Haverhill, Massachusetts

Coordinates: 42°47′N 71°5′W / 42.783°N 71.083°W / 42.783; -71.083
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Haverhill (disambiguation).

Haverhill, Massachusetts
City
Haverhill from across the Merrimack River
Haverhill from across the Merrimack River
FIPS code
25-29405
GNIS feature ID0612607
Websitewww.haverhillma.gov

Haverhill (/ˈheɪvrɪl/ HAY-vril) is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Haverhill is located 35 miles north of Boston on the New Hampshire border and about 17 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. The population was 67,787 at the 2020 United States census.[2]

Located on the Merrimack River, Haverhill began as a farming community of Puritans, largely from Newbury Plantation. The land was officially purchased from the Pentuckets on November 15, 1642 (One year after incorporation) for three pounds, and ten shillings.[3][4] Pentucket was renamed Haverhill (after the Ward family's hometown in England) and evolved into an important industrial center, beginning with sawmills and gristmills run by water power. In the 18th and 19th century, Haverhill developed woolen mills, tanneries, shipping and shipbuilding. The town was home to a significant shoe-making industry for many decades. By the end of 1913, one tenth of the shoes produced in the United States were made in Haverhill, and because of this the town was known during the time as the "Queen Slipper City".

History

Haverhill has played a role in nearly every era of American history, from the initial colonial settlement, to the French and Indian Wars, and the American Revolutionary and Civil Wars.[5]

17th century

The town was founded in 1640 by settlers from Newbury, and was originally known as Pentuckett, which is for "place of the winding river". Settlers such as John Ward, Robert Clements, Tristram Coffin, Hugh Sheratt, William White, and Thomas Davis aided in the purchase of Pentuckett. The land was sold by Passaquo and Saggahew who claimed to have permission from Passaconaway, though nothing more is known of these two figures in the historical record and it is not clear whether they were at liberty to sell the land, or indeed whether they had a shared understanding of what such a contract would entail.[6]

Settlers Thomas Hale, Henry Palmer, Thomas Davis, James Davis and William White were Pentuckett's first

selectmen. First Court appointments given to end small causes were given to Robert Clements, Henry Palmer, and Thomas Hale. At the same court, it was John Osgood and Thomas Hale that were also appointed to lay the way from Haverhill to Andover.[7] It is said that these early settlers worshipped under a large oak tree, known as the "Worshipping Oak".[8]

Worshipping Oak, August 2012

The town was renamed for the English town of Haverhill, Suffolk,[9] in deference to the birthplace of the settlement's first pastor, Rev. John Ward.[10] The original Haverhill settlement was located around the corner of Water Street and Mill Street, near the Linwood Cemetery and Burying Ground. The home of the city's father, William White, still stands, although it was expanded and renovated in the 17th and 18th centuries. White's Corner (Merrimack Street and Main Street) was named for his family, as was the White Fund at Boston's Museum of Fine Arts.

Judge

Court of Oyer and Terminer
.

One of the initial group of settlers,

Tristram Coffin, ran an inn. However, he grew disenchanted with the town's stance against his strong ales, and in 1659 left Haverhill to become one of the founders of the settlement at Nantucket
.

Haverhill was for many years a frontier town, and was occasionally subjected to Indian raids, which were sometimes accompanied by French colonial troops from

Hannah Dustin became famous for killing and then scalping her native captors, who were converts to Catholicism, after being captured in the Raid on Haverhill (1697). The city has the distinction of featuring the first statue erected in honor of a woman in the United States. In the late 19th century, it was Woolen Mill Tycoon Ezekiel J. M. Hale that commissioned a statue in her memory in Grand Army Republic Park. The statue depicts Dustin brandishing an axe.[11] Her captivity narrative and subsequent escape and revenge upon her captors caught the attention of Cotton Mather, who wrote about her, and she also received from the colonial leaders a reward per Indian scalp. In recent years some have criticized Hannah Dustin since the Native American Indians she killed and scalped in order to escape were allegedly not her original captors and among the people she killed were young children. Hannah, born Hannah Emerson, is often maligned for coming from a troubled family: in 1676 her father Michael Emerson was fined for excessive violence toward his 12-year-old daughter Elizabeth, who in 1693 was hanged for concealing the deaths of her illegitimate twin daughters; and in 1683 Hannah's sister Mary was whipped for fornication. There were never any allegations of any sort against Hannah herself.[12]

