Hassanal Bolkiah
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Hassanal Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III
He is one of the few
Early life and education
The sultan was born during the reign of his uncle Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin on 15 July 1946, in Istana Darussalam, Brunei Town (now called Bandar Seri Begawan) as Pengiran Muda Mahkota (Crown Prince) Hassanal Bolkiah. His father, the Bendahara at that time, was the heir presumptive of Brunei which put Hassanal Bolkiah second in line to the throne at the time of his birth. The sultan received high school education at Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur, after which he attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom, graduating in 1967.[5]
Notably, the 2nd Gurkha Rifles were dispatched to Brunei in 1962, the year the Brunei Revolt began. Digby Willoughby and a small squad of Gurkha troops helped to rescue his father and him from their palace, and his father was eternally grateful for Willoughby's actions on that day.[6]
Reign
Crown Prince Hassanal Bolkiah became the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam on 5 October 1967, after his father abdicated. His coronation was held on 1 August 1968, and made him the
National Development Plans
A budget of B$500 million was allotted for the Third National Development Plan (RKN3), which was enacted between 1975 and 1979. The following objectives were given priority in the formulation and design of the plan to maintain a high level of employment and diversify the economy through accelerated development of agriculture and industry. With a budget of B$2.2 billion, the RKN4 (1980–1984) placed a strong emphasis on advancing the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the populace. With a budget of $B3.7 billion, the RKN5 (1986–1990) aimed to offer the numerous services and infrastructure necessary to raise peoples' standards of living while advancing the nation's economic and social growth.[10]
With a budget of B$5.5 billion, the RKN6 (1991–1995) intended to address the demands of the country, particularly in enhancing the standard of living and quality of life of its citizens as well as further bolstering the national economy. The RKN7 (1996–2000) of a 20-year long-term development plan that began in 1985 and has a total budget of B$7.2 billion is the seventh national development plan. The plan aimed to raise the nation's economic achievement while continuing to significantly improve the quality of life for the populace.[10]
The RKN theme of "Knowledge and Innovation, Increase Productivity, Accelerated Economic Growth" centered the RKN10 (2012–2017) on developmental initiatives to achieve faster and higher economic growth. The RKN11 (2018–2023), whose theme is "Increased Non-Oil and Gas Sector Output as Catalysts for Economic Growth," further integrated development efforts in the production of the non-oil and gas sector.[10]
Independence of Brunei
Brunei became independent from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, following nearly 20 years of being a protectorate. He assumed control of Brunei as an independent country under a "democratic" monarch,[11] as their Prime Minister.[12] Hassanal Bolkiah recited the Declaration of Independence at midnight.[13][14]
The time has now arrived when Brunei Darussalam will resume full international responsibility as a sovereign and independent nation in the community of nations.
— Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, The Scoop 1 January 1984
Roles in Government
Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, the sultan is the
On 22 October 2015, Hassanal Bolkiah appointed himself as the country's
Hassanal Bolkiah said in front of world leaders on 30 September 2015 that the UN has no equivalent and that its 70-year existence is proof of its significance, despite what some may say about its efficacy. In order to eradicate
Melayu Islam Beraja
Hassanal Bolkiah declared
Laws of Brunei
In 2014, Hassanal Bolkiah declared the implementation of strict Islamic criminal penalties, moving forward with proposals that prompted both rare domestic opposition to the opulently wealthy ruler and also worldwide outrage. The small sultanate's plans for the sharia penalties, which would eventually include flogging, amputation of limbs, and death by stoning, sparked outrage on social networking sites. Following the unexplained delay of the penalties' anticipated implementation on 22 April 2014, which prompted speculation that he was hesitant, uncertainty surrounded their execution. However, he stated in his proclamation that the action was "a must" in light of Islam, dismissing the "never-ending theories" that the sharia's penalties were harsh in remarks that were obviously directed at critics.[29][30]
Hassanal Bolkiah also banned public celebrations of Christmas in 2015, including wearing hats or clothes that resemble Santa Claus. The ban only affects local Muslims.[31] Christians are still allowed to celebrate Christmas. According to Bruneian Bishop and Cardinal Cornelius Sim, on 25 December 2015, there was an estimated 4,000 out of 18,000 Bruneian Catholics, mainly Chinese and expats living in the country, who attended mass on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. While there was no absolute ban on celebrations, there was a ban affecting Christmas decorations in public places, especially shopping malls; the ban did not affect small stores or private residences including churches.[clarification needed][32]
Other works
Hassanal Bolkiah gave a contribution of
Controversies
Shannon Marketic Incident
In 1997,
AMEDEO crisis
Hassanal had open disagreements with his brother,
Prince Jefri was accused of misappropriating state funds to pay for his own personal investments, bought through BIA and Amedeo companies and removed from his position as head of BIA.
