Harry Hopkins
Harry Hopkins | |
---|---|
8th United States Secretary of Commerce | |
In office December 24, 1938 – September 18, 1940 | |
President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
Preceded by | Daniel C. Roper |
Succeeded by | Jesse H. Jones |
Administrator of the Works Progress Administration | |
In office May 6, 1935 – December 24, 1938 | |
President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Francis C. Harrington |
Administrator of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration | |
In office May 12, 1933 – May 6, 1935 | |
President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
Administrator of the Civil Works Administration | |
In office November 8, 1933 – March 31, 1934 | |
President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Harold Lloyd Hopkins August 17, 1890 Sioux City, Iowa U.S. |
Died | January 29, 1946 New York City, New York, U.S. | (aged 55)
Political party | Democratic |
Spouses | Ethel Gross
(m. 1913; div. 1929)Barbara Duncan
(m. 1931; died 1937)Louise Gill Macy (m. 1942) |
Children | 5 |
Education | Grinnell College (BA) |
Harold "Harry" Lloyd Hopkins (August 17, 1890 – January 29, 1946) was an American statesman, public administrator, and presidential advisor. A trusted deputy to President
Born in Iowa, Hopkins settled in New York City after he graduated from Grinnell College. He accepted a position in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare and worked for various social work and public health organizations. He was elected president of the National Association of Social Workers in 1923. In 1931, New York Temporary Emergency Relief Administration chairman Jesse I. Straus hired Hopkins as the agency's executive director. His successful leadership of the program earned the attention of then-New York Governor Roosevelt, who brought Hopkins into his federal administration after he won the 1932 presidential election. Hopkins enjoyed close relationships with President Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and was considered a potential successor to the president until the late 1930s, when his health began to decline due to a long-running battle with stomach cancer.
As Roosevelt's closest confidant, Hopkins assumed a leading foreign policy role after the outset of
Early life
Hopkins was born at 512 Tenth Street in
Hopkins attended
Social and public health work
In 1915, New York City Mayor
Hopkins at first opposed America's entrance into
In 1922, Hopkins returned to New York City, where the AICP was involved with the
In 1931, New York Governor
New Deal
In March 1933, Roosevelt summoned Hopkins to Washington as federal relief administrator. Convinced that paid work was psychologically more valuable than cash handouts, Hopkins sought to continue and expand New York State's work relief programs, the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration. He supervised the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Over 90% of the people employed by the Hopkins programs were unemployed or on relief. He feuded with Harold Ickes, who ran a rival program, the Public Works Administration, which also created jobs by contracting private construction firms, which did not require applicants to be unemployed or on relief.[6]
FERA, the largest program from 1933 to 1935, involved giving money to localities to operate work relief projects to employ those on direct relief. CWA was similar but did not require workers to be on relief to receive a government-sponsored job. In less than four months, the CWA hired four million people, and during its five months of operation, the CWA built and repaired 200 swimming pools, 3,700 playgrounds, 40,000 schools, 250,000 miles (400,000 km) of road, and 12 million feet of sewer pipe.
The WPA, which followed the CWA, employed 8.5 million people in its seven-year history, working on 1.4 million projects, including the building or repair of 103 golf courses, 1,000 airports, 2,500 hospitals, 2,500 sports stadiums, 3,900 schools, 8,192 parks, 12,800 playgrounds, 124,031 bridges, 125,110 public buildings, and 651,087 miles (1,047,823 km) of highways and roads. The WPA operated on its own on selected projects in co-operation with local and state governments, but always with its own staff and budget. Hopkins started programs for youth (
In the years after he resigned, Hopkins expressed pride in the WPA's key role in building internment camps for Japanese Americans. On March 19, 1942, for example, he lauded the then WPA head WPA, Howard O. Hunter, for the "building of those camps for War Department for the Japanese evacuees on the West Coast."[8]
Before Hopkins began to decline from his struggle with stomach cancer in the late 1930s, Roosevelt appeared to be training him as a possible successor.[9] With the advent of World War II in Europe, however, Roosevelt ran again in 1940 and won an unprecedented third term.[10]
World War II
On May 10, 1940, after a long night and day spent discussing the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg that had ended the so-called "Phoney War," Roosevelt urged a tired Hopkins to stay for dinner and then the night in a second-floor White House bedroom. Hopkins would live out of the bedroom for the next three-and-a-half years.[11][12] On December 7, 1941, at 1:40 pm, Hopkins was in the Oval Study, in the
During the war years, Hopkins acted as Roosevelt's chief emissary to British Prime Minister
Hopkins had a major voice in policy for the vast $50 billion Lend-Lease program, especially regarding supplies, first for Britain and then, upon the German invasion, the Soviets. He went to Moscow in July 1941 to make personal contact with
He was a firm supporter of
Although Hopkins's health was steadily declining, Roosevelt sent him on additional trips to Europe in 1945. Hopkins attended the Yalta Conference in February 1945. He tried to resign after Roosevelt died, but President Harry S. Truman sent Hopkins on one more mission to Moscow.
