Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a

The book was first published in the United Kingdom on 26 June 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States the following year by Scholastic Corporation under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. It won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best-selling fiction in August 1999, and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000. It has been translated into at least 73 other languages, and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels. The novel has sold in excess of 120 million copies, making it the fourth best-selling book of all time.^[1][2]

Most reviews were very favourable, commenting on Rowling's imagination, humour, simple, direct style and clever plot construction, although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed. The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen, one of Rowling's favourite authors; Roald Dahl, whose works dominated children's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter; and the ancient Greek story-teller Homer. While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian boarding school stories, others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues, as well as overcoming obstacles like bullying.

The Harry Potter series has been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing.

Plot

Hagrid escorts Harry to

• Harry Potter is an orphan whom Rowling imagined as a "scrawny, black-haired, green eyed and bespectacled boy who didn't know he was a wizard."^[3] She developed the series' story and characters to explain how Harry came to be in this situation and how his life unfolded from there.^[4] Apart from the first chapter, the events of this book take place just before and in the year following Harry's eleventh birthday. Voldemort's attack left a lightning bolt-shaped scar on Harry's forehead,^[4] which produces stabbing pains whenever Voldemort is present. Harry has a natural talent for Quidditch and became the first person in a century to get on their team in their first year.
• Ron Weasley is Harry's age, and Rowling describes him as the ultimate best friend "always there when you need him".^[5] He is freckled, red-haired, and quite tall. He grew up in a fairly large pure-blood family as the sixth born of seven children. Although his family is quite poor, they still live comfortably and happily. His loyalty and bravery in the face of a game of Wizards Chess plays a vital part in finding the Philosopher's Stone.
• Hermione Granger, the daughter of an all-Muggle family, is a bossy girl who has apparently memorised most of the textbooks before the start of term. Rowling described Hermione as a "very logical, upright and good" character with "a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness".^[6] Despite her nagging efforts to keep Harry and Ron out of trouble, she becomes a close friend of the two boys after they save her from a troll and her magical and analytical skills play an important role in finding the Philosopher's Stone. She has bushy brown hair and rather large front teeth.
• Remembrall
  , to remind him if he forgets something. Neville's magical abilities are weak and appeared just in time to save his life when he was eight. Despite his timidity, Neville will fight anyone after some encouragement or if he thinks it is right and important.
• gamekeeper
  , a job which enables him to give lavish affection, care and even pet names (such as Norbert the dragon) on even the most dangerous of magical creatures. Hagrid is fiercely loyal to Dumbledore and quickly becomes a close friend of Harry, Ron and, later, Hermione, but his carelessness makes him unreliable.
• Professor Albus Dumbledore, a tall, thin man who wears half-moon spectacles and has silver hair and a beard that tucks into his belt, is the headmaster of Hogwarts, and thought to be the only wizard Voldemort fears. Dumbledore, while renowned for his achievements in magic, shrugs off praise, though he is aware of his own brilliance. Rowling described him as the "epitome of goodness".^[7]
• Transfiguration
  and is able to transform herself into a cat. She is Deputy Headmistress and Head of Gryffindor House.
• Petunia Dursley, the sister of Harry's mother Lily, is a thin woman with a long neck that she uses for spying on the neighbours. As a Muggle
  , she regards her magical sister as a freak and tries to pretend that she never existed.
• Vernon Dursley
  , the husband of Petunia Dursley, is a heavily built man whose irascible bluster covers a narrow mind and a fear of anything unusual.
• Dudley Dursley
  is an overweight, spoilt bully and Harry's cousin.
• bewitched
  . Draco avoids direct confrontations and tries to get Harry and his friends into trouble.
• Oliver Wood
  is Harry's Quidditch captain and keeper for the Gryffindor Quidditch team.
• Professor Quirrell
  is a twitching, stammering, and nervous man who teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts. Reputedly he was a brilliant scholar, but his nerve was shattered by an encounter with vampires. Quirrell wears a turban to conceal the fact that he is voluntarily possessed by Voldemort, whose face appears on the back of Quirrell's head.
• Professor Severus Snape, who has a hooked nose, sallow complexion, and greasy black hair, teaches Potions, but would prefer to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts. Snape favours pupils in Slytherin, his own House and seizes every opportunity to humiliate others, especially Harry. Several incidents, beginning with the shooting pain in Harry's scar during the start-of-term feast, lead Harry and his friends to think Snape is aiding Voldemort.
• Argus Filch, the school caretaker who knows the school's secret passages
  better than anyone else except, perhaps, the Weasley twins. His cat, Mrs. Norris, aids his constant hunt for misbehaving pupils.

