Hattians

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Hatti (land of the Hattians)
)
This article is about the indigenous people of Hatti. For other uses, see Hatti (disambiguation).
Part of a series on the
History of Turkey
Turkey in Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, 1921
Prehistory
Palaeolithic Anatolia c. 500,000– 
10,000 BC
Mesolithic Anatolia c. 11,000– 
9,000 BC
Neolithic Anatolia c. 8,000– 
5,500 BC
Bronze Age
Troy 3000–700 BC
Hattians 2500–2000 BC
Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 BC
Luwians 2300–1400 BC
Assyria 1950–1750 BC
Kussara 1780–1680 BC
Achaeans (Homer) 1700–1300 BC
Kizzuwatna 1650–1450 BC
Hittites 1680–1220 BC
Arzawa 1500–1320 BC
Mitanni 1500–1300 BC
Hayasa-Azzi 1500–1290 BC
Lycia 1450–350 BC
Assuwa 1300–1250 BC
Diauehi 1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites 1200–800 BC
Phrygia 1200–700 BC
Caria 1150–547 BC
Tuwanuwa 1000–700 BC
Ionia 1000–545 BC
Urartu 859–595/585 BC
Iron Age
Diauehi 1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites 1200–800 BC
Phrygia 1200–700 BC
Caria 1150–547 BC
Doris 1100–560 BC
Aeolis 1000–560 BC
Tuwanuwa 1000–700 BC
Ionia 1000–545 BC
Urartu 859–595/585 BC
Median Empire 678–549 BC
Lydia 685–547 BC
Classical Age
Attalid kingdom
 282–129 BC
Galatia 281–64 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Armenian Empire 190 BC–428 AD
Roman Republic 133–27 BC
Commagene 163 BC–72 AD
Ancient Rome 133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
Sasanian Empire 224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
Medieval Anatolia
Kara Koyunlu
 (1375–1468)
Ak Koyunlu (1378–1501)
Ottoman Era
Defeat and dissolution
 (1908–1922)
Republic of Turkey
War of Independence (1919–1922)
Provisional government (1920–1923)
One-party period (1923–1930)
(1930–1945)
Multi-party period (1945–present)
By topic
Timeline
flag Turkey portal
Not to be confused with Hittites or Haitians.

The Hattians (

Hattush. Faced with Hittite expansion (since c. 2000 BC), Hattians were gradually absorbed (by c. 1700 BC) into the new political and social order, imposed by the Hittites, who were one of the Indo-European-speaking Anatolian peoples. The Hittites kept the country name ("land of Hatti") unchanged, which also became the main designation for the Hittite state.[1][2][3]

Terminology

Hattian metalwork: golden ewer decorated with concentric circles

Complex questions related to

endonymic terms for Hattians, their land, language and capital city (Hatti, Hattili, Hattush) are debated among scholars. Later conquerors (Hittites) did not change the name of the city (Hattush). They also adopted the regional name (Land of Hatti), and even expanded its use, transforming it into the most common designation for their entire country, that grew to be much larger than the land of ancient Hattians.[4]

It is therefore assumed that Hattian designations had some special significance already during the pre-Hittite period, and it is also accepted, as a

Hattush
) ever saw themselves as Hattians.

The use of the term "Proto-Hittite" as a designation for Hattians is inaccurate. The

Palaic
.

History

Alacahöyük
.

Several

Sargon the Great of Akkad (24th-23rd century BC) and king Nur-Daggal of Purushanda, but those events are not attested in contemporary sources, that would date from the period of the Akkadian Empire.[6][7]

A

Akkadian story also narrates some events that are related to early times, taking place during the rule of king Naram-Sin of Akad (23rd century BC). The story describes a conflict between Naram-Sin and an alliance of 17 kings. The Hittite version of that story includes Pamba of Hatti among those kings, but that inclusion is not attested in Akkadian versions of the story, nor in contemporary sources, that would date from the period of the Akkadian Empire. Some scholars hold that the Hittite version (from c. 1400 BC) can be accepted as reliable and derived from some local sources. In that case, the narrative would contain a trustworthy tradition, thus providing a base for an assumption that the ancient Kingdom of Hatti existed already during the period of the Akkadian Empire.[8][9][10][11]

The Hattians were organized in

Hattush, and several Assyrian inscriptions mention (usually by office, not by name) the existence of local rulers (kings) of Hattush, also referring to their relations with other city-states in the region.[12]
One of the haplogroups that can be considered as Anatolian, Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE.[8] Today it is the most common Haplogroup among Caucasus populations. Shows a clear connection between Ancient Anatolians and Caucasus populations.

