Harry Warner
Harry Warner | |
---|---|
Los Angeles, California, United States | |
Resting place | Home of Peace Cemetery, East Los Angeles |
Occupation(s) | Film executive Co-founder of Warner Bros. |
Years active | 1903–1956 |
Spouse | Rea Levinson |
Children | 3 including Sam's adopted daughter |
Relatives | brothers Albert, Sam, and Jack L. Warner |
Harry Morris Warner (born Hirsz Mojżesz Wonsal;[1] December 12, 1881 – July 25, 1958) was an American studio executive, one of the founders of Warner Bros., and a major contributor to the development of the film industry. Along with his three younger brothers (Albert, Sam and Jack), Warner played a crucial role in the film business and establishing Warner Bros., serving as the company president until 1956.[2]
Early life
Warner was born Hirsz Mojżesz "Wonsal" or "Wonskolaser"[3][4][5] to a family of Ashkenazi Jews[6][7][8][9][10] from the village of Krasnosielc, Poland (then part of Congress Poland within the Russian Empire).[11][12][13] He was the son of Benjamin Wonsal, a shoemaker born in Krasnosielc, and Pearl Leah Eichelbaum. His given name was Mojżesz (Moses), however, he was called Hirsz (Anglicized to Hirsch) in the United States. In October 1889, he came to Baltimore, Maryland with his mother and siblings on the steamship Hermann from Bremen, Germany. Their father had preceded them, immigrating to Baltimore in 1888 in order to pursue his trade in shoes and shoe repair. It was at that time that he changed the family name to Warner which was used thereafter. As in many Jewish immigrant families, some of the children gradually acquired anglicized versions of their Yiddish-sounding names. Hirsz became Harry,[1] and his middle name Morris was likely a version of Mojżesz.
In Baltimore, the money Benjamin Warner earned in the shoe repair business was not enough to provide for his growing household.[14] He and Pearl had another daughter, Fannie, not long after they arrived. Benjamin moved the family to Canada, inspired by a friend's advice that he could make an excellent living bartering tin wares with trappers in exchange for furs.[14] Sons Jacob and David Warner were born in London, Ontario.[14][15] After two arduous years in Canada, the Warners returned to Baltimore.[16] Two more children, Sadie and Milton, were added to the household there.[17] In 1896, the family relocated to Youngstown, Ohio, following the lead of Harry, who had established a shoe repair shop in the heart of the emerging industrial town.[18] Benjamin worked with Harry in the shoe repair shop until he secured a loan to open a meat counter and grocery store in the city's downtown area.[19][20]
In 1899, Harry[21] opened a bicycle shop in Youngstown, Ohio with his brother, Abraham.[22]
Eventually, Harry and Abe also opened a bowling alley together.[21] The bowling alley failed and closed shortly after it opened.[21] Harry eventually accepted an offer to become a salesman for a local meat franchise,[21] and sold meat in the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania.[21] However, by his nineteenth birthday, Harry was reduced to living in his parents' crowded household.[23]
Business career in films
In 1903, Harry's brothers, Abe and Sam, began to exhibit The Great Train Robbery at carnivals across Ohio and Pennsylvania. In 1905, Harry sold his bicycle shop and joined his brothers in their fledgling film business.[24] With the money Harry made from selling the bicycle shop, the three brothers were able to purchase a building in New Castle, Pennsylvania. They would use this building to establish their first theater, the Cascade.[25] The Cascade was so successful that the brothers were able to purchase a second theater in New Castle.[26] This makeshift theatre, called the Bijou, was furnished with chairs borrowed from a local undertaker.[27]
In 1907, the Warners expanded the business further and purchased fifteen theaters in Pennsylvania. Harry, Sam, and Albert then formed a new film exchange company, The Duquesne Amusement Supply Company,[26] and rented an office in the Bakewell building in downtown Pittsburgh.[26] Harry sent Sam to New York to purchase, and ship, films for their Pittsburgh exchange company,[26] while he and Albert remained in Pittsburgh to run the business.[26] In 1909, the brothers sold the Cascade Theater and established a second film exchange company in Norfolk, Virginia. Harry agreed to let younger brother Jack be a part of the company, sending him to Norfolk to serve as Sam's assistant.[28] A serious problem threatened the Warners' film company with the advent of Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees.[29] In 1910, the Warners sold the family business to the General Film Company for "$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four-year period for a total of $52,000".[30]
After they sold their business, Harry and his three brothers joined forces with independent filmmaker
In 1918, after the success of
During this time, Warner decided to focus on making only dramas for the studio.
Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.
The studio discovered a trained
After establishing Warner Bros., the studio had unfortunately overdrawn $1 million (the amount which Warner had borrowed from Flint) and Warner decided to pay off the debt by expanding the studio's operations further. In the process, Warner acquired forty theaters in the state of Pennsylvania. In 1924, Warner Bros. would produce two more successful films,
In 1925, Harry and a large group of independent film-makers assembled in Milwaukee to challenge the monopoly the Big Three had over the film industry. Harry and the other independent film-makers at the Milwaukee convention agreed to spend $500,000 in newspaper advertisements; this action would help benefit Warner Bros. profits. With help from a loan supplied by
In the later part of 1925, Harry's younger brother Sam had also acquired a radio station, KFWB. After acquiring his radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures. Harry had initial reservations about the idea; when Sam first made this suggestion, Harry wanted to focus on background music before delving into people talking on screen. Harry responded, "We could ultimately develop sound to the point where people ask for talking pictures" The company also began acquiring theaters. Eventually, Warner Bros. came to own and operate some 250 theaters. By February 1926, however, the brothers' radio business had failed, and the studio was facing a net loss of $333,413.00.
After a long period of refusing to accept the usage of sound in the company's films, Warner now agreed to use
Godfather of Talkies
The success of Warner Bros.' early talkie films (The Jazz Singer, The Lights of New York, The Singing Fool and The Terror) catapulted the studio into the ranks of the major studios. Flush with cash, the Warners abandoned their old location in the Poverty Row section of Hollywood and acquired a big studio in Burbank, California.[40] As a result of this success, Warner was able to acquire the Stanley Company of America (founded by Jules E. Mastbaum), which controlled most of the first-run theaters on the East Coast.[41] This purchase gave them a share in rival First National Pictures, of which Stanley owned one-third.[42] After this purchase, Warner was soon able to acquire William Fox’s one third remaining share in First National and was now officially the majority stockholder of the company.[42] After success of the studio's 1929 First National film Noah's Ark,[43] Harry Warner also agreed to make Michael Curtiz a major director at the Burbank studio as well.[44]
Warner, after purchasing a string of music publishers,[45] diversified the company by establishing a music subsidiary-Warner Bros. Music- and buying out additional radio companies, acquiring foreign sound patents, and adding a lithograph company as well;[46] he even was able to produce a Broadway musical Fifty Million Frenchmen.[47] By the time the 1st Academy Awards took place, Warner was recognized as the second most powerful figure in the movie industry, just behind MGM head Nicholas Schenck.[48] In the wake of the success of Gold Diggers of Broadway, journalists had dubbed Warner "the godfather of the talking screen."[43] The studio's net profit was now over $14,000,000.00.[43] During this time, Warner soon also grew tired of the Hollywood atmosphere and acquired a twenty-two acre ranch in Mount Vernon, New York.[39] Once Warner returned to New York, he and Albert were able to work together once again.[49]
The Great Depression
Following Albert's advice, Jack and Harry Warner acquired three
In the latter part of 1929, much to Harry's dismay, younger brother Jack would hire sixty-one-year-old actor
However, they would begin to feel the effects of the Depression in 1931.[51] As ticket prices became unaffordable, the studio would lose money. By the end of 1931, the studio suffered a net loss of reportedly $8,000,000.00,[51] During this time, Warner rented the Teddington Studio in London, England.[63] To help fight off the financial problems the Depression gave the studio, Warner Bros was now focused on making films for the London market[63] and Irving Asher was appointed as the Teddington Studio's head producer.[63] Unfortunately, the Teddington studio could not bring in additional profit to the Warners, and the Burbank studio would lose an additional $14,000,000 in 1932 as well.[51] In 1934, Warner officially bought out the struggling Teddington Studio.[63]
However, relief would come for the studio after Franklin Roosevelt became US president in 1933 and the
In 1933, the studio was also able to bring newspaper tycoon
In 1934, the studio had a net loss of over $2,500,000. $500,000 of this loss was the result of physical damage to the Warner Bros. Burbank studio that occurred after a massive fire that broke out in the studio around the end of 1934, and destroyed twenty years' worth of early Warner Bros. films.