However, the BIA alleged that the Prince failed to uphold the agreement by failing to disclose all his accounts, and allowing money to be taken from frozen accounts,
The BIA also re-opened collateral litigation in the High Court of England and Wales. After winning before the Privy Council, the BIA asked the court to determine whether Prince Jefri should be held in contempt of court for allegedly making misstatements in his listing of assets. The contempt proceeding was scheduled for a hearing in June 2008, but the Prince did not attend, instead going to Paris.[49][54] Judge Peter Smith did not rule on whether Prince Jefri was in contempt, but did issue a warrant for his arrest.[55] As of November 2010, the warrant still appears to be in place, meaning the Prince will be arrested if he enters the UK.[56]
As of October, 2009, Prince Jefri appears to have been allowed back to Brunei. He is not back in any official government role but retains all his royal titles and decorations and remains in the royal protocol order. He is seen at major national functions like the national teachers day celebrations, the sultan's birthday and at the National Day Celebrations. His most recent appearance was at The Legco (Legislative Council) opening ceremony in March 2012.[57]
Anti-LGBT and death by stoning legislation
As Prime Minister, Bolkiah has spearheaded legislation that would introduce capital punishment for homosexuality and adultery, by stoning, effective from 3 April 2019. This sparked international protests.[58] The policy resulted in calls for boycotts of numerous companies owned by the Brunei Royal Family, notably the Dorchester Collection, a group of well-known hotels owned by the sultan in the US and Europe.[59]
The sultan, via his Brunei Investment Agency (BIA) that owns the Dorchester Collection hotels, also raised concerns abroad in April 2014 after he implemented a
In protest, a United States national LGBT advocacy organization, the Gill Action Fund, canceled its reservation to hold a conference of major donors at the Beverly Hills Hotel and demanded a refund of its deposit. The hotel management responded by issuing a statement asserting that it does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.[63] Fashion designers Brian Atwood and Peter Som subsequently called for wider protests, urging the fashion industry to boycott all of the hotels owned by the Dorchester Collection.[64]
In January 2013, the Royal College of General Practitioners designated the sultan the first Companion of the college for services to healthcare in Brunei and abroad.[65] In April 2019, the RCGP withdrew this honour in light of new anti-LGBT laws supported by the sultan which are not in concert with the organisation's values.[66]
Due to the international condemnation of the legislation, Bolkiah announced that he would extend a moratorium on capital punishment for homosexuality and ratify the United Nations Convention Against Torture.[67][68][69]
Car collection controversy
The sultan once owned
Personal life
Marriage
The sultan married his first cousin and first wife, Princess
Sports
The sultan played polo competitively when he was younger, at one point even representing the Indian Army's 61st Cavalry team. He has a history of attending polo matches frequently in recent years, especially since two of his children started playing competitive polo. A friendly polo match between the Brunei team and the 61st Cavalry Indian Army team was also held a few years ago as part of the sultan's 70th birthday celebrations as a tribute to his long friendship with the latter.[75]
On 9 February 2015, the Sultan led his team to victory in the Richard Mille Exhibition Polo Match. The black team of the monarch defeated the white team 7–5 on the eighth day of the four-team charity competition at the Royal Brunei Polo and Riding Club in Jerudong to advance to the final.[76]
Hassanal Bolkiah likes to play badminton and squash.[77]
Issue
Prince
Name | Birth / Death | Marriage | Their Children | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak (Queen Consort) Hajah Saleha (m. 1965–present) | ||||
Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Hajah Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah | 26 July 1969 | Y.A.M Pengiran Maharaja Setia Laila Di-Raja Sahibul Irshad Pengiran Anak Haji ‘Abdul Rahim bin Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak Dr. Kemaluddin Al-Haj | Pengiran Anak Raheemah Sanaul Bolkiah (b. 28 December 1997) | |