In the book, Rowling introduces an eclectic cast of characters. The first character to be introduced is Vernon Dursley, Harry's uncle. Most of the actions centre on the eponymous hero [Harry Potter, an orphan who escapes his miserable childhood with the Dursley family. Rowling imagined him as a "scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who didn't know he was a wizard"[3] and says she transferred part of her pain about losing her mother to him.^[8] During the book, Harry makes two close friends, Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger. Ron is described by Rowling as the ultimate best friend, "always there when you need him".^[5] Rowling has described Hermione as a "very logical, upright and good" character with "a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness".^[6]

Rowling also imagined a supporting cast of adults. The headmaster of Hogwarts is the powerful, but kind wizard Albus Dumbledore, who becomes Harry's confidant. Rowling described him as "the epitome of goodness".^[7] His right hand is severe Minerva McGonagall, the friendly half-giant Rubeus Hagrid, who saved Harry from the Dursley family and the sinister Severus Snape. Professor Quirrell is also featured in the novel.

The main antagonists are Draco Malfoy, an elitist, bullying classmate,^[9] and Lord Voldemort, the most powerful evil wizard who becomes disembodied when he tries to kill baby Harry. According to a 1999 interview with Rowling, the character of Voldemort was created as a literary foil for Harry and his backstory was intentionally not fleshed-out at first:

The basic idea... Harry, I saw Harry very very very clearly. Very vividly. And I knew he didn't know he was a wizard. ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, that he wouldn't know what he was. ... When he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harry's parents, and then he tried to kill Harry—he tried to curse him. ... And—so—but for some mysterious reason, the curse didn't work on Harry. So he's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, who has been in hiding ever since.^[4]

Development, publication and reception

Development

The book, which was Rowling's debut novel, was written between approximately June 1990 and some time in 1995. In 1990, Jo Rowling, as she preferred to be known,^[a] wanted to move with her boyfriend to a flat in Manchester and in her words, "One weekend after flat hunting, I took the train back to London on my own and the idea for Harry Potter fell into my head... A scrawny, little, black-haired, bespectacled boy became more and more of a wizard to me... I began to write Philosopher's Stone that very evening. Although, the first couple of pages look nothing like the finished product."^[8] Then, Rowling's mother died and, to cope with her pain, Rowling transferred her own anguish to the orphan Harry.^[8] Rowling spent six years working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and after it was accepted by Bloomsbury, she obtained a grant of £8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council, which enabled her to plan the sequels.^[13] She sent the book to a literary agent and a publisher and then the second agent she approached spent a year trying to sell the book to publishers, most of whom thought it was too long at about 90,000 words. Barry Cunningham, who was building a portfolio of distinctive fantasies by new authors for Bloomsbury Children's Books, recommended accepting the book^[14] and the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chief executive said it was "so much better than anything else".^[15]

Publication and reception in the United Kingdom

Bloomsbury accepted the book, paying Rowling a £2,500 advance^[16] and Cunningham sent proof copies to carefully chosen authors, critics and booksellers in order to obtain comments that could be quoted when the book was launched.^[14] He was less concerned about the book's length than about its author's name, since the title sounded like a boys' book to him and he believed boys preferred books by male authors. Rowling therefore adopted the pen name J. K. Rowling just before publication.^[14]

In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 500 copies in hardback, three hundred of which were distributed to libraries.^[17] Her original name, "Joanne Rowling", can be found on the copyright page of all British editions until September 1999. (The 1998 first American edition would remove reference to "Joanne" completely.)^[18] The short initial print run was standard for first novels and Cunningham hoped booksellers would read the book and recommend it to customers.^[14] Examples from this initial print run have sold for as much as US$471,000 in a 2021 Heritage auction.^[19] Thomas Taylor created the cover for the first edition.^[14]

