Hash oil
Hash oil | ||
---|---|---|
Active ingredients Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin | | |
Legal status |
|
Part of a series on |
Cannabis |
---|
Hash oil or cannabis oil is an
Hash oil is an extracted cannabis product that may use any part of the plant, with minimal or no residual solvent. It is generally thought to be indistinct from traditional hashish, at-least according to the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs that defines these products as "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant".
Hash oil may be sold in cartridges used with pen vaporizers. Cannabis retailers in California have reported about 40% of their sales are from smokeable cannabis oils.[3]
Composition
The
Hash oil seized in the 1970s had a THC content ranging from 10% to 30%. The oil available on the U.S. West Coast in 1974 averaged about 15% THC.[4] Samples seized across the United States by the Drug Enforcement Administration over an 18-year period (1980–1997) showed that THC content in hashish and hashish oil averaging 12.9% and 17.4%, respectively, did not show an increase over time.[7] The highest THC concentrations measured were 52.9% in hashish and 47.0% in hash oil.[8] Hash oils in use in the 2010s had THC concentrations as high as 90%[9][10] and other products achieving higher concentrations.[11] Following an outbreak of vaping-related pulmonary illnesses and deaths in 2019, NBC News conducted tests on different black market THC vape cartridges and found cartridges containing up to 30% Vitamin E acetate, and trace amounts of fungicides and pesticides that may be harmful.[12]
The following compounds were found in
- Cannabinoids: THC (~ 30%) and THCA (~ 60%).
- terpinolene, and terpineol.
- cadinene, eudesma-3,7(11)-diene, and elemene.
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2018) |
Discovery and development
The hash oils made in the 19th century were made from hand collected hashish called charas and kief. The term hash oil
Modern usage
So-called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970s.
Traditional ice water-separated hashish production utilizes
Large cannabis vaporizers gained popularity in the twentieth century for their ability to vaporize the cannabinoids in cannabis and extracts without burning plant material, using temperature controlled vaporization. Colorado and Washington began licensing hash oil extraction operations in 2014.[3] Small portable vape pens saw a dramatic increase in popularity in 2017.
Use
Hash oil is consumed usually by ingestion, smoking or vaporization.[6]
Dabbing
Smoking or vaporizing hash oil is known colloquially as "dabbing",[6] from the English verb to daub (Dutch dabben, French dauber), "to smear with something adhesive".[18] Dabbing devices include special kinds of water pipes ("dab rigs"), vaporizers and vape pens similar in design to electronic cigarettes.[6] Oil rigs include a glass water pipe and a quartz bucket which is often covered with a glass bubble or directional cap to direct the airflow and disperse the oil amongst the hot areas of the quartz "nail" (A nail is also referred to as a banger).[6] The pipe is often heated with a butane blowtorch rather than a cigarette lighter.[6]
The oil can also be sold in prefilled atomizer cartridges. The cartridge is used by connecting it to a battery and inhaling the vaporized oil from the cartridge's mouthpiece.[19]
Production
Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon extracts
Hash oil is produced by
Fresh, undried plant material is less suited for hash oil production, because much THC and
A wide variety of solvents can be used for extraction, such as
will not extract the water-soluble constituents of marijuana or hashish while still producing hash oil. In general, non-polar cannabis extracts taste much better than polar extracts. Alkali washing further improves the odor and taste.The oil may be further refined by 1) alkali washing, or removing the heavy aromatic carboxylic acids with
The majority of ready to consume extract products are produced via "Closed Loop Systems.".[22] These systems typically entail: a vessel that holds the solvent, material columns to hold the plant material, a flow meter to measure the volume of solvent entering the plant material, a recovery vessel(where heat is applied via an external jacket) to convert the liquid solvent into a vapor and separate it from the THC, CBD, or other cannabinoids/byproducts, and some form of a heat exchanger to then convert the hydrocarbon vapors back into a liquid form prior to returning to the original vessel.