Language

Hattian language in central Anatolia
Main article:
Hattian language

Hattians spoke the

Trevor Bryce
writes:

Evidence of a 'Hattic' civilization is provided by the remnants of one of the non-Indo-European languages found in the later Hittite archives. The language is identified in several of the texts in which it appears by the term hattili- '(written) in the language of Hatti.' The few texts that survive are predominantly religious or cultic in character. They provide us with the names of a number of Hattic deities, as well as Hattic personal and place-names.[14]

About 150 short specimens of Hattian text have been found in Hittite cuneiform clay tablets. Hattian leaders perhaps used scribes who wrote in Old Assyrian. Ekrem Akurgal wrote, "the Anatolian princes used scribes knowing Assyrian for commerce with Mesopotomia as at Kanesh (Kültepe)" to conduct business with Assyria.[15] From the 21st to the mid-18th centuries BC, Assyria established trade outposts in Hatti, such as at Hattum and Zalpa.

Scholars have long assumed that the predominant population of the region of Anatolia "in the third millennium [BC] was an indigenous pre-Indo-European group called the Hattians." Another non-Indo-European group were the Hurrians.[16] But it is thought possible that speakers of Indo-European languages were also in central Anatolia by then. The scholar Petra Goedegebuure has proposed that before the conquest of the Hittites, an Indo-European language, probably Luwian, had already been spoken alongside the Hattian language for a long time.[17]

Hattian became more ergative towards the New Hittite period. This development implies that Hattian remained alive until at least the end of the 14th century BC.[18]

Alexei Kassian proposed that the

subject–object–verb, had lexical contacts with Hattian.[19]

Religion

The Storm-God, represented by a bull; Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara

Hattian religion may be traced back to the Stone Age. It involved worship of the earth, personified as a

Wurunšemu
(represented by a leopard), and a number of other elemental gods.

Later on the

Stormgod of Hatti or with a city name.[22][23]

The Hittite legends of

Telipinu and the serpentine dragon Illuyanka find their origin in the Hattian civilization.[24]

See also

  • Hattian language

References

  1. ^ Akurgal 2001, p. 4-6.
  2. ^ Bryce 2005, p. 12-15.
  3. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 297-298, 314.
  4. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 297-298.
  5. ^ Bryce 2014, p. 129.
  6. ^ Akurgal 2001, p. 38.
  7. ^ Bryce 2005, p. 25.
  8. ^ Bryce 2005, p. 10.
  9. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 297.
  10. ^ Gilan 2010, p. 53.
  11. ^ Gilan 2018, p. 7.
  12. ^ Barjamovic 2011, p. 292-297.
  13. ^ Burney 2004, p. 106-107.
  14. ^ Bryce 2005, p. 12.
  15. ^ Akurgal 2001, p. 5.
  16. ^ Bryce 2005, p. 12-13.
  17. ^ Petra Goedegebuure 2008 Central Anatolian Languages and Language Communities in the Colony Period: A Luwian-Hattian Symbiosis and the independent Hittites. OAAS volume 3 Leiden
  18. ^ Published in Proceedings of the 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Vol. 1: Language in the Ancient Near East (2010)
  19. ^ Kassian, Alexei. 2009. Ugarit Forschungen Band 41, 403
  20. ISBN 978-0-7614-7559-0
    . Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  21. ^ Burney 2004, p. 106.
  22. JSTOR 3270383
    .
  23. ISBN 978-1-57506-069-9
    .
  24. ^ Akurgal 2001.

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hattians.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hattians&oldid=1188789223"