Hawaiian sovereignty movement
Part of Hawaiian flag represents the Hawaiian Kingdom in distress and is the main symbol of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. |
Main issues |
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Governments |
Historical conflicts |
Modern events |
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Parties and organizations |
Documents and ideas |
Books |
The Hawaiian sovereignty movement (Hawaiian: ke ea Hawaiʻi) is a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom of Hawaii out of a desire for sovereignty, self-determination, and self-governance.[2][3]
Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for its 1893 overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani, and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation. The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal.[4][5]
Palmyra Atoll and Sikaiana were annexed by the Kingdom in the 1860s, and the movement regards them as under illegal occupation along with the Hawaiian Islands.[6][7]
The Apology Resolution the United States Congress passed in 1993 acknowledged that the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was an illegal act.[8]
Sovereignty advocates have attributed problems plaguing native communities including homelessness, poverty, economic marginalization, and the erosion of native traditions to the lack of native governance and political self-determination.[9][10]
The forced depopulation of
It has pursued its agenda through educational initiatives and legislative actions. Along with protests throughout the islands, at the capital (
History
Coinciding with other 1960s and 1970s indigenous activist movements, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement was spearheaded by Native Hawaiian activist organizations and individuals who were critical of issues affecting modern Hawaii, including the islands' urbanization and commercial development, corruption in the Hawaiian Homelands program, and appropriation of native burial grounds and other sacred spaces.[13] In the 1980s, the movement gained cultural and political traction and native resistance grew in response to urbanization and native disenfranchisement. Local and federal legislation provided some protection for native communities but did little to quell expanding commercial development.[10]
In 1993, a joint congressional resolution
Background
Native Hawaiians' ancestors may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands around 350 CE, from other areas of
The Blount Report is the popular name given to the part of the 1893
On December 16, the British Minister to Hawaii was given permission to land marines from HMS Champion for the protection of British interests; the ship's captain predicted that the U.S. military would restore the Queen and Sovereign ruler (Lili'uokalani).[24][25] In a November 1893 meeting with Willis, Lili'uokalani said she wanted the revolutionaries punished and their property confiscated, despite Willis's desire for her to grant them amnesty.[26] In a December 19, 1893, meeting with the leaders of the provisional government, Willis presented a letter by Liliuokalani in which she agreed to grant the revolutionaries amnesty if she were restored as queen. During the conference, Willis told the provisional government to surrender to Liliuokalani and allow Hawaii to return to its previous condition, but the leader of the provisional government, President Sanford Dole, refused, claiming that he was not subject to the authority of the United States.[25][27][28]
The Blount Report was followed in 1894 by the
After the overthrow, the
The U.S. constitution recognizes Native American tribes as domestic, dependent nations with inherent rights of self-determination through the U.S. government as a trust responsibility, which was extended to include
Historical groups
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Royal Order of Kamehameha I
The
The Royal Order of Kamehameha I continues its work in observance and preservation of some native Hawaiian rituals and customs established by the leaders of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. It is often consulted by the U.S. government, the state of Hawaiʻi, and Hawaiʻi's county governments in native Hawaiian-sensitive rites performed at state functions.[37]
Hui Kālai'āina
This organization existed before the overthrow to support a new constitution and was based in Honolulu.[38]
Hui Aloha 'Āina
A highly organized group formed in 1883 from the various islands with a name that reflected Hawaiian cultural beliefs.[38]
Liberal Patriotic Association
The Liberal Patriotic Association was a rebel group formed by
Home Rule Party of Hawaii
After Hawaii's annexation, Wilcox formed the Home Rule Party of Hawaii on June 6, 1900. The party was generally more radical than the Democratic Party of Hawaii. It dominated the Territorial Legislature between 1900 and 1902. But due to its radical and extreme philosophy of Hawaiian nationalism, infighting was prominent. This, in addition to its refusal to work with other parties, meant that it was unable to pass any legislation. After the 1902 election it steadily declined until disbanding in 1912.[citation needed]
Democratic Party of Hawaii
On April 30, 1900,
Sovereignty and cultural rights organizations
ALOHA
The Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry (ALOHA) and the Principality of Aloha[39] were organized sometime in the late 1960s or 1970s when Native Alaskan and American Indian activism was beginning. Native Hawaiians began organizing groups based on their own national interests such as ceded lands, free education, reparations payments, free housing, reform of the Hawaiian Homelands Act and development within the islands.[40] According to Budnick,[41] Louisa Rice established the group in 1969. Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell claims that it was organized in 1972.[42]
ALOHA sought reparations for Native Hawaiians by hiring a former U.S. representative to write a bill that, while not ratified, did spawn a congressional study. The study was allowed only six months and was accused of relying on biased information from a historian hired by the territorial government that overthrew the kingdom as well as from U.S. Navy historians. The commission assigned to the study recommended against reparations.[43]: 61
Ka Lāhui
Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi was formed in 1987 as a local grassroots initiative for Hawaiian sovereignty.
