Haryana

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Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78
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For the Bollywood film, see Haryana (film).

Haryana
State
State of Haryana
From top, left to right:
Pinjore Gardens, bronze chariot of Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra, Asigarh Fort, Ghaggar river, Lake in Surajkund
.
Official emblem of Haryana
Emblem of Haryana
Etymology: Abode of God or Green Forest
Motto(s): 
Satyameva Jayate
(Truth alone triumphs)
Formation
1 November 1966
State Legislature
Unicameral
 • AssemblyHaryana Legislative Assembly (90 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha5 seats
 • Lok Sabha10 seats
High CourtPunjab and Haryana High Court
Area
Haryana Day
BirdBlack francolin
FlowerLotus
MammalBlackbuck
TreeBodhi tree
State highway mark
State highway of Haryana
HR SH1 – HR SH33
List of Indian state symbols
^† Joint Capital with Punjab
†† Common for Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.

Haryana (

community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.[13][15]

Haryana contains 32

human development index.[6] The economy of Haryana is the 13th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹7.65 trillion (US$96 billion) and has the country's 5th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹240,000 (US$3,000).[5]

The state is rich in

state roads. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, by Rajasthan to the west and south, while river Yamuna forms its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh. Haryana surrounds the country's capital territory of Delhi
on three sides (north, west and south), consequently, a large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development.

Etymology

Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post-

Ābhiras live here,[19] who developed special skills in the art of agriculture.[20] According to Pran Nath Chopra, Haryana evolved as a word from Ābhirāyana (from ābhira and ayana "path, way") to Ahirāyana to Hariyānā (Haryana).[21]

History

Main articles: History of Haryana, National monuments in Haryana, and State monuments in Haryana

Ancient period

Main articles:
Vedic Civilization
Hastinapura in an Indian kingdom called Kuru
.

The villages of

Indus Valley Civilization, which contain evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metalworking (in both bronze and precious metals).[22]

During the

better source needed] The area surrounding Dhosi Hill, and districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like Vedas, Upanishads, Manusmriti, Brahmanas and Puranas.[24] As per Manusmriti,[25] Manu was the king of Brahmavarta
, the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present-day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed.

Medieval period

Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain

Sonepat in Haryana.[26]

Harsha Ka Tila mound west of Sheikh Chilli's Tomb complex, with ruins from the reign of 7th-century ruler Harsha.

Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital at Thanesar. Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty. Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century. Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras.[27]

After the sack of

fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort.[28][29]

Punjab to Bengal, winning 22 straight battles.[30]

Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.[31]

British Period

Map of British Punjab province; Haryana formed the southeastern areas of the province

The state was part of the British

Kalsia, Loharu, Dujana and Pataudi, as well as parts of the Patiala State
.

Partition and aftermath

During the Partition of India, the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh-dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India as East Punjab state. As a result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of Pakistan. Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from West Punjab. Gopi Chand Bhargava, who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab.

Formation of Haryana

Main article: Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of

Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district – along with Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri – were to be included.[32]

The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar, which includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However, Kharar was given to Punjab.[33] The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory, serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.[34]

Chief Minister of Haryana.[35]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19014,268,222—    
19113,870,574−0.97%
19214,211,393+0.85%
19314,495,730+0.66%
19415,166,169+1.40%
19515,673,597+0.94%
19617,590,524+2.95%
197110,036,431+2.83%
198112,922,119+2.56%
199116,463,648+2.45%
200121,144,564+2.53%
201125,351,462+1.83%
source:[a][b][c][d][e][42]
See also: List of people from Haryana

Religion

Religion in Haryana (2011)[43]

  Hinduism (87.46%)
  Islam (7.03%)
  Sikhism (4.91%)
  Jainism (0.21%)
  Christianity (0.20%)
  Buddhism (0.03%)
  Others (0.18%)

According to the 2011 census, of the total population of 25,351,462 in Haryana,

Sikhs (4.91%) being the largest minorities.[43]

Muslims are mainly found in the

Punjab, such as Sirsa, Jind, Fatehabad, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Ambala and Panchkula.[44][45]

