally of William Dawson, on the party committee with Metcalfe. Under Metcalfe, the 3rd Ward was a critical factor in Mayor Daley's 1955 mayoral election victory and ranked first in the city in the size of its Democratic plurality in 1961.[17] While working under Metcalfe, Washington began to organize the 3rd Ward's Young Democrats (YD) organization. At YD conventions, the 3rd Ward would push for numerous resolutions in the interest of blacks. Eventually, other black YD organizations would come to the 3rd Ward headquarters for advice on how to run their own organizations. Like he had at Roosevelt College, Washington avoided radicalism and preferred to work through the party to engender change.[18]
While working with the Young Democrats, Washington met Mary Ella Smith.[19] They dated for the next 20 years, and in 1983 Washington proposed to Smith. In an interview with the Chicago Sun-Times, Smith said that she never pressed Washington for marriage because she knew Washington's first love was politics, saying, "He was a political animal. He thrived on it, and I knew any thoughts of marriage would have to wait. I wasn't concerned about that. I just knew the day would come."[20]
In 1959 Al Janney, Gus Savage, Lemuel Bentley, Bennett Johnson, Luster Jackson and others founded the Chicago League of Negro Voters, one of the first African-American political organizations in the city. In its first election, Bentley drew 60,000 votes for city clerk. The endorsement of the League was deciding factor in the re-election of Leon DesPres who was an independent voice in the City Council. Washington was a close friend of the founders of the League and worked with them from time to time. The League was key in electing Anna Langford, William Cousins and A. A. "Sammy" Rayner who were not part of the Daley machine. In 1963 the group moved to racially integrate and formed Protest at the Polls at a citywide conference which Washington independent candidates had gained traction within the black community, winning several aldermanic seats. In 1983, Protest at the Polls was instrumental in Washington's run for mayor. By then, the YDs were losing to independent candidates.[21]
Legislative career
Illinois House (1965–1976)
After the state legislature failed to reapportion districts every ten years as required by the census, the 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election was held at-large to elect all 177 members of the Illinois House of Representatives. With the Republicans and Democrats each only running 118 candidates, independent voting groups attempted to slate candidates. The League of Negro Voters created a "Third Slate" of 59 candidates, announcing the creation of the slate on June 27, 1964. Shortly afterwards, Daley created a slate which included Adlai Stevenson III and Washington. The Third Slate was then thrown out by the Illinois Election Board because of "insufficient signatures" on the nominating petitions. In the election, Washington was elected as part of the winning Democratic slate of candidates.[22] Washington's years in the Illinois House were marked by tension with Democratic Party leadership. In 1967, he was ranked by the Independent Voters of Illinois (IVI) as the fourth-most independent legislator in the Illinois House and named Best Legislator of the Year. His defiance of the "idiot card", a sheet of paper that directed legislators' votes on every issue, attracted the attention of party leaders, who moved to remove Washington from his legislative position.[23] Daley often told Metcalfe to dump Washington as a candidate, but Metcalfe did not want to risk losing the 3rd Ward's Young Democrats, who were mostly aligned with Washington.[24]
Washington backed Renault Robinson, a black police officer and one of the founders of the Afro-American Patrolmen's League (AAPL). The aim of the AAPL was to fight against the racism which was directed against minority officers by the rest of the predominantly white department. Soon after the creation of the group, Robinson was written up for minor infractions, suspended, reinstated, and then placed on the graveyard shift on a single block behind central police headquarters. Robinson approached Washington and asked him to fashion a bill which would authorize the creation of a civilian review board, consisting of both patrolmen and officers, to monitor police brutality. Both black independent and white liberal legislators refused to back the bill, afraid to challenge Daley's grip on the police force.[24]
After Washington announced that he would support the AAPL, Metcalfe refused to protect him from Daley. Washington believed that he had the support of
Washington was accused of failing to file a tax return, even though the tax was paid. He was found guilty and sentenced to 36 days in jail. (1971)[26][27]
Washington also passed bills in honor of civil rights figures. He passed a resolution in honor of Metcalfe, his mentor. He also passed a resolution in honor of
1975 speakership campaign
Washington ran a largely symbolic campaign for Speaker. He only received votes from himself and from
Redmond had Washington appointed as chairman of the Judiciary Committee.[31]
Legal issues