Ka Lāhui and many sovereignty groups oppose the Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 (known as the "
Ka Pākaukau
Ka Pākaukau leader Kekuni Blaisdell[49] is a medical doctor and founding chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawai'i John Burns School of Medicine who advocates for Hawaiian independence.[54] The group began in the late 1980s as the Pā Kaukau coalition with the aim to supply information that could support the sovereignty and independence movement.[55]
Blaisdell and the 12 groups that comprise the Ka Pākaukau believe in a "nation-within-a-nation" concept as a start to independence and are willing to negotiate with the President of the United States as "representatives of our nation as co-equals".[56]
In 1993, Blaisdell convened Ka Ho'okolokolonui Kanaka Maoli, the "People's International Tribunal", which brought indigenous leaders from around the world to Hawaii to put the U.S. government on trial for the theft of Hawaii's sovereignty and other related violations of international law. The tribunal found the U.S. guilty, and published its findings in a lengthy document filed with the U.N. Committees on Human Rights and Indigenous Affairs.[57]
Nation of Hawaiʻi
The Nation of Hawaiʻi is the oldest Hawaiian independence organization.[58] Dennis Puʻuhonua "Bumpy" Kanahele[59][self-published source?] is the group's spokesperson and head of state.[60] In contrast to other independence organizations that lean to the restoration of the monarchy, it advocates a republican government.
In 1989, the group occupied the area surrounding the
Kanahele made headlines again in 1995 when his group gave sanctuary to Nathan Brown, a Native Hawaiian activist who had refused to pay federal taxes in protest against the U.S. presence in Hawaii. Kanahele was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to eight months in federal prison, along with a probation period in which he was barred from the puʻuhonua and participation in his sovereignty efforts.[59]
In 2015, Kanahele portrayed himself in the movie Aloha filmed on location in Hawaii at Puʻuhonua o Waimanalo.[62] This was followed by a 2017 episode of Hawaii Five-0 titled "Ka Laina Ma Ke One (Line in the Sand)".[63]
Mauna Kea Anaina Hou
Kealoha Pisciotta is a former systems specialist for the joint British-Dutch-Canadian telescope[64][65] who became concerned that a stone family shrine she had built for her grandmother and family was removed and found at a dump.[65] She is one of several people who sued to stop the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope[66] and is the director of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou.[67] Mauna Kea Anaina Hou ("People who pray for the mountain",[68][self-published source?]) and its sister group, Mauna Kea Hui, are indigenous Native Hawaiian cultural groups with environmental concerns in Hawaii. The group is described as a "Native Hawaiian organization comprised of cultural and lineal descendants, and traditional, spiritual and religious practitioners of the sacred traditions of Mauna Kea."
The issue of cultural rights on the mountain was the focus of the documentary Mauna Kea—Temple Under Siege, which aired on PBS in 2006 and featured Pisciotta.[65] The Hawaii State Constitution guarantees Native Hawaiians' religious and cultural rights.[69] Many of Hawaii's laws can be traced to Kingdom of Hawaii law. Hawaiʻi Revised Statute § 1-1 codifies Hawaiian custom and gives deference to native traditions.[70] In the early 1970s, managers of Mauna Kea did not seem to pay much attention to Native Hawaiians' complaints about the mountain's sacredness. Mauna Kea Anaina Hou, the Royal Order of Kamehameha I, and the Sierra Club united in opposition to the Keck's proposal to add six outrigger telescopes.[71]
Poka Laenui
Hayden Burgess, an attorney who goes by the Hawaiian name Poka Laenui, heads the Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs.[72] Laenui argues that because of the four international treaties with the U.S. government (1826, 1849, 1875, and 1883), the "U.S. armed invasion and overthrow" of the Hawaiian monarchy, a "friendly government", was illegal in both American and international jurisprudence.[73]
Protect Kahoolawe Ohana (PKO)
In 1976,
The effort to regain Kahoʻolawe from the U.S. Navy inspired new political awareness and activism in the Hawaiian community.[74] Charles Maxwell and other community leaders began to plan a coordinated effort to land on the island, which was still under Navy control. The effort for the "first landing" began in Waikapu (Maui) on January 5, 1976. Over 50 people from across the Hawaiian islands, including a range of cultural leaders, gathered on Maui with the goal of "invading" Kahoolawe on January 6, 1976. The date was selected because of its association with the U.S. bicentennial.
As the larger group headed toward the island, it was intercepted by military crafts. "The Kahoʻolawe Nine" continued and landed on the island. They were Ritte, Emmett Aluli, George Helm, Gail Kawaipuna Prejean, Stephen K. Morse, Kimo Aluli, Aunty Ellen Miles, Ian Lind, and Karla Villalba of the Puyallup/Muckleshoot tribe (Washington State).[75] The effort to retake Kahoʻolawe eventually claimed the lives of Helm and Kimo Mitchell. Helm and Mitchell (who were accompanied by Billy Mitchell, no relation) ran into severe weather and were unable to reach Kahoʻolawe. Despite extensive rescue and recovery efforts, they were never recovered. Ritte became a leader in the Hawaiian community, coordinating community efforts including for water rights, opposition to land development, and the protection of marine animals[76] and ocean resources.[76] He now leads the effort to create state legislation requiring the labeling of genetically modified organisms in Hawaiʻi.[77]
Hawaiian Kingdom
David Keanu Sai and Kamana Beamer are two Hawaiian scholars whose works use international law to argue for the rights of a Hawaiian Kingdom existing today and call for an end to U.S. occupation of the islands.
Sai claimed to represent the Hawaiian Kingdom in Larsen v. Hawaiian Kingdom, a case brought before the World Court's Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague in 2000.[80][81] Although Sai and Lance Paul Larsen agreed to the arbitration, with Larsen suing Sai for not protecting his rights as a Hawaiian Kingdom subject, his actual goal was to have U.S. rule in Hawaii declared a breach of mutual treaty obligations and international law. The case's arbiters affirmed that there was no dispute they could decide, because the U.S. was not a party to the arbitration. As stated in the award from the arbitration panel, "in the absence of the United States of America, the Tribunal can neither decide that Hawaii is not part of the USA, nor proceed on the assumption that it is not. To take either course would be to disregard a principle which goes to heart of the arbitral function in international law."[82]
In a 2000 arbitration hearing before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the Hawaiian flag was raised at the same height at and alongside other countries.[83] But the court accepts arbitration from private entities, and a hearing before it does not mean international recognition.[84]
Hawaiian Kingdom Government
About 70 members of one separatist group, the "Hawaiian Kingdom Government", which claimed about 1,000 members in 2008, chained the gates and blocked the entrance to ʻIolani Palace for about two hours, disrupting tours on April 30, 2008.[85] The incident ended without violence or arrests.[86] Led by Mahealani Kahau, who has taken the title of queen, and Jessica Wright, who has taken the title of princess, it has been meeting daily to conduct "government business" and demand sovereignty for Hawaii and restoration of the monarchy. It negotiated rights to be on the lawn of the grounds during regular hours normally open to the public by applying for a public-assembly permit. Kahau said that "protest" and "sovereignty group" mischaracterize the group, but that it is a seat of government.[87]
Hawaiian sovereignty activists and advocates
- Owana Salazar, claimant to the throne of Hawaiʻi and member of the House of Laʻanui
- Abigail Kinoiki Kekaulike Kawānanakoa was a member of the House of Kawānanakoa.
- Francis Boyle, professor of international law, University of Illinois College of Law and Consultant on Independence, Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Commission, State of Hawaii (1993)[88]
- George Helm, musician, and Kimo Mitchell, both d. 1977
- Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, musician; d. 1997
- Bumpy Kanahele, Hawaiian nationalist leader, militant activist, and head of the Nation of Hawaiʻi
- native Hawaiian language or ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. He chanted his genealogy going back to Umi-a-Liloa and his protection of the mountain and was found not guilty on January 16, 2016.[89]
- Joshua Lanakila Mangauil, Hawaiian cultural practitioner and leader of the international movement to protect Mauna Kea.[90]
- Kawaipuna Prejean (d. 1992), Hawaiian nationalist, activist, advocate for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, and founder of the Hawaiian Coalition of Native Claims, now known as the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation[91]
- University of Hawaii at Manoa[92]
- Haunani-Kay Trask, founder of Hawaiian Studies, department chair at University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, sovereignty activist, and poet[93]
- Mililani Trask
- na mele paleoleo) musical group[94]
- Kauka Lukini, Russian revolutionary who became the president of the Senate of Hawaii
Reaction
In 1993, the State of Hawaiʻi adopted Act 359 "to acknowledge and recognize the unique status the native Hawaiian people bear to the State of Hawaii and to the United States and to facilitate the efforts of native Hawaiians to be governed by an indigenous sovereign nation of their own choosing." The act created the Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Committee to provide guidance with "(1) Conducting special elections related to this Act; (2) Apportioning voting districts; (3) Establishing the eligibility of convention delegates; (4) Conducting educational activities for Hawaiian voters, a voter registration drive, and research activities in preparation for the convention; (5) Establishing the size and composition of the convention delegation; and (6) Establishing the dates for the special election. Act 200 amended Act 359 establishing the Hawaiʻi Sovereignty Elections Council".[95]
Those involved with the Advisory Committee forums believed that the question of the political status for Native Hawaiians has become difficult. But in 2000, a panel of the committee stated that Native Hawaiians have maintained a unique community. Federal and state programs have been designated to improve Native Hawaiians' conditions, including health, education, employment and training, children's services, conservation programs, fish and wildlife protection, agricultural programs, and native language immersion programs.[95] Congress created the Hawaiian Homes Commission (HHC) in 1921. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) was the result of a 1978 amendment to the Hawaiʻi State Constitution and controls over $1 billion from the Ceded Lands Trust, spending millions to address Native Hawaiians' needs. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation Executive Director Mahealani Kamauʻu has said that only in the last 25 years have Native Hawaiians "had a modicum of political empowerment and been able to exercise direct responsibility for their own affairs, that progress has been made in so many areas". These programs have opposition and critics who believe they are ineffective and badly managed.[95]
The Apology Bill and the Akaka Bill
Native Hawaiians' growing frustration over Hawaiian homelands and the 100th anniversary of the overthrow pushed the Hawaiian sovereignty movement to the forefront of politics in Hawaii. In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103-150, known as the "Apology Bill", for U.S. involvement in the 1893 overthrow. The bill makes a commitment to reconciliation.[17][96]
U.S. census information shows approximately 401,162 Native Hawaiians living in the U.S. in 2000. Sixty percent live in the continental U.S. and forty percent in Hawaii.[17] Between 1990 and 2000, people identifying as Native Hawaiian had grown by 90,000, while those identifying as pure Hawaiian had declined to under 10,000.[17]
In 2009, Senator Daniel Akaka sponsored The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 (S1011/HR2314), a bill to create the legal framework to establish a Hawaiian government. President Barack Obama supported the bill.[97] The bill is considered a reconciliation process, but it has not had that effect, instead being the subject of much controversy and political fighting in many arenas. American opponents argue that Congress is disregarding U.S. citizens for special interests and sovereignty activists believe this will further erode their rights, as the 1921 blood quantum rule of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act did.[98] In 2011, a governor-appointed committee began to gather and verify Native Hawaiians' names for the purpose of voting on a Native Hawaiian nation.[99]