18th century

In 1708, during

was raided by a party of French, Algonquin and Abenaki Indians. Like most towns, Haverhill has been struck by several epidemics. Diphtheria killed 256 children in Haverhill between November 17, 1735, and December 31, 1737.[13]

George Washington visited Haverhill on November 4, 1789. This tour was part of "A tour through the Eastern states in order to acquire knowledge of the face of the Country, the growth and agriculture thereof and the temper and disposition of the inhabitants toward the new government," according to Washington.[14]

19th century

The Bradford Academy was established in 1803. It began as a co-educational institution, then became women-only in 1836.[15]

In 1826, an

temperance society
was formed in 1828.

Haverhill residents were early advocates for the abolition of slavery, and the city still retains a number of houses which served as stops on the Underground Railroad. In 1834, a branch of the American Anti-Slavery Society was organized in the city. In 1841, citizens from Haverhill petitioned Congress for dissolution of the Union, on the grounds that Northern resources were being used to maintain slavery. John Quincy Adams presented the Haverhill Petition on January 24, 1842.[10] Even though Adams moved that the petition be answered in the negative, an attempt was made to censure him for even presenting the petition.[16] In addition, poet and outspoken abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier was from Haverhill.

The Haverhill and Boston Stage Coach company operated from 1818 to 1837 when the railroad was extended to Haverhill from Andover. It then changed its name and routes to the Northern and Eastern Stage company.

It was Ezekiel Hale Jr. and son Ezekiel James Madison Hale (descendants of Thomas Hale) that gave Haverhill a great head of steam. It was in the summer of 1835, the brick factory on Winter St was erected by Ezekiel Hale Jr. and Son. It was intended to run woolen flannel at a whopping six hundred yards of flannel per day. It was Ezekiel JM Hale, age 21 and graduate of Dartmouth College that came to the rescue when fire destroyed the operation in 1845. He rebuilt the mill at Hale's Falls, now more than twice as large produced nearly three times the output. Ezekiel JM Hale became Haverhill's Tycoon. EJM Hale served a term in the State Senate and was much revered in the area. Hale donated large sums of money to build the hospital and library.[17]

Haverhill was incorporated as a city in 1870.

In the early morning hours of February 17, 1882, a massive fire destroyed much of the city's mill section, in a blaze that encompassed over 10 acres (4.0 ha). Firefighting efforts were hampered by not only the primitive fire fighting equipment of the period, but also high winds and freezing temperatures. The nearby water source—the Merrimack River—was frozen, and hoses dropped through the ice tended to freeze as well. A New York Times report the next day established the damage at 300 businesses destroyed and damage worth approximately $2M (in 1882 dollars).[18][19][20]

Annexation

Bradford fits naturally into Haverhill but they were separate towns until January 1, 1897, when Bradford joined the City of Haverhill. Bradford was originally the western part of Rowley until it split from Old Rowley in 1672. In 1850, the East part of Bradford left and was founded as the independent town of Groveland. When Haverhill became a city in 1870, there were calls for Bradford to be annexed. This would go on for another 26 years. Neither town agreed to a plan, until in late 1896, the vote came up and both sides agreed to join.

There were many reasons for the decision. Finances played a part into the annexation; a lot of people who lived in Bradford had businesses in Haverhill and wanted lower taxes. Traditionalists wanted Haverhill to be a

dry town as Bradford was. Businesses in Lawrence, Portsmouth, and Andover
wanted Haverhill to be a dry town so more business would show up and increase businesses in those towns. The demand for municipal services like hospitals, schools, and a new factory downtown were in Haverhill while Bradford had none of the three. The Bradford Center of town wanted to join Haverhill but the Ward Hill section of town did not at the time since it was a substantial distance from both Bradford and Haverhill.