In addition to Daley's strong-arm tactics, Washington's time in the Illinois House was also marred by problems with tax returns and allegations of not performing services owed to his clients. In her biography, Levinsohn questions whether the timing of Washington's legal troubles was politically motivated. In November 1966, Washington was re-elected to the House over Daley's strong objections; the first complaint was filed in 1964; the second was filed by January 1967.[32] A letter asking Washington to explain the matter was sent on January 5, 1967. After failing to respond to numerous summons and subpoenas, the commission recommend a five-year suspension on March 18, 1968. A formal response to the charges did not occur until July 10, 1969. In his reply, Washington said that "sometimes personal problems are enlarged out of proportion to the entire life picture at the time and the more important things are abandoned." In 1970, the Board of Managers of the Chicago Bar Association ruled that Washington's license be suspended for only one year, not the five recommended; the total amount in question between all six clients was $205.[33]
In 1971, Washington was charged with failure to file tax returns for four years, although the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) claimed to have evidence for nineteen years. Judge Sam Perry noted that he was "disturbed that this case ever made it to my courtroom"—while Washington had paid his taxes, he ended up owing the government a total of $508 as a result of not filing his returns. Typically, the IRS handled such cases in civil court, or within its bureaucracy. Washington pleaded "no contest" and was sentenced to forty days in Cook County Jail, a $1,000 fine, and three years of probation.[34][35]
Illinois Senate (1976–1980)
Campaign for a seat on the Illinois Senate
In 1975, Partee, now
Washington defeated Anna Langford by nearly 2,000 votes in the Democratic primary.[31] He went on to win the general election.
Human Rights Act of 1980
In the
For many years, human rights had been a campaign issue brought up and backed by Democrats. Thompson's staffers brought the bill to Washington and other black legislators before it was presented to the legislature. Washington made adjustments in anticipation of some legislators' concerns regarding the bill, before speaking for it in April 1979. On May 24, 1979, the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 59 to 1, with two voting present and six absent. The victory in the Senate was attributed by a Thompson staffer to Washington's "calm noncombative presentation".[39] However, the bill stalled in the House. State Representative Susan Catania insisted on attaching an amendment to allow women guarantees in the use of credit cards. This effort was assisted by Carol Moseley Braun, a representative from Hyde Park who would later go on to serve as a U.S. Senator. State Representatives Jim Taylor and Larry Bullock introduced over one hundred amendments, including the text of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, to try to stall the bill. With Catania's amendment, the bill passed the House, but the Senate refused to accept the amendment. On June 30, 1979, the legislature adjourned.[39]
U.S. House (1981–1983)
In 1980, Washington was elected to the
Although he had been called "crazy" for railing in the House of Representatives against deep cuts to social programs, Associated Press political reporter Mike Robinson noted that Washington worked "quietly and thoughtfully" as the time came to pass the act. During hearings in the South regarding the Voting Rights Act, Washington asked questions that shed light on tactics used to prevent African Americans from voting (among them, closing registration early, literacy tests, and gerrymandering). After the amendments were submitted on the floor, Washington spoke from prepared speeches that avoided rhetoric and addressed the issues. As a result, the amendments were defeated, and Congress passed the Voting Rights Act Extension.[42] By the time Washington faced re-election in 1982, he had cemented his popularity in the 1st Congressional District. Jane Byrne could not find one serious candidate to run against Washington for his re-election campaign. He had collected 250,000 signatures to get on the ballot, although only 610 signatures (0.5% of the voters in the previous election) were required. With his re-election to Congress locked up, Washington turned his attention to the next Chicago mayoral election.[43]
Mayor of Chicago (1983–1987)
1983 Chicago mayoral election
In the February 22, 1983, Democratic mayoral primary, more than 100,000 new voters registered to vote led by a coalition that included the Latino reformed gang
Epton's campaign referred to, among other things, Washington's conviction for failure to file income tax returns (he had paid the taxes, but had not filed a return). Washington, on the other hand, stressed reforming the Chicago patronage system and the need for a jobs program in a tight economy. In the April 12, 1983, mayoral general election, Washington defeated Epton by 3.7%, 51.7% to 48.0%, to become mayor of Chicago.[45] Washington was sworn in as mayor on April 29, 1983, and resigned his Congressional seat the following day.
