Hayreddin Barbarossa
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Hayreddin Barbarossa | |
---|---|
Nickname(s) | Barbarossa (Redbeard) Hayreddin Hızır Reis |
Born | c. 1478 Lesbos, Ottoman Empire (modern Greece) |
Died | 4 July 1546 (aged 67–68) Büyükdere, Ottoman Empire (modern Turkey) |
Allegiance | Ottoman Empire |
Service/ | Ottoman Navy |
Years of service | c. 1500–1545 |
Rank | Kapudan Pasha (Admiral) |
Battles/wars |
|
Children | Oruç Reis (brother)Ilyas (brother) |
Hayreddin Barbarossa (
Born on
In 1533, Barbarossa was appointed Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral) of the Ottoman Navy by Suleiman the Magnificent. He led an embassy to France in the same year, conquered Tunis in 1534, achieved a decisive victory over the Holy League at Preveza in 1538, and conducted joint campaigns with the French in the 1540s. Barbarossa retired to Constantinople in 1545 and died the following year.
Background
Khizr was born sometime between 1466 and 1483
The four sons helped their father with his business, but not much is known about the daughters. At first Oruç helped with the boat, while Khizr helped with the pottery.[citation needed]
Early career
All four brothers became seamen, engaged in marine affairs and international sea trade. The first brother to become involved in seamanship was Oruç, who was joined by his brother Ilyas. Later, obtaining his own ship, Khizr also began his career at sea. The brothers initially worked as sailors, but then turned
Death of Ilyas, captivity, and liberation of Oruç
Oruç was a very successful seaman. He also learned to speak Italian, Spanish, French, Greek, and Arabic early in his career. While returning from a trading expedition in Tripoli, Lebanon, with his younger brother, Ilyas, they were attacked by the Knights Hospitaller. Ilyas was killed in the fight, and Oruç was wounded. Their father's boat was captured and Oruç was taken as a prisoner and detained in Bodrum Castle (the Petronium) in the Hospitaller-ruled region of southwestern Anatolia for nearly three years. Upon learning the location of his brother, Khizr went to Bodrum and managed to help Oruç escape.[citation needed]
Oruç, the corsair
Oruç later went to Antalya, where he was given 18 galleys by Şehzade Korkut, an Ottoman prince and governor of the city, and charged with fighting against the Knights of St John, who were inflicting serious damage on Ottoman shipping and trade.[citation needed] In the following years, when Korkut became governor of Manisa, he gave Oruç a larger fleet of 24 galleys at the port of İzmir and ordered him to participate in the Ottoman naval expedition to Apulia in Italy, where Oruç bombarded several coastal castles and captured two ships.[citation needed]
On his way back to Lesbos, he stopped at Euboea and captured three galleons and another ship. Reaching Mytilene with these captured vessels, Oruç learned that Korkut, who was the brother of the new Ottoman sultan Selim I, had fled to Egypt to avoid being killed because of succession disputes – a common practice at that time.[citation needed]
Fearing trouble due to his well-known association with the exiled Ottoman prince, Oruç sailed to Egypt, where he met Korkut in
Khizr's career under Oruç
In 1503, Oruç managed to seize three more ships and made the island of Djerba his new base, thus moving his operations to the Western Mediterranean. Khizr joined Oruç at Djerba. In 1504, the brothers contacted Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil, ruler of Tunis, and asked permission to use the strategically located port of La Goulette for their operations.[citation needed]
They were granted the right to do so on the condition of giving one-third of their spoils to the sultan. Oruç, in command of small galiots, captured two much larger papal galleys near the island of Elba. Later, near Lipari, the two brothers captured a Sicilian warship, the Cavalleria, with 380 Spanish soldiers and 60 Spanish knights from Aragon on board, who were on their way from Spain to Naples. In 1505, they raided the coasts of Calabria.[citation needed] These exploits increased their fame, and they were joined by several other well-known Muslim corsairs, including Kurtoğlu (known in the West as Curtogoli). In 1508, they raided the coasts of Liguria, particularly Diano Marina.[citation needed]
In 1509, Ishak also left Mytilene and joined his brothers at La Goulette. The fame of Oruç increased when, between 1504 and 1510, he transported Muslim Mudéjars from Christian Spain to North Africa. His efforts of helping the Muslims of Spain in need and transporting them to safer lands earned him the honorific name Baba Oruç (Father Oruç), which eventually – due to the similarity in sound – evolved in Spain, France, and Italy into Barbarossa (meaning "Redbeard" in Italian).[citation needed]
In 1510, the three brothers raided
Later that same year, the brothers raided the coasts of Andalusia, capturing a galliot of the Lomellini family of Genoa, which owned Tabarca island. They subsequently landed at Menorca and captured a coastal castle and then headed towards Liguria, where they captured four Genoese galleys near Genoa. The Genoese sent a fleet to liberate their ships, but the brothers captured their flagship as well.[citation needed] After capturing a total of 23 ships in less than a month, the brothers sailed back to La Goulette, where they built three more galliots and a gunpowder production facility.[citation needed]
In 1513, they launched a raid on
In 1515, they captured several galleons, a galley and three barques at Majorca. Still in 1515, Oruç sent precious gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, who, in return, sent him two galleys and two swords encrusted with diamonds. In 1516, joined by Kurtoğlu (Curtogoli), the brothers besieged the Castle of Elba, before heading once more towards Liguria, where they captured 12 ships and damaged 28 others.[citation needed]
Rulers of Algiers
In 1516, the three brothers succeeded in capturing Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards and eventually assumed control over the city and surrounding region, forcing the previous ruler, Abu Hamo Musa III of the Beni Ziyad dynasty, to flee.[citation needed]
The Spaniards of Algiers sought refuge on the island of Peñón and asked Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor to intervene, but the Spanish fleet failed to expel the brothers from Algiers.[citation needed]
For Oruç, the best protection against Spain was to join the Ottoman Empire, his homeland and Spain's main rival. For this, he had to relinquish his title of Sultan of Algiers to the Ottomans. He did this in 1517 and offered Algiers to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The Sultan accepted Algiers as an Ottoman sanjak ("province"), appointed Oruç Governor of Algiers and Chief Sea Governor of the Western Mediterranean, and promised to support him with Janissaries, galleys and cannon.[citation needed]
Final engagements and death of Oruç and Ishak
The Spaniards ordered Abu Zayan, whom they had appointed the new ruler of Tlemcen and Oran, to attack Oruç Reis overland, but Oruç learned of the plan and pre-emptively attacked Tlemcen, capturing the city and executing Abu Zayan in the fall of Tlemcen. The only survivor of Abu Zayan's dynasty was Sheikh Buhammud, who escaped to Oran and called for Spain's assistance.
