Haruj
Haruj | |
---|---|
Haroudj | |
Arabic) | |
Geography | |
Country | Tholeiitic-alkali basalt |
Last eruption | 2,310 ± 810 years ago |
Haruj (
It contains about 150 volcanoes, including numerous
Volcanic activity in Haruj commenced about 6 million years ago and continued into the late
Geography and geomorphology
Haruj lies in central
The field is a low-relief expanse of volcanic rocks occasionally interrupted by volcanic cones
Older lava flows have been completely flattened by erosion, while more recent ones still display fresh surface structures
Vents
Most of the
There are about 30
Hydrology
Small depressions in the lava fields contain
Geology
Haruj is not located close to a
The volcanic field overlies a 250-to-530-metre-high (820 to 1,740 ft)
Composition
Eruptions at Haruj have produced relatively uniform volcanic rocks consisting of
In some places in the northern Haruj a modified basalt has been found, which is dense and whose olivine has been transformed into iddingsite.[15] The lavas contain inclusions of lithic material as well as pyroxene and peridotite lherzolite.[27] Phonolite and trachyte are absent.[35] The magmas ultimately originated at depths of 70 to 74 kilometres (43 to 46 mi).[40]
Eruption history
The oldest volcanic rocks in Haruj appear to be not older than Pliocene, although the presence of buried Miocene age flows in the northern sector of the field has been suggested.[41] The oldest eruptions have been dated to be either 6.4 million years old[8] or of Late Pliocene age[15] and activity was originally thought to have continued to the Late Pleistocene;[45] Wau an Namus may be 200,000 years old.[36] Most of the field is younger than 2.2 million years ago[46] and output appears to have decreased over time.[12] Some eruptions may have been large enough to impact the regional environment.[47]
Volcanic activity in Haruj has been subdivided into a variable number of phases, including one six generation scheme and a four class scheme based on composition and age.
An intermediary lava flow generation has most likely been emplaced during the Pleistocene.[15] Lava flows of intermediate age crop out mainly in the central part of the Haruj mountains and have recognizable flow forms. Their surfaces have lost the original microstructures and are often covered with large blocks.[51]
The youngest generations of lava flows are little eroded, although they can still be subdivided into an older generation that has lost most of its surface features and a younger generation with fresh surfaces. This younger generation has been inferred to post-date a wet period that commenced 4000
Haruj may still be
Climate, animal life and vegetation
Temperatures in Haruj fluctuate between 12 and 32 °C (54 and 90 °F) in January and July respectively. The volcanic field lies within an
Vegetation occurs in
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Klitzsch 1968, p. 587.
- ^ a b c d e f Németh 2004, p. 421.
- ISBN 978-0-12-615503-7.
- ^ a b Farahat et al. 2006, p. 200.
- ^ "Volcanism, Tectonism, and Hydrocarbon Potential of Parts of Al Haruj Area, SW Sirt Basin, Libya". Conference: The Geology of Sirt Basin, At Tripoli, Libya, Volume: II. January 1996. p. 319. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ Ade-Hall et al. 1974, p. 999.
- ^ a b c Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2019, p. 286.
- ^ a b c Martin & Németh 2006, p. 106.
- ^ a b Bardintzeff et al. 2012, p. 1048.
- ^ a b Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2016, p. 189.
- ^ Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2017, p. 50.
- ^ a b c Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2017, p. 47.
- ^ Drake et al. 2008, p. 136.
- ^ a b c Klitzsch 1968, p. 588.
- ^ a b c d e f Klitzsch 1968, p. 594.
- ^ a b Németh et al. 2008, p. 3.
- ^ Németh et al. 2008, p. 11.
- ^ Németh et al. 2008, p. 9.
- ^ a b Abdel-Karim, Ramadan & Embashi 2013, p. 2.
- ^ a b Klitzsch 1968, p. 596.
- ^ a b Németh 2004, p. 422.
- ^ Németh 2004, p. 424.
- ^ Németh 2004, p. 433.
- ^ Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2016, p. 201.
- ^ Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2017, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d Klitzsch 1968, p. 597.
- ^ a b Martin & Németh 2006, p. 109.
- ^ Németh 2004, p. 429.
- ^ Martin & Németh 2006, p. 115.
- ^ Klitzsch 1968, pp. 591–592.
- ^ Martin & Németh 2006, p. 110.
- ^ Drake et al. 2008, p. 134.
- ^ Drake et al. 2008, p. 137.
- ^ Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2016, p. 190.
- ^ a b c Farahat et al. 2006, p. 199.
- ^ a b Bardintzeff et al. 2012, p. 1060.
- ^ Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2019, p. 284.
- ^ Farahat et al. 2006, p. 198.