Hopkins had three sons who served in the armed forces during the war: Robert, David and Stephen. Stephen was killed in action while he was serving in the Marine Corps.[19]
Relations with Soviet Union
Hopkins was the top American official assigned to dealing with Soviet officials during World War II. He liaised with Soviet officials from the middle ranks to the very highest, including Stalin. Anastas Mikoyan was Hopkins' counterpart with responsibility for Lend-Lease. He often explained Roosevelt's plans to Stalin and other top Soviet officials to enlist Soviet support for American objectives, an endeavor that met with limited success. A particularly striking example of bad faith was Moscow's refusal to allow American naval experts to see the German experimental U-boat station at Gdynia captured on March 28, 1945, and thus to help the protection of the very convoys that carried Lend-Lease aid.[20] In turn, Hopkins passed on Stalin's stated goals and needs to Roosevelt. As the top American decision maker in Lend-Lease, he gave priority to supplying the Soviet Union, despite repeated objections from Republicans. As Soviet soldiers were bearing the brunt of the war, Hopkins felt that American aid to the Soviets would hasten the war's conclusion.[21]
On August 10, 1943, he spoke about the USSR's decisive role in the war, saying that "Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces."[22]
Hopkins continued to be a target of attacks even after his death.
It is likely that any Soviets who spoke to Hopkins would have been routinely required to report the contact to the NKVD, the Soviet national security agency. Eduard Mark (1998) says that some Soviets, such as spymaster Iskhak Akhmerov, thought that Hopkins was pro-Soviet, but others thought that he was not.[25] Verne W. Newton, the author of FDR and the Holocaust, said that no writer discussing Hopkins has identified any secrets disclosed or any decision in which he distorted American priorities to help communism.[26] As Mark demonstrated, Hopkins was not pro-Soviet in his recommendations to Roosevelt; he was anti-German and pro-American. Any "secrets" disclosed were authorized. Mark says that at the time, any actions were taken specifically to help the American war effort and to prevent the Soviets from making a deal with Hitler.[27]
It is currently considered likely that Laurence Duggan was the titular agent "19" mentioned in the Venona Project decryptions of Soviet cables.[28][29] Hopkins may simply have been naïve in his estimation of Soviet intentions. The historian Robert Conquest wrote that "Hopkins seems just to have accepted an absurdly fallacious stereotype of Soviet motivation, without making any attempt whatever to think, or to study the readily available evidence, or to seek the judgement of the knowledgeable. He conducted policy vis-a-vis Stalin with mere dogmatic confidence in his own (and his circle's) unshakeable sentiments."[30]
Personal life
In 1913, Hopkins married Ethel Gross (1886–1976), a Hungarian-Jewish immigrant active in New York City's
Cancer and death
In mid-1939, Hopkins was told that he had
Though his death has been attributed to his stomach cancer, some historians have suggested that it was the cumulative
Hopkins died in New York City on January 29, 1946, at the age of 55. His body was cremated and his ashes interred in his former college town at the Hazelwood Cemetery in Grinnell, Iowa. There is a house on the Grinnell College campus named after him and his childhood home, with a plaque, is located at Sixth Avenue and Elm Street.
References
- ^ Hopkins 1999, p. 61, 67–9.
- ^ Hopkins 1999, p. 128.
- ^ Hopkins 1999, pp. 139–41.
- ^ Jean Edward Smith, p. 251.
- ^ George T. McJimsey, Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy (1987)
- ^ McJimsey, Harry Hopkins (1987) ch 5–7
- ^ Donald S. Howard, The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943)
- ISBN 978-1598133561.
- ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
- ^ Goodwin 1994, p. 107.
- ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
- ^ Goodwin 1994, p. 37.
- ^ Peter Grier (December 7, 2010). "Pearl Harbor Day: How FDR Reacted on December 7 1941". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ Goodwin 1994, p. 212–13.
- ^ Larson, Erik. The Splendid and the Vile: The Sage of Churchill, Family, and Defiance During the Blitz. New York: Penguin/Random House: 2020.
- ISBN 9781442222229.
- ^ Dwight William Tuttle, Harry L. Hopkins and Anglo-American-Soviet Relations, 1941–1945 (1983) p. 160
- ^ Goodwin 1994, p. 458–59.
- ^ 15 Stars, Stanley Weintraub, p. 234-235
- ^ Robert Conquest, Reflections on a Ravaged Century, Norton, 2001, p 150
- ^ David Roll, The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (2012) ch 6
- ^ "The Executive of the Presidents Soviet Protocol Committee (Burns) to the President's Special Assistant (Hopkins)". www.history.state.gov. Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018.
In War II Russia occupies a dominant position and is the decisive factor looking toward the defeat of the Axis in Europe. While in Sicily the forces of Great Britain and the United States are being opposed by 2 German divisions, the Russian front is receiving attention of approximately 200 German divisions. Whenever the Allies open a second front on the Continent, it will be decidedly a secondary front to that of Russia; theirs will continue to be the main effort. Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces.