Religion in Haryana, India (1901–2011)
Religious
group 		1901[36]: 34 [a] 1911[37]: 27 [38]: 27 [b] 1921[39]: 29 [c] 1931[40]: 277 [d] 1941[41]: 42 [e] 2011[43]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Hinduism [f] 3,012,101 70.57% 2,644,264 68.32% 2,898,119 68.82% 2,980,206 66.29% 3,436,411 66.52% 22,171,128 87.46%
Islam 1,090,306 25.54% 1,019,439 26.34% 1,074,072 25.5% 1,204,537 26.79% 1,401,689 27.13% 1,781,342 7.03%
Sikhism 135,634 3.18% 175,837 4.54% 193,075 4.58% 271,077 6.03% 292,487 5.66% 1,243,752 4.91%
Jainism 23,906 0.56% 20,950 0.54% 24,005 0.57% 23,666 0.53% 23,050 0.45% 52,613 0.21%
Christianity 6,232 0.15% 10,019 0.26% 22,075 0.52% 16,228 0.36% 11,549 0.22% 50,353 0.2%
Zoroastrianism 27 0.001% 53 0.001% 39 0.001% 8 0.0002% 62 0.001% — —
Judaism 5 0.0001% 8 0.0002% 2 0% 2 0% 7 0.0001% — —
Buddhism 0 0% 4 0.0001% 5 0.0001% 6 0.0001% 149 0.003% 7,514 0.03%
Others 11 0.0003% 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 765 0.01% 44,760 0.18%
Total Population 4,268,222 100% 3,870,574 100% 4,211,393 100% 4,495,730 100% 5,166,169 100% 25,351,462 100%

Languages

Languages of Haryana (2011)[46]

  
Baghati
(1.28%)

The official language of Haryana is Hindi.[47] Several regional languages or dialects, often subsumed under Hindi, are spoken in the state. Predominant among them is Haryanvi (also known as Bangru), whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of Haryana. Hindi and Punjabi is spoken in the northeast, Bagri in the west, Deshwali in the East and Ahirwati, Mewati and Braj Bhasha in the south.[12]

There are also significant numbers of speakers of Urdu and Punjabi, the latter of which was recognised as the second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes in 2010.[47][4] After the state's formation, Telugu was made the state's "second language" – to be taught in schools – but it was not the "second official language" for official communication. Due to a lack of students, the language ultimately stopped being taught.[48] Tamil was made the second language in 1969 by Bansi Lal to show the state's differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time.[49] In 2010, due to the lack of Tamil speakers, the language was removed from its status.[49]

There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent, like

Oadki, and Sansi.[51]

Culture

Music

Main article: Music of Haryana

Haryana has its own unique traditional

Jathera (ancestral worship),[54][55] and arts such as Phulkari and Shisha embroidery.[55]

Folk dances

Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying the cultural needs of primarily agrarian and martial natures of Haryanavi tribes.[56]

Haryanvi musical folk theatre's main types are

Rasa lila and Ragini. The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by Lakhmi Chand.[56]

Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are

Nāginī dance, and Ragini), ceremonial (Dhamal Dance, Ghoomar, Jhoomar (male), Khoria, Loor, and Ragini).[54]

Folk music and songs

Haryanvi folk music is based on day-to-day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs.[54] Haryanvi music takes two main forms: "Classical folk music" and "Desi Folk music" (Country Music of Haryana),[57] and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of the parting of lovers.[56][57][58]

Classical Haryanvi folk music

Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on

parampara of guru–shishya tradition, are used to sing songs of heroic bravery (such as Alha-Khand (1163–1202 CE) about the bravery of Alha and Udal, Jaimal and Patta of Maharana Udai Singh II), Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs (such as Teej, Holi and Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi).[57][58] Bravery songs are sung in high pitch.[56]

Desi Haryanvi folk music

Samman (songs for the eponymous season/month), bande-bandi (male-female duet songs), sathne (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends).[56] Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial songs such as Bhajan, Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother), Sagai, Ban (Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts), Kuan-Poojan (a custom that is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water), Sanjhi and Holi festival.[56]