In 1935, the studio's revived musicals would also suffer a major blow after director Busby Berkeley was arrested after killing three people while driving drunk one night.[79] During the studio's union crisis, Warner received a threatening phone call from a union member, stating that he would seize Warner's daughter Betty and adopted daughter Lita within forty-eight hours. Warner then agreed to accept the union's demands, and the kidnapping threat ended. However, 1935 also saw some relief for Harry as the studio rebounded with a year-end net profit of $674,158.00. Around this time, a depressed Warner—seeing that the newly recovered business no longer needed loans to pay off debts—decided to move to California, and acquired 3,000 acres (12 km2) of ranch land just northwest of Hollywood in Calabasas, California. He later moved into a 1,100-acre ranch in the San Fernando Valley.[78][80]
During 1936, the studio's film The Story of Louis Pasteur was a success at the box office.[81] In addition to the film's box office success, Paul Muni won the Oscar for Best Actor in March 1937 for his performance as the title role.[81] The studio's film The Life of Emile Zola (1937), also starring Muni, gave the studio its first Oscar for Best Picture.[81]
World War II
Warner occupied a central place in the Hollywood-Washington wartime propaganda effort during the Second World War, and by the end of 1942, served as a frequent, anti-Axis spokesman for the movie industry.[82] Despite his conservative viewpoint[83] and longtime affiliation with the Republican Party,[72] Warner was also a close friend of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and supported him during the early 1930s.[64] During Roosevelt's fight for the Democratic nomination in early 1932, the Warners made an effort to make his name known throughout the state of California.[84] After Roosevelt was nominated, the three brothers asked their friends to contribute to his campaign.[84] Jack Warner even staged a "Motion Picture and Electrical Parade Sports Pageant" at L.A. Stadium in Roosevelt's honor in 1932.[84] During Roosevelt's 1932 campaign, Warner and the studio also contributed $10,000.00 to the Democratic National Committee.[85] In the wake of Nazi Germany's rise to power, Warner became a key proponent of US intervention in Europe.[86]
Prior to the beginning of the war in Europe, Warner had produced a series of film shorts which glorified America's fight against Germany during World War I; Warner later received an honorary award for producing these shorts.[87] By the fall of 1938, Warner had gradually helped block the distribution of Warner Bros. films in Nazi Germany and its ally Italy.[88] Prior to the war's beginning in Europe, Warner supervised the production of two anti-German feature films, The Life of Emile Zola (1937)[89] and Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939).[90] He spent large sums of money to get many of his relatives and employees out of Germany when the war officially began in the latter part of 1939.[91] Before the U.S. officially entered World War II, Warner supervised the production of three more anti-German films: The Sea Hawk (1940), which portrayed Spain's King Phillip II as an equivalent to Adolf Hitler, Sergeant York (1941) and You're in the Army Now (1941).
After America's entry into the war, Warner decided to focus on making just war films.