First term and Council Wars
During his tenure as mayor, Washington lived at the
The 29, also known as the "Vrdolyak 29", were led by Vrdolyak (who was an Alderman in addition to Cook County Democratic Party chairman) and Finance Chair, Alderman
1987 election
Washington defeated former mayor
Political Education Project (PEP)
From March 1984 to 1987, the Political Education Project (PEP)
The organization disbanded upon Harold Washington's death.[55] Harold Washington's Political Education Project Records is an archival collection detailing the organization's work. It is located in the Chicago Public Library Special Collections, Harold Washington Library Center, Chicago, Illinois.[56]
DuSable Park
Washington, during his mayorship, announced a plan to redevelop a commercial site into a DuSable Park, named in honor of Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the honorary founder of the city. The project has yet to be completed, has experienced a number of bureaucratic reconceptions and roadblocks, and is currently spearheaded by the DuSable Heritage Association.
Approval ratings
Despite tumult between Washington and the City Council, Washington enjoyed positive approval among the city's residents.[57]
An April 1987 Chicago Tribune poll of voters indicated that there was a significant age and gender gap in Washington's approval, with Washington being more popularly approved of by voters under the age of 55 and by male voters.[58]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Segment polled | Polling source | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Sample size | Margin-of-error | Polling method | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Registered voters | Market Shares Corp. and Chicago Tribune | March 12–15, 1987 | 67% | 1,145 | ±3 | Telephone | [59] | |
Registered voters | Penn Schoen
|
October 1986 | 54% | 39% | 1,200 | [60] | ||
Residents | Chicago Tribune | October 29–November 3, 1985 | 60% | 30% | 515 | [61] | ||
Residents | Chicago Tribune | March 1985 | 35% | 21% | [61] | |||
Chicago Tribune | 1985 | 54% | 36% | [57] |
Historical assessments
A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the
Death and funeral
On November 25, 1987, at 11:00 am, Chicago Fire Department paramedics were called to City Hall. Washington's press secretary, Alton Miller, had been discussing school board issues with the mayor when Washington suddenly slumped over on his desk, falling unconscious. After failing to revive Washington in his office, paramedics rushed him to Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Further attempts to revive him failed, and Washington was pronounced dead at 1:36 p.m.[63]
At Daley Plaza, Patrick Keen, project director for the Westside Habitat for Humanity, announced Washington's official time of death to a separate gathering of Chicagoans. Initial reactions to the pronouncement of his death were of shock and sadness, as many black people believed that Washington was the only top Chicago official who would address their concerns.[64][65] Following his death, President Ronald Reagan issued a statement calling Washington a "dedicated and outspoken leader who guided one of our nation's largest cities through the 1980's".[66]
Thousands of Chicagoans attended his
Rumors
Immediately after Washington's death, rumors about how Washington died began to surface. On January 6, 1988, Dr. Antonio Senat, Washington's personal physician, denied "unfounded speculations" that Washington had
Legacy
At a party held shortly after his re-election on April 7, 1987, Washington said to a group of supporters, "In the old days, when you told people in other countries that you were from Chicago, they would say, 'Boom-boom! Rat-a-tat-tat!' Nowadays, they say [crowd joins with him], 'How's Harold?'!"[72]
In later years, various city facilities and institutions were named or renamed after the late mayor to commemorate his legacy. The new building housing the main branch of the