Socially normative-cohesive impact

Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a way of lessening societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for events, ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalised for any specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, and dialects. These songs transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen in the adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature, Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above.[56]

With the coming up of a strongly socio-economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification. Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive ideologies and stand the testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk.[59]

Cuisine

See also: Cuisine of Haryana

As per a survey, 13% of males and 7.8% of females of Haryana are non-vegetarian.[60] The cuisine of Haryana, rooted in its predominantly agricultural society, has maintained a simple and uncomplicated essence.[61] The regional cuisine features the staples of roti, saag, vegetarian sabzi and milk products such as ghee, milk, lassi and kheer.[62] Haryana is often referred to as the 'Land of Rotis' due to its residents' fondness for various types of rotis. Wheat rotis are ubiquitous, along with the popular baajre ki roti. In the past, rotis were commonly made from a blend of wheat, gram, and barley flour, offering a nutritious and wholesome combination. Another notable variety is the gochini atta, crafted from wheat and gram flour.[63] Haryana is renowned for its abundant livestock, including the famed Murrah buffalo and the Haryana cow. This cattle wealth ensures a plentiful supply of milk and dairy products in Haryanvi cuisine. Many households produce their own butter and ghee, which are generously incorporated into daily meals. Fresh homemade butter, known as "nooni" or "tindi ghee," is commonly churned on a daily basis. When a girl becomes a mother, it's customary for her family to present her with gifts of ghee, edible gum (gondh), laddus (sweetmeats made from gram flour), and dry fruits. Buttermilk, known as "chaaj," is a popular beverage and serves as an instant refresher during the summer months. Lassi, made from yogurt, is another beloved drink that can almost constitute a meal in itself. The Haryanvi fondness for lassi is evident in the fact that "thandai," a sweet milk-based drink, is referred to as "kachi lassi" in Haryana.[61]

Society

Harijan, Aggarwal, Brahmin, Khatri and Tyagi are some of the notable of these 36 Jātis.[64][65]

Geography

A mustard field in Haryana, near the state capital of Chandigarh

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.

Ghaggar Plain, a subsection of the Indo-Gangetic Plain
. Haryana has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.

Plains and mountains

Haryana has four main geographical features.[73]

  • The
    Saraswati River
    ) and Hakra-Yamuna doab (between Hakra river and Yamuna).
  • The
    Himalaya
  • The Bagar region semi-desert dry sandy plain in north west of Haryana, covering northwest districts of Sirsa, western Fatehabad and northwestern Hisar.
  • The Aravali Range's northernmost low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the south, covering the Nuh district.

Hydrography

Yamuna river near the Haryana Border

The Yamuna, a tributary of the Ganges, flows along the state's eastern boundary.[74]

Northern Haryana has several northeast to west flowing rivers originating from the

Markanda River, known as the Aruna in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala, and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.[80]

Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the

Drishadwati/Saraswati river.[90][91][92]

Kaushalya Dam

Major canals are

Indus),[94][95] and Indira Gandhi Canal.[96]

Major dams are

Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district,[100][101] and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district.[102][103][104]

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland, Badkhal Lake in Faridabad,[105][106] holy Brahma Sarovar[107][108] and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra,[109] Blue Bird Lake in Hisar,[110][111] Damdama Lake at Sohna,[112][113] Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district,[93][98] Karna Lake at Karnal,[114] ancient Surajkund in Faridabad,[100][115][116] and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak.[117][118][119]

The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board is responsible for the rejuvenation of 14,000 johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state.[120][121]

The only

sulphur, such as Pandu Teerth Kund, Surya Kund, Kukkar Kund, Gyarasia Kund or Vyas Kund.[124]

Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills, Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on the outskirts of Faridabad.