Following a dispute over ownership of Casablanca's Oscar for Best Picture, head producer Hal B. Wallis broke with Warner and resigned from the studio.[94] Following Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart became arguably the studio's top star.[95] In 1943, Olivia de Havilland (whom Warner was now loaning to different companies) sued Jack Warner for breach of contract.[96] De Havilland cited that the government laws only required employee contracts to reach a maximum of seven years;[96] When de Havilland won her case many of the studio's longtime actors were freed of their contracts. To help retain them, Harry decided to eliminate the studio's suspension policy.[97]
Postwar era
In 1947, Warner, who was by now exhausted from all his years of arguing with his brother Jack, decided to spend more time at his San Fernando Valley ranch and to expand his interest in horse racing.[98] Along with brother Jack, in 1938, Harry Warner became one of the founders of Hollywood Park Racetrack. In partnership with Mervyn Le Roy, he created the W-L Ranch Co. Thoroughbred racing stable. In 1947, the Warner-LeRoy stable was able to acquire a valuable racehorse named "Stepfather."[99] Warner had a bitter rivalry with his brother Jack over the years, particularly due to Jack's longtime infidelities[100][101] (as Jack had been engaged in affairs with a wide range of various women since Warner Bros. Inc. was established in 1923)[102] and waste of the Burbank studio's money.[103] In the 1930s Harry, like most of his relatives, also refused to accept Jack's second wife, actress Ann Paige - with whom Jack had an affair while still married to his first wife Irma Solomon - as a member of the Warner clan.[104] When Jack and Ann officially got married in January 1936, Harry and the rest of the Warner family refused to attend the ceremony.[105] In a letter Harry sent to Jack on his wedding day to Ann, Harry stated "the only thing that could come from this day was that our parents didn't live to see this."[105]
Throughout the early years of the studio's existence, various people, including Warner's younger brother Sam, had served as buffers between Harry and Jack.[106] The last person to serve as a buffer between the two, father Benjamin Warner, died on November 5, 1935.[107] Following Benjamin's death, Jack and Harry were now barely on speaking terms, and were merely just business partners to one another.[108] Jack's marriage to Ann was also arguably a huge turning point in the two brothers' fragile relationship as well;[109] Harry's arguments with Jack were now practically on a daily basis.[109]
By the early 1950s, the brothers' long-simmering feud had risen to new heights, as Jack began spending a lot of his time in France, occasionally ignored managing the studio in favor of vacationing, gambling, and socializing with royalty,
The studio prospered post-war time, and by 1946, company payroll had reached $600,000 a week for studio employees,[111] and the studio's net profit would reach $19,424,650.00 by the end of the year as well.[112] During this time, Warner hired his son-in-law, Milton Sperling, to head an independent film production company for the studio.[111] In 1947, Harry also tried to move Warner Bros. headquarters from the longtime New York building to the Burbank area, but was unsuccessful.[113] By the end of 1947, the studio had a record net profit of $22,000,000.00,[114] although the following year, the studio profits would decrease by 50%.[114]
During this time, the studio was a party to the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust case. This action, brought by the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission, claimed that the five integrated studio-theater chain combinations restrained competition. The Supreme Court heard the case in 1948, and ruled for the government. As a result, Warner and four other major studios were forced to separate production from exhibition. In early 1953, the brothers finally fulfilled their end of the bargain and sold their theater chain to Fabian Enterprises.[115] In 1948, Bette Davis, now fed up with Jack Warner, would serve as a big problem for Harry after she, and a number of her colleagues, departed from the studio after completing the film Beyond the Forest.[116] By 1949, the studio's net profit had fallen to $10,000,000.00, and the studio would soon suffer more losses with the rise of television.[114]
In 1949, Warner, seeing the threat of television grow, decided to shift his focus towards television production. However, the Federal Communications Commission would not allow Warner to do so. After an unsuccessful attempt to convince other movie studio bosses to switch their focus to television, he abandoned his television efforts. As the threat of television grew in the early 1950s, Warner's younger brother, Jack, decided to try a new approach to help regain profits for the studio.[117]