Five months after Washington's sudden death in office, a ceremony was held on April 19, 1988, changing the name of Loop College, one of the City Colleges of Chicago, to Harold Washington College. Harold Washington Elementary School in Chicago's Chatham neighborhood is also named after the former mayor. In August 2004, the 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m2) Harold Washington Cultural Center opened to the public in the Bronzeville neighborhood. Across from the Hampton House apartments where Washington lived, a city park was renamed Harold Washington Park, which was known for "Harold's Parakeets",[74] a colony of feral monk parakeets that inhabited Ash Trees in the park. A building on the campus of Chicago State University is named Harold Washington Hall.[75]
Six months after Washington's death,
Electoral history
Illinois State Representative
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
. . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | |
Democratic | Leland J. Kennedy (incumbent) | |||
Democratic | Paul E. Rink (incumbent) | |||
Democratic | James D. Carrigan (incumbent) | |||
Democratic | Joe W. Russell (incumbent) | |||
Democratic | Melvin McNairy | |||
Democratic | Harold Washington | |||
Democratic | John Jerome (Jack) Hill (incumbent) | |||
Democratic | Clyde Lee (incumbent) | |||
Democratic | Clyde L. Choate (incumbent) | |||
Democratic | Charles Ed Schaefer (incumbent) | |||
. . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | |
Total votes |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 28,426.5 | 57.9 | |
Democratic | Owen D. Pelt | 17,035.5 | 34.6 | |
Democratic | Peggy Smith Martin | 3,818 | 7.8 | |
Total votes | 49,280 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 55,513 | 44.2 | |
Democratic | Owen D. Pelt | 53,783.5 | 42.8 | |
Republican | J. Horace Gardner | 16,294.5 | 100 | |
Total votes | 125,591 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 17,670.5 | 51.6 | |
Democratic | Owen D. Pelt (incumbent) | 12,153 | 35.5 | |
Democratic | Peggy Smith Martin | 2,367 | 6.9 | |
Democratic | Ulmer D. Lynch, Jr. | 2,067 | 6.0 | |
Total votes | 34,257.5 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 70,203.5 | 48.3 | |
Democratic | James C. Taylor | 65,616 | 45.1 | |
Republican | J. Horace Gardner (incumbent) | 9,571.5 | 6.6 | |
Total votes | 145,391 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | James C. Taylor (incumbent) | 21,072.5 | 53.4 | |
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 14,828.5 | 37.6 | |
Democratic | Peggy Smith Martin | 1,916.5 | 4.9 | |
Democratic | Clyde Exson | 1,654.5 | 4.2 | |
Total votes | 39,472 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | James C. Taylor (incumbent) | 45,686 | 48.0 | |
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 42,996 | 45.2 | |
Republican | J. Horace Gardner (incumbent) | 6,461.5 | 6.7 | |
Total votes | 95,143.5 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 26,123 | 40.1 | |
Democratic | Peggy Smith Martin | 21,199 | 32.5 | |
Democratic | James C. Taylor (incumbent) | 17,876.5 | 27.4 | |
Total votes | 65,198.5 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 49,706.5 | 37.2 | |
Democratic | Peggy Smith Martin | 47,527.5 | 35.6 | |
Independent | James C. Taylor (incumbent) | 25,240 | 18.9 | |
Republican | Maurice Beacham | 11,042 | 8.3 | |
Total votes | 133,516 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | James C. Taylor (incumbent) | 27,999 | 54.0 | |
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 12,854.5 | 24.8 | |
Democratic | Peggy Smith Martin (incumbent) | 10,960 | 21.2 | |
Total votes | 51,813.5 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 30,556.5 | 41.4 | |
Democratic | James C. Taylor (incumbent) | 29,764.5 | 40.3 | |
Independent | Taylor Pouncey | 8,685.5 | 11.8 | |
Republican | Jerry Washington, Jr. | 2,990.5 | 4.1 | |
Republican | Magnolia Prowell | 1,817 | 2.5 | |
Total votes | 73,814 | 100 |
Illinois State Senator
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 9,030 | 56.7 | |
Democratic | Anna R. Langford | 6,897 | 43.3 | |
Total votes | 15,927 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 42,365 | 95.2 | |
Republican | Edward F. Brown | 2,147 | 4.8 | |
Total votes | 44,512 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 8,953 | 49.3 | |
Democratic | Clarence C. Barry | 8,734 | 48.1 | |
Democratic | Sabrina A. Washington | 459 | 2.5 | |
Total votes | 18,146 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 21,291 | 81.4 | |
Citizens For Taylor Pouncey | Clarence C. Barry | 4,854 | 18.6 | |