Finally, another reason why Haverhill wanted to annex Bradford was to return the town to majority English instead of the plurality of Irish, French Canadians and Central Europeans (Hungarians, Slovaks, Germans, and Italians) it had become with the influx of mill workers. Haverhill gladly approved with the first ballot in 1870 and Bradford was no more starting January 1, 1897. Bradford remains the only town in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to be annexed to a neighboring city other than Boston.

Haverhill became the first American city with a socialist mayor in 1898 when it elected former shoe factory worker and cooperative grocery store clerk John C. Chase.[21] Chase was re-elected to this position in 1899 but was defeated the following year.

20th century

Haverhill was the site of a riot in 1915 as well as the eponymous Haverhill fever, also known as rat-bite fever, in 1926.

In the early part of the 20th century, the manufacturing base in the city came under pressure as a result of lower priced imports from abroad. The Great Depression exacerbated the economic slump, and as a result city leaders enthusiastically embraced the concept of

Oddfellows
Hall, the Old City Hall, the Second Meetinghouse, the Pentucket Club, and the Old Library, among others.

In 1932, French residents erected a statue of

Marquis de Lafayette
which still stands today in the aptly named intersection called Lafayette Square.

During Urban Renewal, the iconic high school—the inspiration for Bob Montana's Archie Comics[22]—was declared "unsound" and slated for demolition. Instead, the historic City Hall on Main Street was demolished, and city began using the High School of Archie's Gang as the new City Hall.

Urban Renewal was controversial. Several leading citizens argued to use the funds for preservation rather than demolition. Their plan was not accepted in Haverhill, which chose to demolish much of its historic downtown, including entire swaths of Merrimack Street, River Street, and Main Street. However, examples of the city's architecture, spanning nearly four centuries, abound: from early colonial houses (the White residence, the Dustin House, the 1704 John Ward House, the 1691 Kimball Tavern, and the historic district of Rocks Village) to the modernist 1960s architecture of the downtown Haverhill Bank. The city's Highlands district, adjacent to downtown, is a fine example of the variety of Victorian mansions built during Haverhill's boom years as a shoe manufacturing city.[citation needed]

21st century

Throughout the 21st century, Haverhill has undergone a substantial renaissance of many sorts. Housing trends, combined with a rezoning by the city led by longtime Mayor James Fiorentini and the use of Federal and State brownfield's money to clean up abandoned factories, resulted in the conversion of several abandoned factories in downtown into

condominiums. There has been a total of $150 million in public and private investment in the old factory district area. Additionally, the Washington Street area gained new dining and entertainment spots, with federal, state and local funds contributing to removing an abandoned gas station on Granite Street. The site was cleaned up and converted into a 350-space parking garage. The city was also able to obtain federal, state and local money to put in a new boardwalk and boat docks in the downtown area aside the Merrimack River.[23]

In recent years,[when?] the city completed a rezoning of downtown proposed by Mayor Fiorentini designed to encourage artist loft live work space and educational uses for the downtown area. Despite the city's efforts, old buildings remain vacant or underutilized, such as the former Woolworth department store, which has been boarded up for over 40 years at the intersection of Main Street and Merrimack Street. The building was eventually purchased, with plans put into place to renovate and repurpose the site; however, this never actually happened.[24] On March 19, 2015, the Woolworth building was demolished to make way for a $68 million (~$85.5 million in 2023) development.[25]

In 2018, it was announced that the mayor's administration was successful in acquiring $13 million (~$15.5 million in 2023) in state funding to go towards increasing pedestrian safety on North Avenue, a major northern route connecting the city to Plaistow, New Hampshire.[26]

Timeline

Timeline of Haverhill, Massachusetts
  • View of Haverhill, 1850
    View of Haverhill, 1850
  • Map of Haverhill, 1876
    Map of Haverhill, 1876
  • City Hall, built 1889
    City Hall, built 1889
  • Teddy Roosevelt addressing crowd in Haverhill, 1902
    Teddy Roosevelt addressing crowd in Haverhill, 1902
  • Aerial view of Haverhill, 2008
    Aerial view of Haverhill, 2008

Geography

According to the

USGS 7.5-minute topographical map.[45]
The city also has several ponds and lakes, as well as three golf courses.