In the wake of United Artists' successful 3-D film Bwana Devil, Jack decided to expand into 3-D films with the studio's film House of Wax (1953). While the film proved successful for the studio, 3-D films soon lost their appeal among moviegoers.[118] After the downfall of 3-D films, Warner decided to use CinemaScope in future Warner Bros. films. One of the studio's first CinemaScope films, The High and Mighty, brought the studio some profit.[119]
In 1954, Warner and his brother Jack were finally able engage in the new television medium, providing
By 1956, the studio's profits had dropped to new lows.[119] Warner and Jack's tumultuous relationship worsened when Warner learned of Jack's decision to sell the Warner Bros.' pre-1949 films to Associated Artists Productions for the modest sum of $21 million. "This is our heritage, what we worked all our lives to create, and now it is gone," Warner exclaimed, upon hearing of the deal.[124] Shortly after doing this, Jack took a long vacation in southern France. The brothers' fragile relationship had reached a new low.[125]
Retirement
In May 1956, the brothers announced they were putting Warner Bros. on the market.[126] Jack, however, had secretly organized a syndicate, headed by Boston banker Serge Semenenko, which purchased 90% (800,000 shares) of the company's stock;[127] Harry had at first rejected Semenenko's earlier offer to purchase his stock in February 1956,[126] but later accepted the offer after Semenenko increased his bid and agreed to make Simon Fabian—the head of Fabian Enterprises who had also become a friend of the Warners—the new Warner Bros. President.[126] After the three brothers sold their stock, Jack (through his under-the-table deal with Sememenko) joined Semenenko's syndicate and bought back all his stock, which consisted of 200,000 shares.[128] The deal was completed in July 1956.[2] Jack, who was now the company's largest stockholder, named himself president.[129]
Warner found out about Jack's dealing while reading an article in Variety magazine on May 31, 1956[129] and collapsed after reading the news.[130] The next day, he checked into Cedars of Lebanon Hospital and doctors told him he had a suffered a minor heart attack the previous day. While at the hospital, Warner also suffered a stroke that impaired his walking ability and forced him to use a cane for the rest of his life.[130] Six days after his stroke, he left the hospital and decided to sell 42 of his thoroughbred racehorses.[128] This subterfuge proved too much for Warner and he and his family never spoke to Jack again;[2] when Jack made a surprise appearance at Harry's San Fernando ranch, to attend Harry's 1957 wedding anniversary to Rea Levinson, nobody in the Warner family attending the event spoke to Jack.[131] All Warner was now dedicated to doing was raising horses.[132]
Shortly after this, when Jack was away one day, Warner made one last visit to the studio to take US$6,000,000 (equivalent to about $63,363,320 in 2023) out of his old studio account. He gave $3 million to his wife Rea, and $1.5 million each to his two daughters Doris and Betty. In the meantime, he sold a large portion of the remaining studio stock he had to Semenenko and made sure he would never come near the Burbank studio ever again.[133]
Personal life
On August 23, 1907, Warner married his girlfriend, Rea Levinson.[134] It has been reported by family members that Harry dedicated a huge chunk of his life to make Rea happy.[135] Together, the couple also had three children: Lewis Ethan (b. October 10, 1908),[136] Doris (b. September 13, 1913),[33] and Betty Leah (b. May 4, 1920).[54] Harry and his family were also very faithful to Jewish customs and traditions.[137]
On April 5, 1931, Warner's son Lewis, whom he appointed as head of Warner Bros. Music, died following the extraction of an infected, impacted wisdom tooth, which led to sepsis and then double pneumonia.[138] Following Lewis' death, Warner, who was now left without a recognized heir to his empire,[139] descended into an extreme state of depression.[139] The following year, the Warners donated a theater in Lewis' honor to Worcester Academy, Lewis' alma mater.[140]
Warner also felt his brother Sam's widow, actress Lina Basquette, was a tramp and not worthy of raising a child with the last name Warner.[64] While Jack didn't mind that Lina was Catholic, Harry and the rest of the Warner family did.[141] They refused to have any part in Lina's life,[141] and did not acknowledge her as a member of the Warner clan.[141]
