Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience
OCLC 458483074 | |
Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience is a 1943 book by Theos Casimir Bernard describing what he learnt of hatha yoga, ostensibly in India. It is one of the first books in English to describe and illustrate a substantial number of yoga poses (asanas); it describes the yoga purifications (shatkarmas), yoga breathing (pranayama), yogic seals (mudras), and meditative union (samadhi) at a comparable level of detail.
The book has been called an important forerunner of the major guides to modern yoga by B. K. S. Iyengar and others. Scholars including Norman Sjoman and Mark Singleton have considered the book a rare example of a complete yoga system actually being followed, and being evaluated at each stage by a practitioner-scholar. However, Bernard's biographer Douglas Veenhof states that Bernard invented the Indian guru whom he had refused to name, as he had instead apparently been taught by his father.
The 37 high-quality
Context
After visiting India and Tibet, Bernard completed his
Summary
Despite its title, Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience was less personal and more technical than Bernard's fictionalised 1939 account of hatha yoga, Heaven Lies Within Us.[6] An introduction explains the principles of hatha yoga.[7]
Overview
The main part of the book recounts Bernard's own experience, starting with a chapter on asanas and the reason he was "prescribed" them by his teacher.
He describes his experiences with asanas "calculated to bring a rich supply of blood to the brain and ... the spinal cord", namely
Bernard learnt all six purifications,
In pranayama, he learnt
The mudras that Bernard practised were
The account of samadhi, which Bernard did not claim to have attained, is necessarily largely theoretical, quoting the medieval texts at some length. However, he goes on a three-month retreat to study with "a well-trained Yogi at his hermitage",[16] based on "the theory of an inner light".[17] After two months, he sees the lights, which are of different colours. The retreat ends with "a ceremony that occasionally is employed to establish fully the inner experience of absorbing the mind in these lights."[18] His teacher makes clear that "no amount of ceremony can awaken Kundalini."[18] Bernard concludes that during his studies of yoga he "found that it holds no magic, performs no miracles, and reveals nothing supernatural";[19] as for "the Knowledge of the True",[20] that, he states, "must remain a mystery".[21]
Illustrations
The book is illustrated with 37 high-quality
Bernard was an accomplished photographer himself, shooting "an astounding 326
Approach
In his Preface, Bernard explains his approach to the studies he undertook:
When I went to India, I did not present myself as an academic research student, trying to probe into the intimacies of ancient cultural patterns; instead, I became a
Bernard's approach to the book is to describe each task he was given simply and directly, stating its purpose, and then his own experience of working with it, together with any advice he was given about it. For example, on
One of the most important postures that I was required to perfect is called sirsasana (head stand, see Plate XXVIII) and deserves special comment. This posture is not listed in the [medieval] texts as an asana, but it is described among the mudras under the name
viparita karani (inverted body).[e] ... As in the attainment of all asanas, I was advised to proceed with due caution. My teacher assured me that there is no danger for anyone in a normal state of health who is mindful of every change that takes place and allows ample time for the system to accommodate itself to the inverted position. At first it seemed hopeless, especially when I found that the standard for perfection is three hours.[28]
Bernard explains how he went about the task, indicating both his dedication and the time required to reach the prescribed standard:
To accomplish this goal without any setbacks, my teacher advised me to start with ten seconds for the first week and then to add thirty seconds each week until I brought the time up to fifteen minutes. This required several months. At this point I was advised to repeat the practice twice a day, which gave me a total of thirty minutes. After one month I added a midday practice period and increased the duration to twenty minutes, which gave me one hour for the day. Thereafter I added five minutes each week until I brought up the time to a single practice period, which amounted to three hours for the day. ... Eventually ... I held the posture for three hours at one time.[29]
He then describes the effects of the practice:
Immediately after standing on my head my breath rate speeded up; then it slowly subsided, and a general feeling of relaxation was experienced. Next came a tendency to restlessness. I had a desire to move my legs in different directions. Soon after this my body became warm and the perspiration began to flow. I was told that this was the measure of my capacity and that I should never try to hold the posture beyond this point.[30]
He is frank about the difficulties:
One of the most trying problems I encountered when building up to the higher time standards was what to do with my mind. The moment I began to feel the slightest fatigue, my mind began to wander. At this point my teacher instructed me to select a spot on a level with my eyes, when standing on my head and direct the attention of my mind to it. Shortly this became a habit, and my mind adapted itself without the least awareness of the passage of time ...[30]
Publication history
Hatha Yoga was first published in the United States in 1943/44, and in the UK in 1950.