In June 2014, the
Opposition
There has also been opposition to the concept of ancestry-based sovereignty, which critics maintain is tantamount to racial exclusion.[102] In 1996, in Rice v. Cayetano, one Big Island rancher sued to win the right to vote in OHA elections, asserting that every Hawaiian citizen regardless of racial background should be able to vote for state offices, and that limiting the vote to Native Hawaiians is racist. In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in his favor, and OHA elections are now open to all registered voters. In its decision, the court wrote: "the ancestral inquiry mandated by the State is forbidden by the Fifteenth Amendment for the further reason that the use of racial classifications is corruptive of the whole legal order democratic elections seek to preserve....Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality".[103]
Proposed United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
The year of hearings found most speakers with strong opposition to the U.S. government's involvement in Hawaiian sovereignty,
On September 29, 2015, the United States Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government.[104][105] The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission was created to find and register Native Hawaiians.[106] The nine-member commission has prepared a roll of registered individuals of Hawaiian heritage.[107]
The nonprofit organization Naʻi Aupuni will organize the constitutional convention and election of delegates using the roll, which began collecting names in 2011. Grassroot Institute of Hawaii CEO Kelii Akina filed suit to see the names on the roll, won, and found serious flaws. The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission has since purged the list of names of deceased persons as well as those whose mailing or email addresses could not be verified.
Akina again filed suit to stop the election because funding of the project comes from a grant from the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and because of a Supreme Court decision prohibiting states from conducting race-based elections.[108] In October 2015, a federal judge declined to stop the process. The case was appealed with a formal emergency request to stop the voting until the appeal was heard; the request was denied.[109] On November 24, the emergency request was made again to Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy.[110] On November 27, Kennedy stopped the election tallying and naming of delegates. The decision did not stop the voting itself, and a spokesman for the Naʻi Aupuni continued to encourage those eligible to vote before the November 30, 2015, deadline.[111]
The election was expected to cost about $150,000, and voting was carried out by Elections America, a firm based in Washington, D.C. The constitutional convention has an estimated cost of $2.6 million.[108]
See also
- Aloha ʻĀina
- Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- Hawaiian home land
- Hawaiian Kingdom-United States relations
- History of Hawaii
- KKCR
- Legal status of Hawaii
- Nation-building
- Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
- Puerto Rican independence movement
- Republic of Texas (group)
- Right to exist
- Self-determination
- State formation
- Treaty of Manila
- Tribal sovereignty
- United States involvement in regime change
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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Further reading
- Andrade Jr., Ernest (1996). Unconquerable Rebel: Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880–1903. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-417-6
- Budnick, Rich (1992). Stolen Kingdom: An American Conspiracy. Honolulu: Aloha Press. ISBN 0-944081-02-9
- Churchill, Ward. Venne, Sharon H. (2004). Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians. Hawaiian language editor Lilikala Kameʻeleihiwa. Boston: ISBN 0-89608-738-7
- Coffman, Tom (2003). Nation Within: The Story of America's Annexation of the Nation of Hawaii. Epicenter. ISBN 1-892122-00-6
- Coffman, Tom (2003). The Island Edge of America: A Political History of Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2662-0
- Conklin, Kenneth R. Hawaiian Apartheid: Racial Separatism and Ethnic Nationalism in the Aloha State. ISBN 1-59824-461-2
- Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Macmillan, New York, 1968. Paperback edition, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1974.
- Dougherty, Michael (2000). To Steal a Kingdom. Island Style Press. ISBN 0-9633484-0-X
- Dudley, Michael K., and Agard, Keoni Kealoha (1993 reprint). A Call for Hawaiian Sovereignty. Nā Kāne O Ka Malo Press. ISBN 1-878751-09-3
- J. Kēhaulani Kauanui. 2018. Paradoxes of Hawaiian Sovereignty: Land, Sex, and the Colonial Politics of State Nationalism. Duke University Press.
- Kameʻeleihiwa, Lilikala (1992). Native Land and Foreign Desires. Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 0-930897-59-5
- Liliʻuokalani (1991 reprint). ISBN 0-935180-85-0
- Osorio, Jonathan Kay Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lahui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7
- Silva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3349-X
- Twigg-Smith, Thurston (2000). Hawaiian Sovereignty: Do the Facts Matter?. Goodale Publishing. ISBN 0-9662945-1-3
External links
- Native Hawaiians Study Commission (December 7, 2006). "Native Hawaiians Study Commission Report – GrassrootWiki". Honolulu, HI: Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
- morganreport.org Online images and transcriptions of the entire Morgan Report
- Historic Hawaiian-language newspapers Ulukau: Hawaiian Electronic Library: Hoʻolaupaʻi – Hawaiian Nupepa Collection
- Hui Aloha Aina Anti-Annexation Petitions, 1897–1898
Politics
- "Hawaiian Journal of Law and Politics". Honolulu, HI: OCLC 55488821. Archived from the originalon February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
- "Hawaiian Society of Law and Politics". Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
- Office of Hawaiian Affairs
- Ka Lahui Archived October 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- Nation of Hawaiʻi
Media
- Michael Tsai (August 9, 2009). "Pride in Hawaiian Culture Reawakened: Seeds of Sovereignty Movement Sown during 1960s–70s Renaissance". Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the originalon July 8, 2011.
- Native Hawaiians battle in the courts and in Congress Archived February 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Honolulu Advertiser chronology of legislative and legal events relating to Hawaiian sovereignty since 1996
- Political tsunami hits Hawaii, by Rubellite Kawena Kinney Johnson
- Blog of articles and documents on Hawaiian sovereignty
- Indigenous students silent no more Archived November 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, article from Honolulu Star-Bulletin on Native Hawaiian student activism at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
- Sovereign Stories: 100 Years of Subjugation Archived March 11, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, article from Honolulu Weekly
- Resolution on Kānaka Maoli Self-Determination and Reinscription of Ka Pae ʻĀina (Hawaiʻi) on the U.N. list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, In Motion Magazine
- Connection between Hawaiian health and sovereignty Archived May 16, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, paper by Dr. Kekuni Blaisdell presented August 24, 1991, at a panel on Puʻuhonua in Hawaiian Culture
- Nā Maka O Ka ʻĀina: award-winning documentary, film/video resources, and sovereignty-related A/V tools
- 2004 Presentation given by Umi Perkins at a Kamehameha Schools research conference Archived January 10, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- Noho Hewa: Documentary by Anne Keala Kelly
Opposition
- Documents and essays opposing sovereignty collected or written by Kenneth R. Conklin, Ph.D.
- Grassroot Institute of Hawaii – co-founded by Richard O. Rowland and Hawaii Reporter publisher Malia Zimmerman
- Aloha for All – co-founded by H. William Burgess and Thurston Twigg-Smith
- "Hawaii Reporter: Hawaii Reporter". March 21, 2003. Archived from the original on May 22, 2006.