In 1930, Basquette went broke and Warner decided to file for guardianship over Sam and Lina's daughter, Lita.[64] On March 19, 1930, Warner and his wife Rea became the legal guardians of Lita through a $300,000 settlement in Lita's trust fund. Basquette was never financially able to take care of or regain custody of Lita and in 1931, she tried to commit suicide by poison. Following her suicide attempt, Basquette would only see her daughter on two occasions in the next twenty years.[142] In 1947, Basquette filed for a large share of Sam's estate, which was by now worth $15,000,000 in stocks alone. Basquette claimed that the Warner brothers reorganized Sam's will under New York statutes, while Sam died while living in the state of California, where, at the time of Sam's death in 1927, laws gave widows a larger share in their husband's wills. The lawsuit eventually ended when Basquette settled for a $100,000 trust fund from Harry's fortune.[143]
Warner's daughter, Doris, was married to director Mervyn LeRoy on January 3, 1934. Because of their wedding, Warner, with no male heir to his studio after Lewis died, made LeRoy his new heir to the Warner Bros. studio. Together, the couple gave Harry two grandchildren, Warner Lewis LeRoy (1935-2001) and Linda LeRoy Janklow (b. 1939)[86] (married to Morton L. Janklow). On one occasion, in the late 1930s, Doris read a copy of Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind and became interested making a film adaption of the book for the studio as well;[86] Doris then offered Mitchell $50,000 for the book's screen rights.[86] However, Uncle Jack refused to allow the deal to take place, after seeing how expensive the film's budget would have been for the studio.[86][144] The couple would later divorce on August 12, 1945, and Warner was left without an heir again. Two months after her divorce from LeRoy, Doris would marry director Charles Vidor.[145] Together the couple had three sons, Michael, Brian and Quentin.[146] The two remained married until Vidor's death in 1959.[145]
In 1936, Betty Warner began an affair with one of Darryl F. Zanuck's assistants Milton Sperling. The two would marry on July 13, 1939. Through this marriage, the couple would also give Warner four more grandchildren, Susan (b. December 4, 1941),[92] Karen (b. April 8, 1945), and Cass (b. March 8, 1948),[114] and Matthew.[147] The two remained married for twenty-four years.[146] In 1964, Betty married Stanley Sheinbaum.[148] His granddaughter, Cass Warner Sperling, and her husband, actor Wings Hauser, are the parents of actor Cole Hauser.
Death
Warner died on July 25, 1958, from a
Legacy
In 2004,
In popular culture
- In an episode of Millionaire Hot Seat in Australia, contestant Barry Soraghan had a question for $1 million, which was about the Warner Brothers and which one of them had died on the eve of The Jazz Singer. Harry Warner was incorrectly identified as the Warner brother who died on the eve of The Jazz Singer (Sam was the correct answer).
References
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- ^ "Divorce Granted". Time. 1953-03-02. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008.
- ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ a b c "Boston to Hollywood". Time. 1956-05-21. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ "Milestones". Time. 1958-08-04. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ Sargent, Porter (1956). The Handbook of Private Schools. P. Sargent. p. 198.
- ^ ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ Gone with the Wind would be made in 1939 by Selznick International Pictures-which would later be owned by Tuner Entertainment who ironically enough also owns Warner Brothers
- ^ ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ "Milton Sperling, Screenwriter, Is Dead at 76". New York Times. 1988-08-29.
- The Los Angeles Times.
- ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ "Harry M. Warner's $6,000,000 Estate". Variety. September 3, 1958. p. 2. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
- ^ "Movie Producer to Launch Harry M. Warner Film Institute at SRU". sru.edu. 2004-04-15. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
- ^ "Harry M. Warner Film Festival Opens This Week; 23 Entries to be shown". sru.edu. 2006-04-17. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-7432-0481-1.
- Freedland, Michael. The Warner Brothers. New York: St Martin's Press, 1983. ISBN 0-312-85620-2.
- Higham, Charles. Warner Brothers. New York: Scribner, 1975. ISBN 0-684-13949-9.
- Thomas, Bob. Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990. ISBN 0-07-064259-1
- Warner, Jack and Dean Jennings. My First Hundred Years in Hollywood. New York: Random Books, 1964.
- Higham, Charles. Warner Brothers. Scribner, 1975 ISBN 0-684-13949-9
External links
- Harry Warner at IMDb