Total votes | 26,145 | 100 |
U.S. Congressman
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington | 30,522 | 47.7 | |
Democratic | Ralph H. Metcalfe, Jr. | 12,356 | 19.3 | |
Democratic | Bennett M. Stewart (incumbent) | 10,810 | 16.9 | |
Democratic | John H. Stroger, Jr. | 10,284 | 16.1 | |
Write-in | 11 | nil | ||
Total votes | 63,983 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington | 119,562 | 95.5 | |
Republican | George Williams | 5,660 | 4.5 | |
Write-in | 1 | nil | ||
Total votes | 125,223 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 69,799 | 100 | |
Write-in | 8 | nil | ||
Total votes | 69,807 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 172,641 | 97.3 | |
Republican | Charles Allen Taliaferro | 4,820 | 2.7 | |
Write-in | 1 | nil | ||
Total votes | 177,462 | 100 |
Chicago Mayor
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Michael A. Bilandic (incumbent) | 368,404 | 51.1 | |
Democratic | Roman Pucinski | 235,795 | 32.7 | |
Democratic | Harold Washington | 77,322 | 10.7 | |
Democratic | Edward Hanrahan | 28,643 | 4.0 | |
Democratic | Anthony Robert Martin-Trignona | 6,674 | 0.9 | |
Democratic | Ellis Reid | 4,022 | 0.6 | |
Total votes | 720,860 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington | 424,324 | 36.3 | |
Democratic | Jane Byrne (incumbent) | 393,500 | 33.6 | |
Democratic | Richard M. Daley | 346,835 | 29.7 | |
Democratic | Frank R. Ranallo | 2,367 | 0.2 | |
Democratic | William Markowski | 1,412 | 0.1 | |
Democratic | Sheila Jones | 1,285 | 0.1 | |
Total votes | 1,169,723 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington | 668,176 | 51.7 | |
Republican | Bernard Epton | 619,926 | 48.0 | |
Socialist Workers | Eddie L. Warren | 3,756 | 0.3 | |
Total votes | 1,291,858 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 586,841 | 53.5 | |
Democratic | Jane Byrne | 507,603 | 46.3 | |
Democratic | Sheila Jones | 2,549 | 0.2 | |
Total votes | 1,096,993 | 100 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Harold Washington (incumbent) | 600,290 | 53.8 | |
Illinois Solidarity Party | Edward Vrdolyak | 468,493 | 42.0 | |
Republican | Donald Haider | 47,652 | 4.3 | |
Total votes | 1,116,435 | 100 |
See also
- List of African-American United States representatives
- Ed Lee, the first Asian American Mayor of San Francisco, who also died in office of a heart attack at the same age as Washington
- Events in the Life of Harold Washington (mural)
Notes
- ^ This is a pulled list of ten candidates with similar vote totals to Harold Washington as the original ballot had 236 candidates.
References
- ^ "Chicago Mayors". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
- ^ Black Chicago's First Century: 1833–1900, Volume 1; Volumes 1833–1900, By Christopher Robert Reed. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ Jet, Sep 6, 2004. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 1556137508.
- ISBN 978-0635015044. Retrieved May 26, 2018 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 1556137508.
- Benedictineschool in Wisconsin. The arrangement lasted one week before they ran away from the school and hitchhiked home. After three more years and thirteen escapes, Roy placed Harold in Chicago city public schools.
- ^ a b Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 42–43.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), p. 44.
- ^ a b Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 51–53.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 54–55, 59, 62.
- ^ a b United States Congress (n.d.). "Harold Washington". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), p. 63.
- ^ Rivlin (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), p. 66.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 68–70.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), p. 75.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 86–90.
- ^ "Mary Ella Smith Still Keeps The Flame". Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ Kup (December 27, 1987). "Kup on Sunday". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 91–92, 97.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 100–106.
- ^ a b c Rivlin (1992), pp. 50–52.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 107–108.