Climate

Haryana is hot in summer at around 45 °C (113 °F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest are December and January.

western disturbance.[67]

Climate data for Gurgaon (1991–2020, extremes 1965–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		39.5
(103.1) 		44.8
(112.6) 		49.0
(120.2) 		47.5
(117.5) 		45.0
(113.0) 		41.0
(105.8) 		41.2
(106.2) 		39.3
(102.7) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.5
(90.5) 		49.0
(120.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		29.9
(85.8) 		36.9
(98.4) 		40.9
(105.6) 		39.3
(102.7) 		35.9
(96.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		31.2
(88.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.8
(78.4) 		24.4
(75.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		17.7
(63.9)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.7
(38.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.5
(0.53) 		16.9
(0.67) 		3.4
(0.13) 		8.2
(0.32) 		22.7
(0.89) 		79.2
(3.12) 		135.5
(5.33) 		211.4
(8.32) 		120.2
(4.73) 		15.9
(0.63) 		10.7
(0.42) 		11.0
(0.43) 		648.6
(25.54)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.7 4.3 7.6 8.5 5.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 34.2
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		54 45 37 28 31 40 63 69 59 45 47 55 48
Source: India Meteorological Department[125][126]
Climate data for Karnal (1991–2020, extremes 1949–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		37.5
(99.5) 		45.2
(113.4) 		46.0
(114.8) 		45.6
(114.1) 		43.9
(111.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		38.3
(100.9) 		39.3
(102.7) 		34.4
(93.9) 		28.5
(83.3) 		46.0
(114.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		38.6
(101.5) 		37.6
(99.7) 		33.8
(92.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		30.0
(86.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		17.2
(63.0)
Record low °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 32.5
(1.28) 		28.9
(1.14) 		21.1
(0.83) 		13.3
(0.52) 		27.6
(1.09) 		98.4
(3.87) 		172.8
(6.80) 		160.4
(6.31) 		128.4
(5.06) 		4.3
(0.17) 		2.0
(0.08) 		6.0
(0.24) 		695.4
(27.38)
Average rainy days 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.7 5.1 7.8 8.0 5.0 0.3 0.2 0.6 35.4
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		64 58 51 31 33 44 67 73 68 54 53 60 55
Source: India Meteorological Department[125]

[126]

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Haryana
Formation day 1 November (Day of
separation from Punjab)
State mammal
Black buck[127]
State bird Black francolin
State tree
Peepal[127]
State flower Lotus[127]

Forests

Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km2) and the Tree Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km2), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%.

black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.[129][130][131]

Wildlife

Watercock
See also:
List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India

Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana.[132][133] Sultanpur National Park is a notable Park located in Gurgaon District

Environmental and ecological issues

See also: Air pollution in India

Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and the Department of Environment, Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of the environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are the most polluted. During the smog of November 2017, the air quality index of Gurgaon and Faridabad showed that the density of fine particulates (2.5 μm diameter) was an average a score of 400 and the monthly average of Haryana was 60. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, stone crushers and brick kilns. Haryana has 7.5 million vehicles, of which 40% are old, more polluting vehicles, and 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera, Hisar and Yamunanagar.[134]

Administration

Main article: Administrative divisions of Haryana

Divisions

Ten Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana
See also: List of cities in Haryana by population

The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 5

municipalities.[140]

Within these, there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, 6,226 villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis.[15]

Districts

Main article: List of districts of Haryana
Divisions Districts
Ambala
Yamuna Nagar
Faridabad Faridabad, Palwal, Nuh
Gurgaon Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Rewari,
Hisar Fatehabad, Jind, Hisar, Sirsa,
Rohtak Jhajjar, Charkhi Dadri, Rohtak, Sonipat, Bhiwani[73]
Karnal Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal

Law and order

The

Four Police Commissionerates are Faridabad, Gurgaon, Panchkula and Sonipat.[135] Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.[142]

The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court, with the next higher right of appeal being to the Supreme Court of India. Haryana uses an e-filing facility.[143]

Governance and e-governance

See also:
Assembly constituencies, Lok Sabha constituencies, and Political dynasties

The

HUDA plots status inquiry.[144] Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar-enabled birth registration in all the districts.[144] Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available 24/7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India initiative.[145][146]

Economy

A Shopping Mall in Gurgaon
Main articles: Economy of Haryana, SEZs in Haryana, HSIDC estates, Companies in Gurugram, and Tourism in Haryana

Haryana's

industries and 18% agriculture.[13]

The services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and professional services, 26% trade and