- ^ Drake et al. 2008, p. 132.
- ^ a b Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2018, p. 553.
- ^ a b Klitzsch 1968, p. 589.
- ^ Klitzsch 1968, pp. 598–600.
- ^ Abdel-Karim, Ramadan & Embashi 2013, p. 3.
- ^ Farahat et al. 2006, p. 201.
- ^ a b c Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2017, p. 46.
- ISBN 978-0-12-615503-7.
- ^ Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2019, p. 299.
- ^ Ade-Hall et al. 1974, p. 1005.
- ^ Klitzsch 1968, pp. 589–590.
- ^ Klitzsch 1968, p. 591.
- ^ Klitzsch 1968, p. 592.
- ^ a b Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2019, p. 285.
- ^ Elshaafi & Gudmundsson 2018, p. 549.
- ISSN 1296-2074.
Sources
- Abdel-Karim, Abdel-Aal M.; Ramadan, El-Nuri M.; Embashi, Mohamed R. (2013). "Multiphase Alkaline Basalts of Central Al-Haruj Al-Abyad of Libya: Petrological and Geochemical Aspects". Journal of Geological Research. 2013: 1–12. ISSN 1687-8833.
- Ade-Hall, J. M.; Reynolds, P. H.; Dagley, P.; Mussett, A. E.; Hubbard, T. P.; Klitzsch, Eberhard (1 July 1974). "Geophysical Studies of North African Cenozoic Volcanic Areas I: Haruj Assuad, Libya". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 11 (7): 998–1006. ISSN 0008-4077.
- Bardintzeff, Jacques-Marie; Deniel, Catherine; Guillou, Hervé; Platevoet, Bernard; Télouk, Philippe; Oun, Khaled M. (1 June 2012). "Miocene to recent alkaline volcanism between Al Haruj and Waw an Namous (southern Libya)". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 101 (4): 1047–1063. S2CID 129440907.
- Drake, N.A.; El-Hawat, A.S.; Turner, P.; Armitage, S.J.; Salem, M.J.; White, K.H.; McLaren, S. (June 2008). "Palaeohydrology of the Fazzan Basin and surrounding regions: The last 7 million years". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 263 (3–4): 131–145. ISSN 0031-0182.
- Elshaafi, Abdelsalam; Gudmundsson, Agust (October 2016). "Volcano-tectonics of the Al Haruj Volcanic Province, Central Libya". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 325: 189–202. ISSN 0377-0273.
- Elshaafi, Abdelsalam; Gudmundsson, Agust (May 2017). "Distribution and size of lava shields on the Al Haruj al Aswad and the Al Haruj al Abyad Volcanic Systems, Central Libya". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 338: 46–62. ISSN 0377-0273.
- Elshaafi, Abdelsalam; Gudmundsson, Agust (January 2018). "Mechanical interaction between volcanic systems in Libya". Tectonophysics. 722: 549–565. ISSN 0040-1951.
- Elshaafi, Abdelsalam; Gudmundsson, Agust (2019-09-01). "Emplacement and inflation of the Al-Halaq al Kabir lava flow field, central part of the Al Haruj Volcanic Province, Central Libya". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 381: 284–301. S2CID 197587963.
- Farahat, E.S.; Ghani, M.S. Abdel; Aboazom, A.S.; Asran, A.M.H. (June 2006). "Mineral chemistry of Al Haruj low-volcanicity rift basalts, Libya: Implications for petrogenetic and geotectonic evolution". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 45 (2): 198–212. ISSN 1464-343X.
- Klitzsch, Eberhard (1 February 1968). "Der Basaltvulkanismus des Djebel Haroudj Ostfezzan/Libyen". Geologische Rundschau (in German). 57 (2): 585–601. S2CID 128400664.
- Martin, Ulrike; Németh, Károly (July 2006). "How Strombolian is a "Strombolian" scoria cone? Some irregularities in scoria cone architecture from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, near Volcán Ceboruco, (Mexico) and Al Haruj (Libya)". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 155 (1–2): 104–118. ISSN 0377-0273.
- Németh, K. (2004). "The morphology and origin of wide craters at Al Haruj al Abyad, Libya: maars and phreatomagmatism in a large intracontinental flood lava field?". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 48 (4): 417–439. doi:10.1127/zfg/48/2004/417 – via ResearchGate.
- Németh, K.; Haller, M. J.; Martin, U.; Risso, C.; Massaferro, G. (1 June 2008). "Morphology of lava tumuli from Mendoza (Argentina), Patagonia (Argentina), and Al-Haruj (Libya)". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 52 (2): 181–194. ISSN 0372-8854.
External links
- Media related to Haruj at Wikimedia Commons