The 2007 Harmony Publishing edition is a slim volume of 154 pages, illustrated with 37[f] high-quality monochrome photographs, some of them occupying a full page, the rest half a page each.[31]
Reception
Contemporary
The scholar of religion
Modern
In 1999, the yoga
In 2010, another yoga scholar-practitioner,
Bernard's biographer, Douglas Veenhof, was more cautious. He noted in his 2011 book White Lama that Bernard "found it necessary to completely conceal his father's role in shaping him as a yogi",
The journalist and historian of
Notes
- ^ According to his biographer, Douglas Veenhof, his guru for this training was his father, Glen Bernard, who had travelled in India and had studied under a Syrian-Bengali, Sylvais Hamati.[8]
- ^ Bhramari is the Hindu bee goddess.
- ^ And as a higher-quality the lead image in the article on Bernard
- Siva Samhita3.10-19 is cited and quoted in a footnote by Bernard.
- ^ Hatha Yoga Pradipika 3.78-81 is cited and quoted in a footnote by Bernard.
- frontispiece.
References
- ^ Columbia University 2016.
- ^ Stephens 2010, p. 24.
- ^ Patterson 2013.
- ^ Syman 2010, p. 137.
- ^ Jain 2016.
- ^ Syman 2010, p. 138.
- ^ Bernard 2007, pp. 13–21.
- ^ Veenhof 2011, pp. 17–21.
- ^ a b Bernard 2007, pp. 23–32.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 23.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 24.
- ^ Bernard 2007, pp. 33–48.
- ^ Bernard 2007, pp. 49–62.
- ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 32, 180–181, 228–232.
- ^ Bernard 2007, pp. 63–80.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 90.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 91.
- ^ a b Bernard 2007, p. 100.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 104.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 105.
- ^ Bernard 2007, pp. 24–105.
- ^ Bernard 2007, pp. 107–137.
- ^ Blue Sky 2013.
- ^ a b c d Kunimoto 2011.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 9.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 31.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 29, footnote, and Plate XXVIII.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 29.
- ^ Bernard 2007, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b Bernard 2007, p. 30.
- ^ Bernard 2007.
- ^ Braden 1945.
- ^ Sjoman 1999, p. 38.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sjoman 1999, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Singleton 2010, p. 20.
- ^ Singleton 2010, p. 32.
- ^ Singleton 2010, p. 213.
- ^ Bernard 2007, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Veenhof 2011, p. 20.
- ^ a b Veenhof 2011, p. 21.
- ^ Veenhof 2011, pp. 318–319.
- ^ Veenhof 2011, p. 320.
- ^ a b Syman 2010, pp. 138–139.
Sources
- OCLC 230987898.
- Braden, Charles S. (1945). "Book Notices: Hatha Yoga. The Report of a Personal Experience. By Theos Bernard". JSTOR 1456235.
- Blue Sky (2013). "Book Review: "The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America," by Stefanie Syman". Slices of Blue Sky.
- Columbia University (2016). "The Life and Works of Theos Bernard". columbia.edu.
- )
- Kunimoto, Namiko (2011). "Traveler-as-Lama Photography and the Fantasy of Transformation in Tibet". Trans Asia Photography Review. 2 (1: The Elu[va]sive Portrait: In Pursuit of Photographic Portraiture in East Asia and Beyond, Guest edited by Ayelet Zohar, Fall 2011).
- OCLC 928480104.
- Patterson, Bobbi (2013). "Theos Bernard, the White Lama: Tibet, Yoga, and American Religious Life". Practical Matters A Journal of Religious Practices and Practical Theology.
- OCLC 318191988.
- ISBN 978-81-7017-389-2.
- Stephens, Mark (2010). Teaching Yoga: Essential Foundations and Techniques. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-885-1.
- Syman, Stefanie (2010). OCLC 456171421.
- Veenhof, Douglas (2011). White Lama: The Life of Tantric Yogi Theos Bernard, Tibet's Emissary to the New World. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0385514323.