Hashemites
House of Hashim الهاشميون Hashemites | |
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Banu Hassan, of Banu Hashim, of Quraysh | |
Country |
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Founded | |
Founder | Hussein bin Ali |
Current head | |
Final ruler | |
Titles |
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Estate(s) | Cf. Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites |
Deposition |
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Member State of the Arab League |
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Jordan portal |
Historical Arab states and dynasties |
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The Hashemites (
The family belongs to the Dhawu Awn, one of the branches of the
The current dynasty was founded by
History
Rulers of Mecca
According to historians
Control of Mecca remained with the clan; when the
World War I and the Arab Revolt
Before World War I,
Of Hussein's four sons, Abdullah was the most politically ambitious and became the planner and driving force behind the Arab revolt. Abdullah received military training in both the Hijaz and Istanbul. He was the deputy for Mecca in the Ottoman Parliament between 1912 and 1914. During this period, Abdullah developed deep interest in Arab nationalism and linked his father's interest for autonomous rule in the Hijaz to complete Arab emancipation.[10] In 1914 he met the British high commissioner, Lord Kitchener, in Cairo to discuss the possibility of the British supporting an Arab uprising against the Turks. The possibility of co-operation was raised but no commitment was made by either side. Shortly after Abdullah returned to Mecca, he became his father's foreign minister, political advisor, and one of the commanders of the Arab Revolt.
Faisal, Hussein's third son, played an active role in the revolt as commander of the Arab army, while the overall leadership was placed in the hands of his father. The idea of an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire was first conceived by Abdullah.[11] Only after gradual and persistent nudging did Abdullah convince his father, the conservative Sharif of Mecca, to move from the idea of home rule of a portion of Arabia within the Ottoman Empire to complete and total independence of the entire Empire's Arab provinces. Hussein recognized the necessity of breaking away from the Empire in the beginning of 1914 when he realized that he would not be able to complete his political objectives within the framework of the Ottomans. To have any success with the Arab revolt, the backing of another great power was crucial.
Hussein regarded Arab unity as synonymous with his own kingship. He aspired to have the entire
Sharif Hussein bin Ali rebelled against the rule of the Ottomans during the Arab Revolt of 1916.[12] For Hashemite contribution to the Allied forces effort to bring down the Ottoman Empire, Britain promised its support for Arab independence. However, the McMahon–Hussein correspondence left territorial limits governing this promise obscurely defined leading to a long and bitter disagreement between the two sides.
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Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca(1853–1931), the founder of the modern dynasty
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King Faisal I of Iraq and King Ali of Hejaz
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Hashemites family tree
Post-War: the Sharifian Solution
After the war, the British devised a "Sharifian Solution" to "[make] straight all the tangle" of their various wartime commitments.[14] This proposed that three sons of Sharif Hussein would be installed as kings of newly created countries across the Middle East.[15]
Given the need to rein in expenditure and factors outside British control, including France's
Hussein bin Ali had five sons:
- Ali, who briefly succeeded to the throne of Hejaz before its loss to the Saud familyin 1925.
- Abdullah, became the emir of Transjordan in 1921 and king of Jordan in 1946, and whose descendants continue to rule the kingdom known ever since as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
- Faisal, briefly proclaimed King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria in 1920, became King of Iraq in 1921.
- Faisal II of Iraq, was overthrown and murdered in a coup in 1958.
- Hassan, died at a young age.
Hussein bin Ali continued to rule an independent Hejaz, of which he proclaimed himself king, between 1916 and 1924, after the collapse of Ottoman power, with the tacit support of the British
In
In Iraq, the Hashemites ruled for almost four decades, until Faisal's grandson Faisal II was executed in the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état.