- ^ David Roll, The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (2012) p 399
- ^ Sean McMeekin, Stalin's War (2021) p 534.
- ^ Eduard Mark, "Venona's Source '19' and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage?" Intelligence & National Security, April 1998, Vol. 13 Issue 2, p 20
- ^ Newton, Verne W. (October 28, 1990). "A Soviet Agent? Harry Hopkins?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ Eduard Mark, "Venona's Source '19' and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage?" Intelligence & National Security, Apr 1998, Vol. 13 Issue 2, p 1–31
- ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.
- S2CID 153925442.
- ^ Robert Conquest, Reflections on a Ravaged Century, Norton, 2001, p 151
- ^ Hopkins 1999, p. 144–145.
- ^ David L. Roll, The Hopkins Touch, 2013, page 24
- ^ Hopkins 1999, p. 147.
- ^ ISBN 978-0674543461. p. 191.
- ISBN 978-0739105023.
- ^ "DIANA HALSTED Obituary (2021) – Vienna, DC – The Washington Post". Legacy.com.
- ^ The White House Historical Society. "How many weddings have been held at the White House?"
- ^ Goodwin 1994, p. 349–50.
- ^ Goodwin 1994, p. 459, 480.
- ^ Goodwin 1994, pp. 31–32.
- ^ David L. Roll, The Hopkins Touch, 2013, pages 404–405
- ^ Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 2001 revised edition, page 889
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
- PMID 1101513.
West, Diana. "American Betrayal" =(2014)
Further reading
- Adams, Henry Hitch. Harry Hopkins: A Biography (1977)
- Bremer, William W. "Along the 'American Way': The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed," Journal of American History Vol. 62, No. 3 (Dec. 1975), pp. 636–652 in JSTOR
- Hopkins, June. "The road not taken: Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief." Presidential Studies Quarterly 29, 2(306–316). online edition
- Hopkins, June (1999). Harry Hopkins: Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer. ISBN 9780312212063.
- Howard, Donald S. The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943) online edition
- Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl. "Harry Hopkins and Soviet Espionage" Intelligence & National Security (Nov 2014) 29#6 pp 864–879.
- Kurzman, Paul A. Harry Hopkins and the New Deal, R. E. Burdick Publishers (1974)
- Leebaert, Derek. Unlikely Heroes: Franklin Roosevelt, His Four Lieutenants, and the World They Made (2023); on Perkins, Ickes, Wallace and Hopkins.
- Meacham, Jon. Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship Random House (2003).
- McJimsey, George. "Hopkins, Harry Lloyd" in American National Biography Online (2000)
- McJimsey George T. Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy (1987), biography.
- The Brookings Institution. (1946). Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs; 900 pages online edition
- Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize; published in England as The White House Papers Of Harry L. Hopkins Vol. I (1948) to Jan 1942; online vol 1 to Jan 1942
- Singleton, Jeff. The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression (2000) online edition
- Smith, Jason Scott. Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956 (2005)
- Smith, Jean Edward. FDR, Random House(2007) scholarly biography
- Williams, Edward Ainsworth. Federal Aid for Relief (1939) online edition
- "Harry Lloyd Hopkins". Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 4: 1946–1950. American Council of Learned Societies, 1974.
- World War II
- Allen, R.G.D. "Mutual Aid between the U.S. and the British Empire, 1941–5", in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society no. 109 #3, 1946. pp 243–77 in JSTOR detailed statistical data on Lend Lease
- Clarke, Sir Richard. Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace, 1942–1949. (1982), British perspective
- Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (2nd ed. 1995) standard scholarly survey online
- Dawson, Raymond H. The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941: Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics (1959)
- Dobson, Alan P. U.S. Wartime Aid to Britain, 1940–1946 London, 1986.
- ISBN 9780684804484.
- Herring Jr. George C. Aid to Russia, 1941-1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (1973) online edition
- Kimball, Warren F.The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941 (1969).
- Kimball, Warren F. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II," Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 34#1 (2004) pp 83+.
- Louis, William Roger. Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945. 1977.
- MacManus, James. Sleep in Peace Tonight, (Thomas Dunne Books, New York 2014), ISBN 9781250051974, A novel about Hopkins in London in 1941
- O'Sullivan, Christopher. Harry Hopkins: FDR's Envoy to Churchill and Stalin. (Rowman and Littlefield 2014)
- Reynolds, David. The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937–1941: A Study on Competitive Cooperation (1981)
- Roll, David. The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (2012) excerpt and text search and author webcast presentation
- Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize.
- Tuttle, Dwight William. Harry L. Hopkins and Anglo-American-Soviet Relations, 1941–1945 (1983)
- Woods, Randall Bennett. A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941–1946 (1990)
External links
- Works by or about Harry Hopkins at Internet Archive
- Svetlana Chervonnaya, "Hopkins, Harry Lloyd (1890–1946)," Archived June 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Documents Talk: A Non-Definitive History, www.documentstalk.com/
- Harry Hopkins Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum