Hawaiian honeycreeper

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Hawaiian honeycreeper
ʻIʻiwi (Drepanis coccinea)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genera

See text

Synonyms

Drepanididae
Drepanidini[verification needed] (see text)
Drepaniidae
Drepanidinae

Beak and tongue shapes of Hawaiian honeycreepers and the Mohoidae

Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small birds endemic to Hawaiʻi. They are members of the finch family Fringillidae, closely related to the rosefinches (Carpodacus), but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii, with extinctions increasing over the last two centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes.[1][2]

Taxonomy

Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a

Passerellidae) were included in the finch family; this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today.[4][5] Most recently, the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily Carduelinae.[2][6]

The Hawaiian honeycreepers are the sister taxon to the Carpodacus rosefinches. Their ancestors are thought to have been from Asia and diverged from Carpodacus about 7.2 million years ago, and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the Hawaiian Islands between 5.7-7.2 million years ago, which was roughly the same time that the islands of Ni'ihau and Kauai formed. The lineage of the recently extinct po'ouli (Melamprosops) was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, diverging about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The lineage containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza was the second to diverge, diverging about a million years after the po'ouli's lineage. Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid-late Pliocene, after the formation of Oahu but prior to the formation of Maui. Due to this, Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers, allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu.[7]

A phylogenetic tree of the recent Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages is shown here. Genera or clades with question marks (?) are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement.[7][8]

†

Melamprosops (the extinct poʻouli
)

ʻalauahios and the extinct kākāwahie
)

?

ʻakikiki
)

Kauai palila
)

?

†

koa-finches
)

?

†Chloridops (the extinct Hawaiian grosbeaks)

Telespiza (Laysan & Nihoa finches, and several prehistoric species from the larger islands)

?

Psittirostra (the possibly extinct ʻōʻū
)

†

Lanai hookbill
)

†

ʻula-ʻai-hāwane and stout-legged finch
)

ʻiʻiwi and the extinct mamos
)

ʻākohekohe
)

ʻapapane and the extinct Laysan honeycreeper
)

nukupuʻus
)

?

†Akialoa (the extinct ʻakialoas)

kiwikiu
)

The classification of Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and forming the second most basal group is based on genetic and molecular evidence, and has been affirmed by numerous studies; however, when morphological evidence only is used, Paroreomyza is instead the second most basal genus, with Oreomystis being the third most basal genus and more closely allied with the derived Hawaiian honeycreepers, as Oreomystis shares traits with the derived honeycreepers, such as a squared-off tongue and a distinct musty odor, that Paroreomyza does not. This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera, and it would be seemingly impossible for only Paroreomyza to have lost the distinctive traits but Oreomystis and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them, thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum.[8]

Viridonia (containing the greater ʻamakihi) may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus Aidemedia (containing the prehistoric icterid-like and sickle-billed gapers), and has the most debated taxonomy; it was long classified within the "greater Hemignathus" radiation (a now-paraphyletic grouping containing species formerly lumped within Hemignathus, including Hemignathus, Akialoa, and Chlorodrepanis) and while some sources speculate it as being sister to Chlorodrepanis (containing the lesser ʻamakihis), other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus Loxops (containing the 'akepas, ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawī).[8]

Characteristics

Nearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage, described by many researchers as "rather like that of old canvas tents".[9][10]

Today, the flowers of the native ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha) are favored by a number of nectarivorous honeycreepers. The wide range of bill shapes in this group, from thick, finch-like bills to slender, down-curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through adaptive radiation, where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of ecological niches. Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past, and many more in earlier times, following the arrival of humans who introduced non-native animals (ex: rats, pigs, goats, cows) and converted habitat for agriculture.[11][12]

Genera and species

The term "prehistoric" indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaiʻi (i.e., from the late 1st millennium AD on) and European contact in 1778.

Subfamily Carduelinae

  • Drepanidini
    • Genus Aidemedia Olson & James, 1991 – straight thin bills, insectivores[13]
      • Aidemedia chascax
        prehistoric
        )
      • Aidemedia lutetiae
        prehistoric
        )
      • Aidemedia zanclops
        prehistoric
        )
    • Genus Akialoa Olson & James, 1995 – pointed, long and down-curved bills, insectivorous or nectarivorous
      • Akialoa ellisiana
        extinct
        , 1940)
      • Akialoa lanaiensis
        extinct
        , 1892)
      • Akialoa stejnegeri
        extinct
        , 1969)
      • Akialoa obscura
        extinct
        , 1940)
      • Akialoa upupirostris –
        prehistoric
        )
    • Genus Chloridops Wilson, 1888 – thick-billed, hard seed (e.g. Myoporum sandwicense) specialist
      • Chloridops kona
        extinct
        , 1894)
      • Chloridops regiskongi –
        prehistoric
        )
      • Chloridops wahi –
        prehistoric
        )
    • Genus Chlorodrepanis Olson & James, 1995 – pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous
    • Genus Ciridops Newton, 1892 – finch-like, fed on fruit of Pritchardia species
      • Ciridops anna
        extinct
        , 1892 or 1937)
      • Ciridops tenax
        prehistoric
        )
    • Genus Drepanis Temminck, 1820 – down-curved bills, nectarivores
      • Drepanis funerea
        extinct
        , 1907)
      • Drepanis pacifica
        extinct
        , 1898)
      • Drepanis coccinea
        ʻiʻiwi
    • Genus Dysmorodrepanis Perkins, 1919 – pincer-like bill, possibly snail specialist
      • Dysmorodrepanis munroi
        extinct
        , 1918)
    • Genus Hemignathus Lichtenstein, 1839 – pointed or long and down-curved bills, insectivorous
      • Hemignathus affinis –
        extinct
        , 1995–1998)
      • Hemignathus hanapepe –
        extinct
        , 1998)
      • Hemignathus lucidus –
        extinct
        , 1837)
      • Hemignathus vorpalis
        prehistoric)[14]
      • Hemignathus wilsoni
        ʻakiapolaʻau
    • Genus Himatione – thin-billed, nectarivorous
      • Himatione sanguinea
        ʻapapane
      • Himatione fraithii –
        extinct
        , 1923)
    • Genus Loxioides Oustalet, 1877 – finch-like, Fabales seed specialists
      • Loxioides bailleui Oustalet, 1877 – palila
      • Loxioides kikuichi Olson & James, 2006 –
        prehistoric
        , possibly survived to the early 18th century)
    • Genus Loxops – small pointed bills with the tips slightly crossed, insectivorous
      • Loxops caeruleirostris
        ‘akeke‘e
      • Loxops coccineus Gmelin, 1789 – Hawaiʻi ʻakepa
      • Loxops ochraceus
        extinct
        , 1988)
      • Loxops wolstenholmei
        extinct
        , 1990s)
      • Loxops mana Wilson, 1891 – Hawaiʻi creeper
    • Genus Magumma - small pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous
      • Magumma parva
        ʻanianiau
    • Genus Melamprosops Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – short pointed bill, insectivorous and snail specialist
      • Melamprosops phaeosoma Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – poʻouli (extinct, 2004)
    • Genus Oreomystis Wilson, 1891 – short pointed bills, insectivorous
      • Oreomystis bairdi
        ʻakikiki
    • Genus Orthiospiza – large weak bill, possibly soft seed or fruit specialist?
      • Orthiospiza howarthi
        prehistoric
        )
    • Genus Palmeria Rothschild, 1893 – thin-billed, nectarivorous, favors Metrosideros polymorpha
      • Palmeria dolei
        ʻakohekohe
    • Genus Paroreomyza – short pointed bills, insectivorous
      • Paroreomyza maculata Cabanis, 1850 –
        extinct
        , early 1990s?)
      • Paroreomyza flammea (
        extinct
        , 1963)
      • Paroreomyza montana
        • Paroreomyza montana montana
          extinct
          , 1937)
        • Paroreomyza montana newtoni (Rothschild, 1893) –
          Maui ‘alauahio
    • Genus Pseudonestor – parrot-like bill, probes wood for insect larvae
    • Genus Psittirostra – slightly hooked bill, Freycinetia arborea fruit specialist
      • Psittirostra psittacea
        extinct
        , 1998?)
    • Genus Rhodacanthis – large-billed, granivorous, legume specialists[15]
      • Rhodacanthis flaviceps Rothschild, 1892 –
        extinct
        , 1891)
      • Rhodacanthis forfex
        prehistoric
        )
      • Rhodacanthis litotes
        prehistoric
        )
      • Rhodacanthis palmeri Rothschild, 1892 –
        extinct
        , 1896)
    • Genus Telespiza Wilson, 1890 – finch-like, granivorous, opportunistic scavengers
    • Genus Vangulifer – flat rounded bills, possibly caught flying insects
      • Vangulifer mirandus – strange-billed finch (
        prehistoric
        )
      • Vangulifer neophasis – thin-billed finch (
        prehistoric
        )
    • Genus Viridonia
      • Viridonia sagittirostris
        extinct
        , 1901)
    • Genus Xestospiza James & Oslon, 1991 – cone-shaped bills, possibly insectivorous
      • Xestospiza conica James & Olson, 1991 –
        prehistoric
        )
      • Xestospiza fastigialis James & Olson, 1991 –
        prehistoric
        )

Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three tribes – Hemignathini, Psittirostrini, and Drepanidini – but they are not currently classified as such.

Conservation

This section is an excerpt from Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation.[edit]
Hawaiian honeycreepers (
extant species of honeycreeper still exist.[16] Threats to species include habitat loss, avian malaria, predation by non-native mammals, and competition from non-native birds.[17]

See also

Cited references

  1. PMID 22018543
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 22023825
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1
  4. ISBN 978-0-691-11701-0
    .
  5. ^ AOU Check-list of North American Birds Accessed 26 December 2007
  6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  7. ^
    PMID 22018543
    .
  8. ^ a b c "A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog". www.malamamaunakea.org. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  9. ISBN 978-0-19-854653-5
    .
  10. JSTOR 1368806
    .
  11. JSTOR 40166794
    .
  12. JSTOR 40166713
    .
  13. ISBN 9781472905741
    . The genus Aidemedia is named in honor of Joan Aidem.
  14. S2CID 41112065
    .
  15. S2CID 40057425
    .
  16. ^
    doi:10.1017/S0959270906000244
    . Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  17. ^ Jacobi, James D.; Carter T. Atkinson (September 28, 2000). "Hawaii's Endemic Birds". U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-04-26.

Other references

  • Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drepanidinae.
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