Hauron
Hauron | ||||||
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Name in hieroglyphs |
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Major cult center | Giza |
Hauron, Haurun) in scholarship.
In the
In the first millennium BCE, Hauron continued to be worshiped in Egypt, but his cult also spread through the Mediterranean, and he is attested in Phoenician and Punic sources from as far west as Sardinia. In the Hebrew Bible he is referenced in toponyms such as Beth-Horon. The last source to mention him is a Greek second-century BCE inscription from Delos referring to his worship in Jamnia.
Name
The spellings Hauron
It has been proposed that the name is related the root ḥwr present in Semitic languages[11] and that it might mean "the deep one."[12] Similarities to the Arabic word ḥaur, referring to the bottom of a well or a broad depression,[12] and to Hebrew ḥôr, "cave" or "hole," have been pointed out, though according to Nicolas Wyatt the fact that in Ugaritic the cognate is written ḫr rather than ḥr might cast doubts over this etymology.[13] An alternate proposal is that the name is a cognate of Arabic ḥourroun, "falcon."[13] The early view that it might reflect the ethnonym ḫurri (Hurrian) is no longer considered credible.[13]
Character
The main sources of information about Hauron's character are magical texts from
The Egyptian Papyrus Harris mentions Hauron in a role similar to that he plays in Ugaritic texts, invoking him to render a
Disputed aspects
George Hart argued that Hauron's character was ambivalent, and asserted in particular that his association with a "tree of death" in a single text he identifies as "Canaanite" designates him as a "god of doom."[1] The term ‘ṣ mt, translated as "tree of death"[23] or "deathly tree," is present in the Ugaritic text KTU 1.100 in a description of plants gathered by Hauron, but the passage according to Wilfred G. E. Watson should be understood as a recipe for a cure for snakebite and lists ordinary plants, though he notes the precise identification of individual names remains disputed.[24] He does not list the "deathly tree" among the terms he considers to be the names of specific plants.[24] Dennis Pardee argues the passage reflects use of wood in exorcisms and since one of the plants mentioned according to him is the date palm, it might indicate that Hauron was believed to travel eastwards to Mesopotamia to gather plants typical for this area.[23] He additionally suggests this might be a nod to perception of Mesopotamian apotropaic magic as particularly efficient.[23] Suggestions that KTU 1.100 portrays Hauron in a negative light, presenting him as the "god of black magic, master of evil demons," can also be found elsewhere in literature, but Gregorio del Olmo Lete notes that this view is "surprising" due to his portrayal as an effective helper in this composition.[25]
It is a matter of dispute among researchers if Hauron was also associated with the
Possible early attestations
It has been argued that a theophoric name from Mari, Ḫawranabi, might invoke Hauron, and therefore can be translated as "Hauron is father."[30] While assertions that he appears in multiple names from this city can be found in literature,[3] according to Ichiro Nakata's survey of Old Babylonian Mariote theophoric names, only a single person bearing one invoking him is attested in known documents.[31] The Mariote name has been used as an argument for also reconstructing names of two roughly contemporary Canaanite kings attested in texts from Saqqara as theophoric names invoking Hauron, though this remains speculative.[32]
In the past it was believed that the logogram dNIN.URTA, found in a total of four passages in the corpus of the Amarna letters, might correspond to Hauron, but this view has been challenged in 1990 by Nadav Na'aman.[33] He points out that his character was not similar to Mesopotamian Ninurta, and additionally that he is entirely absent from theophoric names from Ugarit and other late Bronze Age sites, unlike the deity represented by this logogram.[34] He proposed that it should be understood as a logographic representation of the name of the goddess Anat instead.[35] This proposal subsequently found support from other researchers, including Peggy L. Day (who extends its scope to dNIN.URTA in documents from Emar as well)[36] and Michael P. Streck (who only considers it applicable to Canaan and the kingdom of Amurru).[37]
Ugaritic attestations
It is assumed that Hauron was not a high ranking god in the local pantheon of
Myths and paramythological texts
Horon is mentioned in the text KTU 1.100,
The text consists of a series of appeals to various deities, followed by the intervention of Hauron and a marriage proposal he makes.