Ten grams of marijuana yields one to two grams of hash oil.[20] The oil may retain considerable residual solvent: oil extracted with longer-chain volatile hydrocarbons (such as naphtha) is less viscous (thinner) than oil extracted with short-chain hydrocarbons (such as butane).[13]
Colored impurities from the oil can be removed by adding
- shatter (solid, breaks easily, glass like oil)
- pull and snap (solid, bendable, but still breakable, taffy-like oil)
- diamonds/live resin (rock hard THCA isolated diamonds drenched in terpene sauce)
- crumble (solid oil that will break into small crumbs)
- budder/wax (soft, pliable, peanut butter-like consistency)
Solventless extracts: Hash rosin
Hash rosin has recently become a top quality, highly prized product in the cannabis market.[25] For dabbing, it is considered to be the cleanest form of concentrating cannabis,[26] as it requires only ice, water (instead of organic solvents like butane), heat, pressure, and collection tools. Cannabis flower material is washed with ice water, and strained using filters in sequential micron size to isolate intact trichomes and their heads into ice water hash.[27] The microns that are held in highest regards are the 73u and 90u, as this is where the resin heads reside.[28] These are sometimes isolated and sold as one of the highest quality, most expensive cannabis products in the market today, known as "full melt"[29] because it will dab fine without having to be pressed. "Full spectrum" hash rosin will normally come from 45u-159u, as smaller and larger particles are likely to be too unrefined or broken stalks of the trichomes.
This hash is then pressed at the appropriate temperature and pressure to squeeze the oils out of the hash, and is collected with metal tools and parchment paper. Just like hydrocarbon extraction, the quality of the final product depends greatly on the quality of the starting material. This is emphasized even more so with hash rosin due to its lower yield percentages compared to solvent-derived concentrates (.3-8% rosin vs 10-20% hydrocarbon). Hash rosin producers often touch on how growing cannabis for hash production is different than growing for flower production, as some strains will be deceptive with their looks regarding yields.
Legality
This article needs to be updated.(February 2019) |
In Canada, hash oil – defined as a chemically concentrated extract having up to 90% THC potency – was approved for commerce in October 2018.[30]
In the United States, regulations specifically for hash oil have not been issued as of 2019, but hemp seed oil – along with hulled hemp seeds and hemp seed protein – were approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in December 2018, indicating that "these products can be legally marketed in human foods for these uses without food additive approval, provided they comply with all other requirements and do not make disease treatment claims".[31]
Ingredient in vape liquids
Adulterated products
Vitamin E acetate
On September 5, 2019, the United States
Synthetic cannabinoids
Safety
Use
As of 2015[update] the health effects of using hash oil were poorly documented. Cannabis extracts have less plant matter and create less harmful smoke. However, trace amounts of impurities are not generally regarded as safe (GRAS).[6] In 2019 following an outbreak of illnesses additives added to vape pen mixtures were found to be causing breathing problems, lung damage, and deaths.[46]
Production
Most of the solvents employed vaporize quickly and are flammable, making the extraction process dangerous. Several explosion and fire incidents related to hash oil manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported.[20]
Solvents used to extract THC are flammable or combustible and have resulted in explosions, fires, severe injuries, and deaths.[47][48][10][49][50][51]
Handling
The LD50 (median lethal dose) for THC (Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol) is not precisely known, as there have been no recorded fatalities.[
Storage
When exposed to air, warmth and light (especially without
See also
- Cannabis concentrate
- Fragrance extraction
- Liquid smoke
- Live resin
- Oleoresin capsicum
- Rosin
- Tall oil
- Gas explosions
References
- S2CID 244004489.
- ^ PMID 30464676.
- ^ a b c Lewis, Amanda Chicago (30 April 2015). "Wax Is Weed's Next Big Thing And No One Knows If It's Safe". Buzzfeed. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9780914171393
- ^ "Cannabis: Overview" (PDF), World Drug Report, United Nations Publications, 2014
- ^ S2CID 45788100.
- ^ Marilyn A. Huestis; Michael L. Smith (2007), "Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Interpretation of Cannabinoid Concentrations in Biological Fluids and Tissues", in Mahmoud A. ElSohly (ed.), Marijuana and the Cannabinoids, Humana Press, pp. 205–235
- ^ Rudolf Brenneisen (2007), "Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents", in Mahmoud A. ElSohly (ed.), Marijuana and the Cannabinoids, Humana Press, pp. 17–49
- PMID 26202343.