Members and family tree
Ancestry
Hashim (eponymous ancestor) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdul-Muttalib | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdullah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad (Islamic prophet) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali (4th Caliph) | Fatima al-Zahra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Hassan (5th Caliph) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Hassan al-Muthanna | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdullah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Musa Al-Djawn | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdullah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Musa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdullah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Suleiman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Hussein | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abd Al-Karim | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muta'in | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Idris | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Qatada (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Hassan (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abu Numayy I (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rumaythah (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
'Ajlan (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Hassan (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Barakat I (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Barakat II (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abu Numayy II (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Hassan (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdullah (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Hussein | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdullah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhsin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Auon, Ra'i Al-Hadala | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdul Mu'een | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad (Sharif of Mecca) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
October 1916 – 3 October 1924 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Zeid (pretender to Iraq) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ra'ad (pretender to Iraq) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Zeid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
King of Jordan 7 February 1999 – present | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Hussein (Crown Prince of Jordan) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jordanian main branch
- The King and Queen (The monarch and his wife)
- The Crown Prince and Princess Rajwa (The King's elder son and daughter-in-law)
- Princess Iman and Jameel Alexander Thermiótis (The King's elder daughter and son-in-law)
- Princess Salma (The King's younger daughter)
- Prince Hashem (The King's younger son)
Descendants of King Hussein of Jordan
- Queen Noor (King Hussein's fourth wife and widow)
- Hamzah and Princess Basmah(The King's half-brother and half-sister-in-law)
- Princess Haya (The King's half-niece)
- Princess Zein (The King's half-niece)
- Princess Noor (The King's half-niece)
- Princess Badiya (The King's half-niece)
- Prince Hussein (The King's half-nephew)
- Prince Muhammad (The King's half-nephew)
- Prince Hashimand Princess Fahdah (The King's half-brother and half-sister-in-law)
- Princess Haalah (The King's half-niece)
- Princess Rayet (The King's half-niece)
- Princess Fatima (The King's half-niece)
- Prince Hussein (The King's half-nephew)
- Prince Mohammad (The King's half-nephew)
- Princess Iman(The King's half-sister)
- Princess Raiyah(The King's half-sister)
- Princess Haya(The King's half-sister)
- Prince Ali and Princess Rym(The King's half-brother and half-sister-in-law)
- Princess Jalila (The King's half-niece)
- Prince Abdullah (The King's half-nephew)
- Princess Muna (King Hussein's second wife; The King's mother)
- Prince Faisaland Princess Zeina (The King's brother and sister-in-law)
- Princess Ayah (The King's niece)
- Prince Omar (The King's nephew)
- Princess Sara (The King's niece)
- Princess Aisha (The King's niece)
- Prince Abdullah (The King's nephew)
- Prince Muhammad (The King's nephew)
- Princess Rajaa (The King’s niece)
- Princess Alia(The King's former sister-in-law)
- Princess Aisha(The King's sister)
- Princess Zein(The King's sister)
- Princess Alia(The King's half-sister)
Descendants of King Talal of Jordan
- Princess Taghrid (The King's aunt)
- Prince Talal and Princess Ghida (The King's cousin and cousin-in-law)
- Prince Hussein (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Prince Muhammad (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Princess Rajaa (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Prince Ghazi and Princess Miriam (The King's cousin and cousin-in-law)
- Princess Tasneem (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Prince Abdullah (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Princess Jennah (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Princess Salsabil (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Prince Talal and Princess Ghida (The King's cousin and cousin-in-law)
- Princess Firyal (The King's former aunt)
- Prince Hassan and Princess Sarvath (The King's uncle and aunt)
- Princess Rahma(The King's cousin)
- Princess Sumaya(The King's cousin)
- Princess Badiya(The King's cousin)
- Prince Rashid and Princess Zeina(The King's cousin and cousin-in-law)
- Prince Hassan (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Prince Talal (The King's first cousin once removed)
- Princess Basma (The King's aunt)
Descendants of King Abdullah I of Jordan
- Prince Ali and Princess Reema (The King's cousin and cousin-in-law)
- Prince Muhammad and Princess Sima (The King's second cousin and his wife)
- Prince Hamzah (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Rania (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Karma (The King's second cousin)
- Prince Haidar (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Na'afa (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Rajwa (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Basma Fatima (The King's second cousin)
- Prince Muhammad and Princess Sima (The King's second cousin and his wife)
- Prince Asem and Princess Sana (The King's cousin and cousin-in-law)
- Princess Yasmine (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Sara (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Noor (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Salha (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Nejla (The King's second cousin)
- Prince Nayef and Princess Farah (The King's second cousin and his wife)
- Prince Nayef (The King's second cousin)
- Princess Naifeh (The King's grandaunt)
Iraqi Hashemites (Descendants of Prince Ra'ad ibn Zaid)
The descendants of Iraqi Hashemite prince
Non-royals
A number of Dhawu Awn clansmen migrated with Emir Abdullah I to Transjordan in the early 1920s. Several of their descendants have gained prominent positions in the Jordanian state, including the positions of Chief of the Royal Court, Prime Minister, and Ambassador. Descendants of the Dhawu Awn clansmen are referred to as Sharifs and, other than Zaid ibn Shaker, have not been awarded princely title. Examples include former Prime Ministers and Royal Court Chiefs Sharif Hussein ibn Nasser,[21] Sharif Abdelhamid Sharaf,[22] Queen Zein Al-Sharaf (wife of King Talal and mother of King Hussein) and her brother Sharif Nasser bin Jamil.[23]
Princely title in Jordan is typically restricted only to patrilineal descendants of any of the four sons of
Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein was the leader of the Iraqi Constitutional Monarchy political party and currently uses the title "Sharif".