A curse invoking Hauron appears both in the
Egyptian reception
Horon is one of the best attested deities of
Evidence for both royal and private worship of Hauron is available.[57] However, no accounts of clergy dedicated to him or to Hauron (or Hauron-Harmachis) are available, with the exception of an isolate reference to a certain Pay, a grain measurer in his service, which is considered difficult to reconcile with the large number of available sources documenting the daily life of ancient Giza.[60] While it is known that he did receive offerings like other deities, further features of his official cult are therefore difficult to ascertain.[60] The limestone doors of a building from the reign of Tutankhamun located in the proximity of the Great Sphinx refer to the pharaoh as the "beloved of Hauron."[61] Seti I dedicated a stela depicting him during a hunt and praising his military accomplishments to Hauron-Harmachis.[61] During the reign of Ramesses II, the cult of Hauron is attested outside Giza for the first time, specifically in Deir el-Medina and possibly also in Pi-Ramesses.[57] A reference to "Hauron of Lebanon" has been identified in the inscription on a sphinx from the Ramesside period from Tell el-Maskhuta too.[11]
Associations with local deities
In Egyptian context, Hauron came to be associated with
On amulets from Deir el-Medina, Hauron instead appears alongside Shed, and according to Jacobus van Dijk seemingly could be identified with him in this area, as evidenced by use of double names Hauron-Shed and Shed-Hauron.[11]
Iconography
It was the norm in
First millennium BCE attestations
In the
In the Hebrew Bible, Hauron is mentioned in the toponym Beth-Horon (Hebrew: בֵית־חוֹרֹ֔ן; Joshua 16:3, 5), "house of Hauron."[3] The name apparently refers to two separate settlements, both in the proximity of Jerusalem, sometimes referred to as the "upper" and "lower" Beth Horon.[12] Beth-Horon is also mentioned in a Hebrew ostracon from Tell Qasile and in an Egyptian topographical list from the reign of Shoshenq I.[12] It has also been proposed that a connection existed between his name and Horonaim, a city located in Moab.[12] A further toponym which might at least be cognate with Hauron's name is Hauran.[26]
The worship of Hauron continued in Egypt as late as in the
The last known reference to Hauron is a
See also
- Canaanite religion
- Horus, Egyptian deity
References
- ^ a b c d Hart 2005, p. 66.
- ^ a b c d Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 44.
- ^ a b c d Frayne & Stuckey 2021, p. 125.
- ^ a b Bordreuil & Pardee 2009, p. 315.
- ^ a b c Krebernik 2013, p. 207.
- ^ a b Zivie-Coche 2011, p. 5.
- ^ a b Quack 2015, p. 263.
- ^ a b Traunecker 2001, p. 107.
- ^ Lilyquist 1994, p. 96.
- ^ a b van Dijk 1989, p. 59.
- ^ a b c van Dijk 1989, p. 62.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rüterswörden 1999, p. 425.
- ^ a b c Wyatt 2007, p. 162.
- ^ Rahmouni 2008, pp. 176–177.
- ^ a b c Lewis 2011, p. 208.
- ^ Rahmouni 2008, p. 177.
- ^ Rahmouni 2008, pp. 201–202.
- ^ a b Lewis 2014, p. 14.
- ^ Lewis 2014, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d e f Rüterswörden 1999, p. 426.
- ^ a b c Wilkinson 2003, p. 108.
- ^ van Dijk 1989, p. 63.
- ^ a b c d Pardee 2002, p. 188.
- ^ a b c Watson 2004, p. 134.
- ^ a b c d del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Wyatt 2007, p. 161.
- ^ del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014, p. 194.
- ^ Pardee 2002, p. 278.
- ^ Pardee 2002, p. 101.
- ^ a b van Dijk 1989, p. 60.
- ^ Nakata 1995, p. 253.
- ^ van Dijk 1989, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Na'aman 1990, pp. 252–253.
- ^ a b Na'aman 1990, p. 253.
- ^ Na'aman 1990, p. 254.
- ^ Day 1999, p. 36.
- ^ Streck 2001, p. 519.
- ^ del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014, pp. 161–162.
- ^ Lewis 2011, p. 213.
- ^ a b del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014, p. 32.
- ^ Wiggins 1996, pp. 338–339.
- ^ a b Wiggins 1996, p. 340.
- ^ a b c d Pardee 2002, p. 172.
- ^ van Dijk 1989, p. 61.
- ^ del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Wiggins 1996, pp. 339–340.
- ^ Wiggins 1996, p. 339.
- ^ Wiggins 1996, pp. 340–341.
- ^ del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014, pp. 191–194.
- ^ Pardee 2002, p. 173.
- ^ del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014, p. 122.
- ^ Pardee 2002, p. 178.
- ^ Wiggins 1996, p. 341.
- ^ a b Lewis 2011, p. 207.
- ^ a b Lewis 2011, p. 216.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2011, p. 2.
- ^ a b c Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 71.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 47.
- ^ a b c Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 70.
- ^ a b Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 73.
- ^ a b Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 51.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 10.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 72.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2011, p. 6.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 57.
- ^ Quack 2015, p. 264.
- ^ Lilyquist 1994, p. 98.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 55.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d Xella 1988, p. 57.
- ^ Wiggins 2007, p. 211.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 89.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 90.
- ^ Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 85.
- ^ Kletter, Ziffer & Zwickel 2010, p. 88.
- ^ Peckham 2014, p. 198.
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