Lindsey Fraser, who had previously supplied one of the blurb comments,

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit, the British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year and the Booksellers' Association / Bookseller Author of the Year.^[14] By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies^[25] and the story was still the UK's best-selling title in December 2001.^[26] A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press.^[27]

Platform 9+3⁄4, from which the Hogwarts Express left London, was commemorated in the real-life King's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall.^[28]

US publication and reception

Scholastic Corporation bought the US rights at the Bologna Book Fair in April 1997 for US$105,000, an unusually high sum for a children's book.^[14] Scholastic's Arthur Levine thought that "philosopher" sounded too archaic for readers^[31] and after some discussion (including the proposed title "Harry Potter and the School of Magic"^[32]), the American edition was published in September 1998^[33] under the title Rowling suggested, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.^[14] Rowling later said that she regretted this change and would have fought it if she had been in a stronger position at the time.^[10] Philip Nel has pointed out that the change lost the connection with alchemy and the meaning of some other terms changed in translation, for example from "crumpet" to "muffin". While Rowling accepted the change from both the British English "mum" and Seamus Finnigan's Irish variant "mam" to the American variant "mom" in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, she vetoed this change in the later books, which was then reversed in later editions of Philosopher's Stone. However, Nel considered that Scholastic's translations were considerably more sensitive than most of those imposed on British English books of the time and that some other changes could be regarded as useful copyedits.^[29] Since the UK editions of early titles in the series were published months prior to the American versions, some American readers became familiar with the British English versions owing to having bought them from online retailers.^[34]

On BookBrowse, a site that aggregates book reviews such as media reviews, the book received a from "Critics' Opinion".^[35] At first the most prestigious reviewers ignored the book, leaving it to book trade and library publications such as Kirkus Reviews and Booklist, which examined it only by the entertainment-oriented criteria of children's fiction. However, more penetrating specialist reviews (such as one by Cooperative Children's Book Center Choices, which noted complexity, depth and consistency in the world that Rowling had built) attracted the attention of reviewers in major newspapers.^[36] Although The Boston Globe and Michael Winerip in The New York Times complained that the final chapters were the weakest part of the book,^[20][37] they and most other American reviewers gave glowing praise.^[14][20] A year later, the US edition was selected as an

In August 1999, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone topped the New York Times list of best-selling fiction[39] and stayed near the top of the list for much of 1999 and 2000, until the New York Times split its list into children's and adult sections under pressure from other publishers who were eager to see their books given higher placings.^[23][36] Publishers Weekly's report in December 2001 on cumulative sales of children's fiction placed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone 19th among hardbacks (over 5 million copies) and 7th among paperbacks (over 6.6 million copies).^[40]

In May 2008, Scholastic announced the creation of a 10th Anniversary Edition of the book^[41] that was released on 1 October 2008^[42] to mark the tenth anniversary of the original American release.^[41] For the fifteenth anniversary of the books, Scholastic re-released Sorcerer's Stone, along with the other six novels in the series, with new cover art by Kazu Kibuishi in 2013.^[43][44][45]

Translations

By mid-2008, official translations of the book had been published in 67 languages.^[46][47] By November 2017, the book had been translated into 80 languages, the 80th being Lowland Scots.^[48] Bloomsbury have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek,^[49][50] with the latter being described as "one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries".^[51]

Style and themes

Philip Nel highlighted the influence of

Some reviewers compared Philosopher's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher's Stone, seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the one in top place. The only other really popular children's author of the late 1990s was an American, R. L. Stine. Some of the story elements in Philosopher's Stone resembled parts of Dahl's stories. For example, the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant aunts‍—‌one fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, who treated Harry as a servant. However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation, able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside.^[14]