Descendants of Prince Zaid ibn Shaker
Prince Zaid ibn Shaker, former PM and Commander-in-chief of the Jordanian military, was a member of the Dhawu Awn clan whose father Shaker ibn Zaid migrated to Transjordan with his cousin Abdullah I of Jordan. He was awarded the non-hereditary title of "prince" in 1996. His children, one son and one daughter, are addressed as "Sharifs" – not princes.[24]
See also
- Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites
- Royal and Hashemite Order of the Pearl (Sulu, Philippines)
- Succession to the Jordanian throne
Citations
- ^ "The Hashemites". King Abdullah II Official Website. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
- ISBN 978-0-7892-0921-4.
- ^ "Shiʿites in Arabia". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
The Zaydi denomination of the (Ḥasanid) Sharifian rulers of Mecca and the Imāmi-Shiʿi leanings of the (Ḥosaynid) emirs of Medina were well known to medieval Sunni and Shiʿi observers. This situation gradually changed under Mamluk rule (for the development over several centuries, up to the end of the Mamluk period, see articles by Mortel mentioned in the bibliography below). A number of Shiʿite and Sunnite sources hint at (alleged or real) sympathy for the Shiʿa among the Hāshemite (officially Sunni) families of the Ḥejāz, or at least some of their members
- ^ Ibn Fahd, ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn ‘Umar ibn Muḥammad (1986) [composed before 1518]. Shaltūt, Fahīm Muḥammad (ed.). Ghāyat al-marām bi-akhbār salṭanat al-Balad al-Ḥarām غاية المرام بأخبار سلطنة البلد الحرام (in Arabic). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Makkah: Jāmi‘at Umm al-Qurá, Markaz al-Baḥth al-‘Ilmī wa-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, Kullīyat al-Sharīʻah wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah. pp. 480–482.
- ^ Teitelbaum 2001, p. 9.
- ^ Lawrence 2000, p. 48.
- ^ al-Sibā‘ī 1999, pp. 393–394.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 2003, p. 133.
- ^ Daḥlan 2007, p. 124.
- ^ Shlaim 1988, p. 20.
- ^ Shlaim 1988, p. 22.
- ^ Lawrence 2000, p. 53.
- ^ "Lawrence's Mid-East map on show". BBC News. 11 October 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2006.
- ISBN 978-1-317-84769-4.
- ^ Paris 2004, p. 50.
- ISBN 978-0-19-870874-2.
- ^ Paris 2004, p. 246.
- ^ Shlaim 1988, p. 37.
- ISBN 978-1-86064-331-6.
- ^ شجرة النسب الشريف [Hashemite Ancestry]. alhussein.gov (in Arabic). 1 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ^ رئاسة الوزراء - سيادة الشريف حسين بن ناصر [Prime Minister – Sharif Hussein bin Nasser]. www.pm.gov.jo (in Arabic).
- ^ "Monday marks 37th death anniversary of former PM Sharaf". Jordan Times. July 2, 2017.
- ^ "Prince Sharif Jamil bin Nasser". Arab Revolt Centennial. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
- ^ سمو الامير زيد بن شاكر [His Highness Prince Zaid Bin Shake]. www.pm.gov.jo (in Arabic). 2014-04-23. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
Bibliography
- al-Sibā‘ī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Aḥmad (1999) [1419 AH (1998/1999)]. Tārīkh Makkah تاريخ مكة (in Arabic). al-Amānah al-‘āmah lil-iḥtifāl bi murūr mi’ah ‘ām ‘alá ta’sīs al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah al-Su‘ūdīyah.
- ISBN 978-0-300-19936-9.
- Daḥlan, Aḥmad Zaynī (2007) [1887/1888]. Khulāṣat al-kalām fī bayān umarā' al-Balad al-Ḥarām خلاصة الكلام في بيان أمراء البلد الحرام (in Arabic). Dār Arḍ al-Ḥaramayn.
- ISBN 978-0-14-119208-6.
- McNamara, Robert (2010). The Hashemites: The Dream of Arabia. Haus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907822-35-3.
- Paris, Timothy J. (23 November 2004). Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule: The Sherifian Solution. ISBN 978-1-135-77191-1.
- Rudd, Jeffery A. (1993). Abdallah bin al-Husayn: The Making of an Arab Political Leader, 1908–1921 (PDF) (PhD). SOAS Research Online. pp. 45–46. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
- Shlaim, Avi (1988). Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist movement and the partition of Palestine. Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-827831-3.
- Strovolidou, Emilia. "A young Palestinian law student's long journey to integration". Cyprus: UNHCR.
- Teitelbaum, Joshua (2001). The Rise and Fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 9781850654605.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (2003). Ashrāf Makkat al-Mukarramah wa-umarāʼihā fī al-ʻahd al-ʻUthmānī أشراف مكة المكرمة وأمرائها في العهد العثماني (in Arabic). Translated by Murād, Khalīl ʻAlī (1st ed.). Beirut: al-Dār al-‘Arabīyah lil-Mawsū‘āt.
External links
- Media related to Hashemites at Wikimedia Commons