Haverhill is bordered by

Newburyport, 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Manchester, New Hampshire, and 32 miles (51 km) north of Boston
.

Climate

Climate data for Haverhill, Massachusetts (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1899–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		77
(25) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		99
(37) 		101
(38) 		105
(41) 		104
(40) 		98
(37) 		89
(32) 		84
(29) 		76
(24) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 56.8
(13.8) 		58.8
(14.9) 		67.8
(19.9) 		80.6
(27.0) 		88.6
(31.4) 		91.9
(33.3) 		94.0
(34.4) 		92.5
(33.6) 		88.7
(31.5) 		79.2
(26.2) 		70.4
(21.3) 		61.1
(16.2) 		95.7
(35.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 34.9
(1.6) 		37.6
(3.1) 		45.0
(7.2) 		57.0
(13.9) 		67.5
(19.7) 		76.4
(24.7) 		82.4
(28.0) 		81.1
(27.3) 		73.5
(23.1) 		61.8
(16.6) 		50.5
(10.3) 		40.2
(4.6) 		59.0
(15.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 25.6
(−3.6) 		27.2
(−2.7) 		34.7
(1.5) 		45.6
(7.6) 		56.1
(13.4) 		65.4
(18.6) 		71.8
(22.1) 		69.9
(21.1) 		62.3
(16.8) 		50.7
(10.4) 		40.5
(4.7) 		31.2
(−0.4) 		48.4
(9.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 16.2
(−8.8) 		16.9
(−8.4) 		24.3
(−4.3) 		34.3
(1.3) 		44.8
(7.1) 		54.4
(12.4) 		61.1
(16.2) 		58.8
(14.9) 		51.1
(10.6) 		39.6
(4.2) 		30.6
(−0.8) 		22.3
(−5.4) 		37.9
(3.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1.8
(−18.8) 		0.8
(−17.3) 		8.4
(−13.1) 		23.9
(−4.5) 		31.8
(−0.1) 		42.6
(5.9) 		51.2
(10.7) 		48.1
(8.9) 		37.4
(3.0) 		26.8
(−2.9) 		17.4
(−8.1) 		6.8
(−14.0) 		−4.1
(−20.1)
Record low °F (°C) −21
(−29) 		−17
(−27) 		−4
(−20) 		9
(−13) 		24
(−4) 		36
(2) 		41
(5) 		36
(2) 		22
(−6) 		19
(−7) 		−2
(−19) 		−19
(−28) 		−21
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.53
(90) 		3.59
(91) 		4.80
(122) 		4.29
(109) 		4.08
(104) 		4.23
(107) 		3.55
(90) 		3.76
(96) 		4.01
(102) 		5.32
(135) 		3.90
(99) 		4.52
(115) 		49.58
(1,260)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 16.2
(41) 		15.6
(40) 		11.9
(30) 		1.8
(4.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		1.4
(3.6) 		10.8
(27) 		57.8
(146.45)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 9.4
(24) 		9.7
(25) 		9.5
(24) 		1.2
(3.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		1.1
(2.8) 		7.1
(18) 		16.0
(41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.6 9.7 11.4 12.0 12.8 11.4 10.0 9.4 9.3 11.5 10.9 11.5 130.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.8 5.4 3.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 4.0 20.2
Source 1: NOAA[46]
Source 2: National Weather Service[47]

Geology

The overall terrain within Haverhill is heavily influenced by various glacial formations. With drumlins, moraines, eskars, glacial erratics, and kettle ponds being common. Gravel mining operations are conducted along eskars and glacial deposites of readily accessible gravel.