- ^ a b "Safety with hash oil". Colorado Marijuana. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ Valerie Vande Panne (21 December 2013). "Hey Buddy, Wanna Dab? Inside The Mainstream Explosion of Cannabis Concentrates". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
- ^ Conor Ferguson, Cynthia McFadden, Shanshan Dong and Rich Schapiro "Tests show bootleg marijuana vapes tainted with hydrogen cyanide" , Sept. 27, 2019
- ^ a b c Luigi L. Romano; Arno Hazekamp (2013), "Cannabis Oil: chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine" (PDF), Cannabinoids, 1 (1): 1–11, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017, retrieved 29 August 2015
- ^ a b Walton, Robert P., Pharmaceutical and Chemical Considerations, Marihuana, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1938 tincture p178, hashish oil p159
- ISBN 978-0147517081. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ^ Gold, D. (1989) [1973]. Cannabis Alchemy: The Art of Modern Hashmaking (2nd ed.).
- ^ Starks, Michael (1990) [1977]. Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics Processing and Potency (2nd ed.).
- ^ Samuel Johnson (1785), "daub", A Dictionary of the English Language, vol. 1 (6th ed.), p. 541
- ^ Lewis, Amanda (5 October 2017). "Are Weed Vape Pens Safe?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Wired
- ^ "aBHOutit Industries – Cannabis extraction flow-meters-for-the-cbd-industry". Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ Alfred Thomas (2007), "Fats and Fatty Oils", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 31
- ^ "A 101 Guide to Cannabis Concentrates and Extracts". CNBS. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- S2CID 4703084.
- S2CID 40810008.
- ^ "How to Make Hash Oil The Easy Way". druglibrary.org. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- S2CID 225912309.
- ^ "Full melt". Leafly. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- ^ "About cannabis; Table 1". Government of Canada. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Scott Gottlieb, Commissioner (20 December 2018). "FDA Statement Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on signing of the Agriculture Improvement Act and the agency's regulation of products containing cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds". US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Sun, Lena (6 September 2019). "Contaminant found in marijuana vaping products linked to deadly lung illnesses, tests show". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- ^ "Three Companies Subpoenaed in Weed Vape Illness Investigation". Rolling Stone. 10 September 2019.
- ^ a b "Transcript of CDC Telebriefing: Update on Lung Injury Associated with E-cigarette Use, or Vaping". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 8 November 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with E-Cigarette Use, or Vaping". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 8 November 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Journey of a tainted vape cartridge: from China's labs to your lungs". Leafly. 24 September 2019.
- ^ McLennan, William (22 September 2018). "Vapers tricked into buying synthetic cannabis-laced product". The Observer.
- ^ "Health warning issued over fake "THC vape" that contains "spice"". www.christie.nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Eight pupils collapse after vaping Spice missold as THC vape". Metro. 17 December 2019.
- ^ Day, Rebecca (16 July 2019). "Schoolchildren have collapsed after vaping Spice". men.
- ^ "Schoolchildren collapse after unknowingly inhaling spice vape". The Independent. 16 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022.
- ^ Tahsin, Jamie (10 December 2019). "If You Buy Weed Vapes in the UK, Beware – But Not for the Reason You Think". Vice.
- ^ "Health warning as nine young people collapse after using 'spice' vape". ITV News.
- ^ "Health warning as nine youths collapse after using 'spice' vape". www.lep.co.uk.
- ^ "Health warning as nine youths collapse after using 'Spice' vape". www.thestar.co.uk.
- ^ "Smoking and Tobacco Use; Electronic Cigarettes". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Dangers of Butane Hash Oil Labs Cited as Five are Charged". US Department of Justice. 30 March 2016.
- ^ "Butane Hash Oil Extraction Hazards Issued" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. January 2013.
- ^ "Marijuana Butane Honey Oil Extraction on the Rise". Los Angeles County Fire Department. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- S2CID 3690355.
- ^ Crawford, Angus (5 August 2016). "Rise in UK explosions linked to super-strength cannabis". BBC News.
- ^ Jan Kabelik (1955), "Hemp as a medicament" (PDF), Acta Univ. Olomuc., 6, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015
Further reading
- Ed Rosenthal, Beyond Buds: Marijuana Extracts, 2014.