IT services, Gurgaon ranks first in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and second in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[147]

The industrial sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.[13] In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators in India.[13]

The service and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational

Western Peripheral Expressway.[13]

The agricultural sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries.

central food security public distribution system,[13] and makes up 7% of total national agricultural exports, including 60% of total national basmati rice exports.[13]

Agriculture

Crops

Green farms in Haryana

Haryana is traditionally an agrarian society of zamindars (owner-cultivator farmers). About 70% of Haryana's residents are engaged in agriculture.[148] The Green Revolution in Haryana of the 1960s[149] combined with the completion of Bhakra Dam in 1963[150] and Western Yamuna Command Network canal system in 1970s resulted in the significantly increased food grain production.[149] This movement lead to large-scale investments towards improving irrigation systems, enhancing the quality of fertilizers, and investing in superior seeds.[151] As a result, Haryana is self sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains[152] In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000

sunflower, etc.). In the northeastern area, dairy cattle, buffaloes, and bullocks play a prominent role, being utilised both for agricultural plowing and as draft animals.[153]

Fruits, vegetables and spices

Vegetable production was:

brinjal 331,169 tonnes, guard 307,793 tonnes, peas 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.[13]

aonla 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.[13]

Spices production was: garlic 40,497 tonnes, fenugreek 9,348 tonnes, ginger 4,304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes.[13]

Flowers and medicinal plants

Cut flowers production was: marigold 61,830 tonnes, gladiolus 2,448,620 million, rose 1,861,160 million and other 691,300 million.[13]

Medicinal plants production was: aloe vera 1403 tonnes and stevia 13 tonnes.[13]

Livestock

See also: Dairying in Haryana

Haryana is well known for its high-yield

Haryanvi, Mewati, Sahiwal and Nili-Ravi.[158]

Research

See also: Research institutes in Haryana

To support its agrarian economy, both the central government (

LUVAS, Government Livestock Farm, Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute) have opened several institutes for research and education.[159][160][161]

Industrial sector

Manufacturing

See also: Automotive industry in Haryana
Larsen & Toubro Office at Faridabad.
DLF Limited
, India's largest real estate company, in Gurgaon, Haryana.

Utilities

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important drivers of development for the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural

better source needed
]

Sources of power in the state include:

Services sector

Transport

Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes
Aviation
Main article: Aviation in Haryana
Roads and highways
Main article: Highways in Haryana

Haryana has a total road length of 26,062 kilometres (16,194 mi), including 2,482 kilometres (1,542 mi) comprising

state highways,[185] 1,395 kilometres (867 mi) of Major District Roads (MDR) and 20,344 kilometres (12,641 mi) of Other District Roads (ODR) (c. December 2017).[186] A fleet of 3,864 Haryana Roadways buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[187]

Ancient

Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway (KMP) will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonipat, Gurgaon, and Faridabad.[188]

The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from the current four lanes.[189] It will further boost Faridabad's connectivity with Delhi.

Railway
See also:
Railway stations in Haryana, NWR history, NR history, and NCR history

The rail network in Haryana is covered by five rail divisions under three rail zones. Diamond Quadrilateral High-speed rail network,[190] Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (72 km)[191] and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (177 km)[192] pass through Haryana.

Bikaner railway division of the North Western Railway zone manages the rail network in western and southern Haryana covering Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line, Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda line, Hisar-Sadulpur line and Rewari-Loharu-Sadulpur line.[193][194] Jaipur railway division of North Western Railway zone manages the rail network in south-west Haryana covering Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line, Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line and Loharu-Sikar line.[195]

The

Mathura line.[201][202]

UNESCO World Heritage Kalka–Shimla Railway.[203]

Metro
Main articles: Delhi Metro and Gurgaon Metro

Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with the NCR cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh. Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 11 stations and a track length of 17 km.[204]

Sky Way
Delhi Faridabad Skyway

The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4.5-kilometre (2.8 mi) international standard

Delhi Faridabad Skyway, the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and Faridabad.[205]

Communication and media

Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other, thus making it the first SWAN of the country.