Much of the soil within Haverhill is consolidated glacial till; inceptisols with moderate pedological development being the most common, as well as spodidols seen within the coniferous forests local to the area. Various fluvial deposits can be seen surrounding the river banks of the Merrimack and its tributaries.

The river systems within Haverhill have also been heavily altered by glacial activity, with drainage patterns being inconsistent and variable. Because of this inconsistency, and examples of each drainage pattern in some capacity being observable, streams and rivers within Haverhill would be classified as having a deranged drainage pattern.

Within close proximity of the Clinton-Newbury fault line, the bedrock topography of Haverhill is part of the Berwick Formation, consisting of metasandstone quartzite and sulfuric mica schists dating from the Silurian period. However other metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and shale are relatively common. Granite, feldspars, and other igneous silicates are also abundant.

Points of interest

Demographics

See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income
Historical population
YearPop.±%
17902,408—    
18002,730+13.4%
18102,682−1.8%
18203,070+14.5%
18303,896+26.9%
18404,336+11.3%
18505,877+35.5%
18609,995+70.1%
187013,092+31.0%
188018,472+41.1%
189027,412+48.4%
190037,175+35.6%
191044,115+18.7%
192053,884+22.1%
193048,710−9.6%
194046,752−4.0%
195047,280+1.1%
196046,346−2.0%
197046,120−0.5%
198046,865+1.6%
199051,418+9.7%
200058,969+14.7%
201060,879+3.2%
202067,787+11.3%
2022*67,153−0.9%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[60]

As of the

Census 2000
.

There were 22,976 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $49,833, and the median income for a family was $59,772. Males had a median income of $41,197 versus $31,779 for females. The

poverty line
, including 12.3% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.

Crime

Haverhill
Crime rates* (2020)
Violent crimes
Larceny-theft
411
Motor vehicle theft83
Arson6
Total property crime638
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

2020 population: 67,787

Source: 2020 FBI UCR Data

In 2019, Haverhill's violent crime rate per 100,000 inhabitants was higher than the average rate of violent crime in both the state of Massachusetts and the nation as a whole.[62] The rate of violent crime in Haverhill has declined in the past several years, however, from a recent peak of 391 in 2017 to a low of 304 in 2020.[63]

Government

City government

Haverhill operates under a mayor–council form of government. The current mayor is Melinda Barrett, who has been Mayor of Haverhill since 2024. She is the first female mayor of Haverhill, The city council has nine members, elected every two years. The most recent election was in 2023.

State representation

Haverhill is represented in the state legislature by officials elected from the following districts:[64]

Education

Haverhill is the home of the main campus of

liberal arts higher education in Haverhill. In 2007, it became the new home of the Zion Bible College, now called Northpoint Bible College. The University of Massachusetts Lowell has a satellite campus in Haverhill in the Harbor Place building, and also offers several courses at Northern Essex Community College. Haverhill completed the reconstruction of the Hunking middle school in the Bradford part of the city. Haverhill is also home to the historic Walnut Square School, first built in 1898 at a cost of $30,000 (~$938,133 in 2023). The school's tower clock was created by Mr. Edward Howard, a famous clock maker of the 1890s, at a cost of $1,300.[66]

Public schools in the city are operated by the Haverhill Public Schools District.[67]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Haverhill lies along

108, 110, 113 and 125. Routes 108 and 125 both have their northern termini at the New Hampshire state border, where both continue as New Hampshire state routes. Four of the five state routes, except Route 108, share at least a portion of their roadways in the town with each other. Haverhill is the site of six road crossings and a rail crossing of the Merrimack; two by I-495 (the first leading into Methuen), the Comeau Bridge (Railroad Avenue, which leads to the Bradford MBTA station), the Haverhill/Reading Line Railroad Bridge, the Basiliere Bridge (Rte. 125/Bridge St.), the Bates Bridge (Rtes. 97/113 to Groveland), and the Rocks Village Bridge, to West Newbury, just south of the Merrimac town line. In 2010, a project began to replace the Bates Bridge, 60 feet (18 m) downstream, with a modern bridge. The project is expected to take two to three years and cost approximately $45 million.[68]

Manchester-Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, and the nearest international airport is Logan International Airport
in Boston.