Pengiran Anak Hariisah Widadul Bolqiah | ||||
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Raqiib (b. 14 May 2002) | ||||
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Haseeb (b. 14 January 2006) | ||||
Pengiran Anak Raqeeqah Raayatul Bolqiah (b. 16 December 2009) | ||||
Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Hajah Muta-Wakkilah Hayatul Bolkiah | 12 October 1971 | |||
Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji (Crown Prince) Al-Muhtadee Billah | 17 February 1974 | Y.T.M Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Anak Sarah binti Pengiran Haji Salleh Ab-Rahaman | Pengiran Muda Abdul Muntaqim (b. 17 March 2007) | |
Pengiran Anak Muneerah Madhul Bolkiah (b. 2 January 2011) | ||||
Pengiran Muda Muhammad Aiman (b. 7 June 2015) | ||||
Pengiran Anak Faathimah Az-Zahraa Raihaanul Bolkiah (b. 1 December 2017) | ||||
Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Hajah Majeedah Nuurul Bolkiah | 16 March 1976 | Y.A.M. Pengiran Anak Khairul Khalil bin Pengiran Syed Haji Jaafari | Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hafeez (b. 18 March 2008) | |
Pengiran Anak Raihaanah Hanaa-Ul Bolqiah (b. 6 January 2010) | ||||
Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Hajah Hafizah Sururul Bolkiah | 12 March 1980 | Y.A.M. Pengiran Anak Haji Muhammad Ruzaini bin Pengiran Dr. Haji Mohammad Yakub | Pengiran Anak Muhammad Za'eem (b. 3 August 2013) | |
Pengiran Anak Muhammad 'Aamir (b. 13 February 2015) | ||||
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hakeem (b. 19 February 2018) | ||||
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Aleem (b. 16 June 2020) | ||||
Pengiran Muda (Prince) Abdul Malik | 30 June 1983 | Y.A.M Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Raabi'atul Adawiyyah binti Pengiran Haji Bolkiah | Pengiran Anak Muthee'ah Raayatul Bolqiah (b. 2 March 2016) | |
Pengiran Anak Fathiyyah Rafaahul Bolqiah (b. 10 March 2018) | ||||
Pengiran Anak Khaalishah Mishbaahul Bolqiah (b. 5 January 2020) | ||||
Hajah Mariam (m. 1981–2003; divorced) | ||||
Pengiran Muda (Prince) Haji Abdul Azim | 29 July 1982 – 24 October 2020 (aged 38) | |||
Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah | 26 September 1984 | Y.A.M Pengiran Muda Bahar bin D.Y.T.M Paduka Seri Pengiran Digadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Muda Haji Jefri Bolkiah | ||
Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Fadzilah Lubabul Bolkiah | 23 August 1985 | Y.A.M Pengiran Suami Abdullah Nabil Mahmoud Al-Hashimi | ||
Pengiran Muda (Prince) Abdul Mateen | 10 August 1991 | Y.A.M. Pengiran Anak Isteri Anisha Rosnah binti Adam | ||
Azrinaz Mazhar (m. 2005–2010; divorced)[73] | ||||
Pengiran Muda (Prince) Abdul Wakeel | 1 June 2006 | |||
Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Ameerah Wardatul Bolkiah | 28 January 2008 |
Titles, styles and honours
Styles of The Sultan of Brunei | ||
---|---|---|
Reference style | His Majesty | |
Spoken style | Your Majesty | |
Alternative style | Kebawah Duli Tuan Patik |
Full title
English:
"His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar ‘Ali Saifuddien Sa’adul Khairi Waddien, Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam."[79]
Academic honours
The sultan received an honorary doctorate at the
Military honours
The sultan holds an honorary commission in the
In April 2008, he was made an honorary member of the Indonesian
See also
- List of Sultans of Brunei
- List of Brunei-related topics
- List of current foreign ministers
References
- Jawi: سلطان حاج حسن البلقية معز الدين والدولة ابن المرحوم سلطان حاج عمر علي سيف الدين سعد الخير والدين)
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External links
- Government of Brunei
- Leppard, David. "Sultan caught in property feud", Times Online, 30 July 2006
- Kennedy, Dominic. "The prince, the lawyer and his wife lose out in court", The Times, 26 January 2007. article regarding Thomas Derbyshire and Faith Zaman losing appeal against freezing of assets in multimillion-dollar fraud case
- Forbes World's Richest People 1997, Forbes.com
- Brunei's Battle Royal, Business Week
- Usborne, David. "Brotherly love runs out", 11 February 2006, about the sultan's legal fight with his brother; linked 17 February 2006