Librarian Nancy Knapp and marketing professor Stephen Brown noted the liveliness and detail of descriptions, especially of shop scenes such as Diagon Alley.^[21][53] Tad Brennan commented that Rowling's writing resembles that of Homer: "rapid, plain, and direct in expression".^[51] Stephen King admired "the sort of playful details of which only British fantasists seem capable" and concluded that they worked because Rowling enjoys a quick giggle and then moves briskly forward.^[54]

Susan Hall wrote that there is no rule of law in the books, as the actions of Ministry of Magic officials are unconstrained by laws, accountability or any kind of legal challenge. This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order. As a side-effect Harry and Hermione, who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world, find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards. For example, Hermione notes that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power, and that most wizards have no chance of solving it.^[58]

Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the "preferred norm", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley family throughout the series, and in his treatment of first Rubeus Hagrid and later Remus Lupin and Sirius Black as father-figures.^{[20]: 13–15, 47–48 [52]}

Legacy

Sequels

The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and later, in the US on 2 June 1999.^[59][60] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.^[59][60] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.^[61] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.^[62] It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.^[63] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.^[64][65] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007.^[66] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.^[67]

Illustrated version

An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on 6 October 2015, with illustrations by Jim Kay.^[68][69] The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist.

Podcast version

In May 2020, a reading podcast by Spotify was created and entitled Harry Potter at Home: Readings. Each chapter is narrated by a celebrity guest from the Harry Potter and Wizarding World franchises.^[70]

Film adaptation

In 1999, Rowling sold the film rights of the first two Harry Potter books to

Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2001 and 2003 by Electronic Arts, that were loosely based on the film and book:

Uses in education and business

Writers on education and business subjects have used the book as an

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88. ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for GameCube". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
89. ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (Cube)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
90. ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for PlayStation 2". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
91. ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (PS2)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
92. ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for Xbox". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
93. ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (Xbox)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
94. S2CID 22560995
    .
95. Time Warner. 11 February 2000. Archived
    from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
96. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Book 1). ASIN 0747532699.
97. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Book 1). ASIN 0747532745.
98. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Book 1). ASIN 0747542988.
99. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Book 1). ASIN 0747545723.
100. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Book 1). ASIN 0747558191.
101. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Book 1). ASIN 0747574472.
102. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Book 1). ASIN 0747573603.
103. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter Signature ed.). ASIN 1408810549.
104. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter 1 Adult Cover). ASIN 1408834960.
105. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter, 1). ASIN 1408855895.
106. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter, 1). ASIN 1408855658.
107. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Illustrated Hardcover). ASIN 1408845644.
108. ^ Harrry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (MinaLima ed.). ASIN 1526626586.
109. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (25th Anniversary ed.). ASIN 152664665X.
110. ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone". Kirkus Reviews. 1 September 1998. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
111. ISBN 978-0590353427
     .
112. ISBN 978-0439203524
     .
113. ISBN 978-0439362139
     .
114. ^ "New cover for Sorcerer's Stone paperback edition". MuggleNet. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
115. ISBN 978-0545582889
     .
116. ISBN 978-0545790352
     .
117. ^ Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (Harry Potter, Book 1) (MinaLima Edition) (1). ASIN 1338596705.
118. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone British Children's Cloth Edition. ASIN 0747532699.
119. ^ Harry Potter and Philosopher's Stone. ASIN 0747542988.
120. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone: Deluxe Gift Edition. ASIN 0747545723.
121. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Children's Paperback Edition. ASIN 155192398X.
122. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Magic ed.). ASIN 1551926121.
123. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Book 1). ASIN 1551927284.
124. ^ Harry Potter And The Philosopher's Stone. ASIN 0747574472.
125. ^ Harry Potter And The Philosopher's Stone. ASIN 1408810549.
126. ^ Harry Potter And The Philosopher's Stone. ASIN 1408834960.

Works cited

• Gunelius, Susan (2008). Harry Potter: The Story of a Global Business Phenomenon.
  ISBN 978-0-230-59410-4
  .
• Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography.
  ISBN 978-0-09-944542-5
  .

External links

The Wikibook Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter has a page on the topic of: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone

• Quotations related to Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone at Wikiquote
• Background information and storylines from the
  Harry Potter Lexicon
• Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone at Open Library