- ^ Ron Grossman (November 13, 2017). "Remembering Mayor Harold Washington's death, 30 years ago". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ United States House of Representatives. "Washington, Harold". history.house.gov.
- ^ Travis, "Harold," The Peoples Mayor, 81–82 ).
- ^ Travis, "Harold," The Peoples Mayor, 81–82.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 109–110.
- ^ a b c d e f Hamlish Levinsohn (1983)
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 143–144.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 146–152.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 154–156.
- ^ Rivlin (1992), pp. 178–180.
- ^ a b Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 121–122.
- ^ Illinois General Assembly (1970). "(775 ILCS 5/) Illinois Human Rights Act". Retrieved April 21, 2008.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 130–131.
- ^ a b Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 132–134.
- ^ Cook County Board of Commissioners (December 4, 2007). "Resolution 08-R-09 (Honoring the life of Harold Washington)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2006.[dead link]
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), pp. 166–172.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), p. 172.
- ^ Hamlish Levinsohn (1983), p. 176.
- ^ Davis, Robert (April 12, 1983). "The election of Harold Washington the first black mayor of Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2008.
- ^ "Election Results for 1983 General Election, Mayor, Chicago, IL".
- ^ "Harold". This American Life. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
- ^ Sheppard (May 17, 1983). "Rebels Win Court Decision in Chicago Council Dispute". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ "Chicago History – PEP Project" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2016.
- ^ "Lavelle at Home in Hot Seat". Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ Cassel, Doug (March 16, 1989). "Is Tim Evans for Real?". Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Favorite Son Slate Planned". The New York Times. January 4, 1984. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
- ^ "Harold Washington's Political Education Project Records, Chicago Public Library Special Collections, Series IV. Special Aldermanic Election, boxes 29–35, 123" (PDF). Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Harold Washington's Political Education Project Records, Chicago Public Library Special Collections, Series V. 1987 Mayoral Election, boxes 35–100, 123, 124, 126" (PDF). Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Gardner Loses Fight With Cancer". Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Harold Washington's Political Education Project Records, Chicago Public Library Special Collections" (PDF). Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b Moser, Whet (February 1, 2016). "Rahm Emanuel: The Least Popular Mayor in Modern Chicago History". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ Lentz, Philip (April 21, 1987). "Gender, age gap confront mayor in '87 poll shows". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Davis, Robert (March 24, 1987). "Mayor is cruising in job-rating poll". Chicago Tribune.:
- Davis, Robert (March 24, 1987). "Mayor is cruising in job-rating poll". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
- Davis, Robert (March 24, 1987). "Mayor". Chicago Tribune. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Vrdolyak". Chicago Tribune. November 18, 1986. Retrieved November 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Neal, Steve (November 18, 1985). "Mayor's job rating at its highest yet". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ISBN 0-271-01876-3.
- ^ Davis, Robert (November 26, 1987). "Mayor's death stuns city – black leader, 65, on verge of a dream". Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ Brotman, Barbara (November 26, 1987). "Chicagoans mourn the loss of their leader". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ "WBEZ Radio News; 1987 – excerpts, Mourning a Mayor and Moving On". American Archive of Public Broadcasting. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ "Statement on the Death of Harold Washington". Reagan Library.org. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
- ^ "Photos: Chicago Mayor Harold Washington – Chicago Tribune". galleries.apps.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Chicago Weeps As Mayor Washington Laid To Rest". Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ Times, Dirk Johnson and Special To the New York (December 1987). "Foes Unite in Tribute at Chicago Mayor's Funeral". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ Williams, Lillian (January 7, 1988). "Washington's doctor debunks foul play talk". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
- ^ Unknown (June 21, 1988). "No drug link to ex-mayor's death". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
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- ^ Harold Washington Archives and Collections at Chicago Public Library "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Monk Parakeet Nests in Harold Washington Park Archived March 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Chicago State University". csu.edu. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012.
- ^ Hanania, Ray; Cronin, Barry (May 13, 1988). "Art Institute surrenders – Will bar controversial painting of Washington". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 27, 2008.