XFINITY) throughout the majority of the city. Atlantic Broadband also provides its Breezeline
internet service, but still in limited areas as of 2024.

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  2. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Haverhill city, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  3. ^ The History of Haverhill, Massachusetts by George Wingate Chase, pp. 46, 47
  4. ^ COCO+CO. (August 21, 2016). "How Haverhill Was Really Founded". WHAV. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  5. ^ George Wingate Chase, History of Haverhill, Massachusetts.
  6. ^ Perley, Sidney (1912). The Indian land titles of Essex County, Massachusetts. The Library of Congress. Salem, Mass. : Essex Book and Print Club.
  7. ^ George Wingate Chase, The History of Haverhill, Massachusetts, p. 46–47, 63–65.
  8. ^ "History of Universalist Unitarian Church of Haverhill". uuhaverhill.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  9. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 152.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chisholm 1911, p. 81.
  11. ^ Mason, Amelia (May 1, 2021). "Town's Statue Of Colonial Woman Who Killed Natives Sparks Debate". NPR News. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  12. ^ "ExecutedToday.com » 1693: Elizabeth Emerson". Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  13. ^ "Throat Distemper in Haverhill from Essex Antiquarian Vol.3 1899 page 10". Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  14. ^ "George Washington's 1789 Visit to Haverhill". Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  15. ^ Kingsbury, J. D. (1883). Memorial History of Bradford, Mass (PDF). C.C. Morse & Son. pp. 119, 120.
  16. ISBN 0-394-56922-9
    .
  17. ^ Arthurs Gazette http://arthursgazette.blogspot.com/2010/02/ejm-was-married-to-lucy-lapham-daughter.html
  18. ^ "The Great Fire At Haverhill" (PDF). The New York Times. February 20, 1882.
  19. ^ "Haverhill's Great Loss" (PDF). The New York Times. February 19, 1882.
  20. ^ Haverhill, MA City Fire, Feb 1882 | GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine. .gendisasters.com (2009-11-02). Retrieved on 2013-08-02.
  21. ^ Frederic C. Heath, Social Democracy Red Book. Terre Haute, IN: Debs Publishing Co., 1900; p. 108.
  22. ^ "A Search For The Real-Life Archie, Betty And Friends Began In Haverhill". www.wbur.org. Retrieved December 24, 2019.https://www.wbur.org/artery/2015/05/30/archie-betty-haverhill-geary
  23. ^ Regan, Shawn (September 28, 2009). "Haverhill gets final $1.7 million for parking garage". Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  24. ^ Regan, Shawn (December 11, 2014). "Last historic items gone from Woolworth building". Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  25. ^ "Woolworth's Gone; What You Never Knew About the Land". WHAV. March 20, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  26. ^ LaBella, Mike (June 11, 2018). "City secures money for North Avenue fix". Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  27. OL 6909262M
  28. ^ Scholl Center for American History and Culture. "Massachusetts: Individual County Chronologies". Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Chicago: Newberry Library. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  29. ^ a b c d Davies Project. "American Libraries before 1876". Princeton University. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
  30. ^ Bridgman 1879.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Industries 1886.
  32. ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
  33. ^ a b Board of Trade 1889.
  34. ^ "Merrimac Bridge, Spanning Merrimac River on Bridge Street, Haverhill, Essex County, MA". Historic American Engineering Record (Library of Congress). Retrieved September 29, 2012.
  35. ^ "Outing (magazine)". August 1885. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  36. ^ "List of Historical Societies in Massachusetts". Old-Time New England. July 1921.
  37. hdl:2027/mdp.39015034759541
    .
  38. ^ "History". Rotary Club of Haverhill. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
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Bibliography

published in 19th century
published in 20th century
published in 21st century

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haverhill, Massachusetts.
Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Haverhill.
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