Videocon) have operations in the state. The two biggest cities of Haryana, Faridabad and Gurgaon, which are part of the National Capital Region
, come under the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana come under Haryana Telecommunication System.

Zee Group. The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM
stations.

Panipat, Hisar, Ambala and Rohtak are the cities in which the leading newspapers of Haryana are printed and circulated throughout Haryana, in which

The Tribune, Aaj Samaj, Hari Bhoomi[209]
and Amar Ujala are prominent.

Healthcare

See also:
NRHM
ESIC Medical College, Faridabad

The total fertility rate of Haryana is 2.3. The infant mortality rate is 41 (SRS 2012) and the maternal mortality ratio is 146 (SRS 2010–2012).

Max Hospital, Fortis Healthcare

Education

Literacy

The literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 per cent as per the 2011 population census. Male literacy stands at 85.38%, while female literacy is at 66.67%. In 2001, the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91%, of which males and females were 78.49% and 55.73% literate respectively.[211] As of 2013, Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed by Panchkula at 81.9% and Ambala at 81.7%.[212] In terms of districts, as of 2012, Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy was 79% and female literacy was 67%.[213] In 2011, Haryana's urban literacy rate stood at 84.98%, marking a notable rise from 79.92% in 2001. Similarly, the rural literacy rate in the state experienced an improvement, reaching 68.91% in 2011 compared to 58.74% in 2001.[214]

Schools

Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over 700,000 candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.[215] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor's degree level.

In 2015–2016, there were nearly 20,000 schools, including 10,100 state government schools (36 Aarohi Schools, 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas, 21 Model Sanskriti Schools, 8,744 government primary school, 3386 government middle school, 1,284 government high school and 1,967 government senior secondary schools),

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Indian Army Public Schools, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and DAV schools affiliated to central government's CBSE and ICSE
school boards.

Universities and higher education

MRIU
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Haryana

Haryana has 48 universities and 1,038 colleges,

National Research Centre on Equines),[223] Central Sheep Breeding Farm,[224] National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research,[225] Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute[226] and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB);[227] and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha.[228]

Demographically, Haryana has 471,000 women and 457,000 men pursuing post-secondary school higher education. There are more than 18,616 female teachers and 17,061 male teachers in higher education.[220]

Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up in Panchkula's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23.[229] Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.[230]

Sports

See also: Stadiums in Haryana
Wrestler Bajrang Punia
Cricketer Kapil Dev
Boxer Vijender Singh
Badminton player Saina Nehwal

In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana.[231] During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood first in the nation[232] with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.

The

Yamuna Nagar. Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi-sport complex.[234]

Chief Minister of Haryana, Manohar Lal Khattar announced the "Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy", a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015 with the words "We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country."[235][236]

Haryana is home to Haryana Gold, one of India's eight professional basketball teams that compete in the country's UBA Pro Basketball League.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from the country.

Notable badminton player Saina Nehwal is from Hisar in Haryana.[237]

Notable athlete

2020 Tokyo Olympics
for India, was born and raised in Panipat, Haryana. Wrestling is also very prominent in Haryana, as 2 medals won in wrestling at
2020 Tokyo Olympics
were from Haryana.

Notable athlete

2020 Tokyo Olympics
for India.

Ravi Kumar is an Indian freestyle wrestler who won a silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 57 kg category. Dahiya is also a bronze medalist from 2019 World Wrestling Championships and a two-time Asian champion.

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hissar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, and Ambala), and princely states (Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Loharu, and Jind) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1901 census data here:[36]: 34 
  2. ^ a b 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hissar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, and Ambala), and princely states (Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Loharu, and Jind) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1911 census data here:[37]: 27 [38]: 27 
  3. ^ a b 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hissar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, and Ambala), and princely states (Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Loharu, and Jind) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1921 census data here:[39]: 29 
  4. ^ a b 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hissar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, and Ambala), and princely states (Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Loharu, and Jind) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1931 census data here:[40]: 277 
  5. ^ a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hissar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, and Ambala), and princely states (Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Loharu, and Jind) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1941 census data here:[41]: 42 
  6. ^ 1931-1941 census: Including Ad-Dharmis

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External links

Government
General information
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