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Further reading
- Bennett, Larry (1993). "Harold Washington and the black urban regime". Urban Affairs Quarterly. 28 (3): 423–440. .
- Betancur, John J.; Gills, Douglas C. (2004). "Community Development in Chicago: From Harold Washington to Richard M. Daley". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 594 (1): 92–108. .
- Betancur, John J.; Gills, Douglas C. (2000). "Coalition Experience in Chicago Under Mayor Harold Washington". In Betancur, John J.; Gills, Douglas C. (eds.). The collaborative city: Opportunities and struggles for Blacks and Latinos in US cities. Garland. pp. 59–88. ISBN 0-8153-3560-1.
- Biles, Roger (2018). Mayor Harold Washington: Champion of Race and Reform in Chicago. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-05052-7.
- Carl, Jim (2001). "Harold Washington and Chicago's Schools Between Civil Rights and the Decline of the New Deal Consensus, 1955–1987". History of Education Quarterly. 41 (3): 311–343. .
- Clavel, Pierre; Wiewel, Wim, eds. (1991). Neighborhood Mayor: Harold Washington and the Neighborhoods: Progressive City Government in Chicago, 1983–1987. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. LCCN 91009430.
- Giloth, Robert; Moe, Kari (1999). "Jobs, equity, and the mayoral administration of Harold Washington in Chicago (1983–87)". Policy Studies Journal. 27 (1): 129–146. .
- Hamlish Levinsohn, Florence (1983). Harold Washington: A Political Biography. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-0914091417.
- Helgeson, Jeffrey (2014). Crucibles of Black Empowerment: Chicago's Neighborhood Politics from the New Deal to Harold Washington. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 859583698.
- Keating, Ann Durkin (2017). "In the Shadow of Chicago: Postwar Illinois Historiography". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 111 (1–2): 120–136. .
- Keiser, Richard A. (1993). "Explaining African-American Political Empowerment Windy City Politics from 1900 to 1983". Urban Affairs Review. 29 (1): 84–116. .
- Kleppner, Paul (1985). Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0875805329.
- Mantler, Gordon K. (2023). The Multiracial Promise: Harold Washington's Chicago and the Democratic Struggle in Reagan's America. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469673851.
- Marshall, Jon; Connor, Matthew (2019). "Divided Loyalties: The Chicago Defender and Harold Washington's Campaign for Mayor of Chicago". American Journalism. 36 (4): 447–472. .
- Peterson, Paul E. (1983). "Washington's Election in Chicago: The Other Half of the Story". PS: Political Science & Politics. 16 (4): 712–716. .
- Preston, Michael B. (1983). "The Election of Harold Washington: Black Voting Patterns in the 1983 Chicago Mayoral Race". PS: Political Science & Politics. 16 (3): 486–488. JSTOR 418606.
- Rivlin, Gary (1992). Fire on the Prairie: Chicago's Harold Washington and the Politics of Race. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0805014683.
- Travis, Dempsey J. (1989). "Harold," The Peoples Mayor: the Authorized Biography of Mayor Harold Washington. Chicago: Urban Research Press. ISBN 0941484084.
- Wilson, Asif (2021). "Curricularizing Social Movements: The Election of Chicago's First Black Mayor as Content, Pedagogy, and Futurities". Journal of Curriculum Theorizing. 36 (2): 32–42.
External links
- "Harold" Program 84 – A This American Life radio story that aired on November 21, 1997. It recounts the political history of Washington's mayoralty. Another program on This American Life is Act 4 "The Other Guy," Program 376: Wrong Side of History. This program recounts the story of Bernie Epton, the opponent in the mayoral race against Harold Washington.
- Harold Washington Archives and Collections at Chicago Public Library
- "The Legacy of Chicago's Harold Washington", Cheryl Corley, All Things Considered, November 23, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- Harold Washington on the Legacy of Richard J. Daley on YouTube, video excerpt from a 1986 documentary special on Richard J. Daley
- Harold Washington's Political Education Project Records, Black Metropolis Research Consortium
- Young Lords in Lincoln Park Neighborhood Collection
- Appearances on C-SPAN