After consolidating his power and declaring himself Sultan of Algiers, Oruç sought to expand his territory inland and took Miliana, Medea and Ténès. He became known for fitting sails to cannons for transport through the deserts of North Africa. In 1517, the brothers raided Capo Limiti, and, later, Capo Rizzuto, Calabria.[citation needed]
In May 1518, Emperor
Algiers annexed by the Ottoman Empire
After the death of his older brother and feeling that his position was under threat, Khizr contacted Selim I, offered his allegiance and obtained Ottoman assistance in 1519.[17] Given the title of Beylerbey by Sultan Selim I, along with janissaries, galleys and cannon, he inherited his brother's position, his name (Barbarossa) and his mission.[18]
Later career
Pasha of Algiers
With a fresh force of Turkish soldiers sent by the Ottoman sultan, Barbarossa recaptured Tlemcen in December 1518. He continued the policy of bringing mudéjars from Spain to North Africa, thereby assuring himself of a sizable following of grateful and loyal Muslims who harbored an intense hatred for Spain. He captured Bône, and in 1519, he defeated a Spanish-Italian army that tried to recapture Algiers. In a separate incident, he sank a Spanish ship and captured eight others. Still in 1519, he raided Provence, Toulon and the Îles d'Hyères in southern France. In 1521, he raided the Balearic Islands and later captured several Spanish ships returning from the New World off the coast of Cádiz.[citation needed] In 1522, he sent his ships, under the command of Kurtoğlu, to participate in the Ottoman conquest of Rhodes, which resulted in the departure of the Knights of St John from that island on 1 January 1523.[citation needed]
In June 1525, he raided the coasts of Sardinia. In May 1526, he landed at Crotone in Calabria and sacked the city, sank a Spanish galley and a Spanish fusta in the harbor, then assaulted Castignano in Marche on the Adriatic Sea and later landed at Cape Spartivento. In June 1526, he landed at Reggio Calabria and later destroyed the fort at the port of Messina. He then appeared on the coasts of Tuscany, but retreated after seeing the fleet of Andrea Doria and the Knights of St John off the coast of Piombino.[citation needed]
In July 1526, Barbarossa appeared once again in Messina and raided the coasts of
In January 1530, he again raided the coasts of Sicily and, in March and June of that year, the Balearic Islands and Marseilles. In July 1530, he appeared along the coasts of the Provence and Liguria, capturing two Genoese ships. In August 1530, he raided the coasts of Sardinia and, in October, appeared at Piombino, capturing a barque from Viareggio and three French galleons before capturing two more ships off Calabria. In December 1530, he captured the Castle of Cabrera, in the Balearic Islands, and began to use the island as a logistic base for his operations on the area.[citation needed]
In 1531, he encountered Andrea Doria, who had been appointed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to recapture Jijel and the Peñón of Algiers, and repulsed a Spanish-Genoese fleet of 40 galleys. Still in 1531, he raided the island of Favignana, where the flagship of the Maltese Knights under the command of Francesco Touchebeuf unsuccessfully attacked his fleet. Barbarossa then sailed eastwards and landed in Calabria and Apulia. On the way back to Algiers, he sank a ship of the Maltese Knights near Messina before assaulting Tripoli, which had been given to the Knights of St John by Charles V in 1530. In October 1531, he again raided the coasts of Spain.[citation needed] He also pillaged the Îles d'Hyères during the same year.[20]
In 1532, during
Barbarossa proceeded to raid the nearby coasts of Calabria and then sailed towards Preveza. Doria's forces fled after a short battle, but only after Barbarossa had captured seven of their galleys. He arrived at Preveza with a total of 44 galleys, but sent 25 of them back to Algiers and headed to Constantinople with 19 ships. There, he was received by Sultan Suleiman at
Diplomacy with France
In 1533, Barbarossa sent an embassy to the king of France,
In 1534, Barbarossa set sail from Constantinople with 80 galleys, and in April, he recaptured
Also in July 1534, he appeared in
Charles dispatched an agent to offer Barbarossa "the lordship of North Africa" for his changed loyalty,[25] or if that failed, to assassinate him. However, upon rejecting the offer, Barbarossa decapitated the agent with a scimitar.[26]
Mulei Hassan asked Emperor Charles V for help in recovering his kingdom, and a Spanish-Italian force of 300 galleys and 24,000 soldiers
In 1536, Barbarossa was called back to Constantinople to take command of 200 ships in a naval attack on the
In August 1537,
In February 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in assembling a Holy League (composed of the
In the summer of 1539, Barbarossa captured the islands of
In 1540 Barbarossa led a crew of 2,000 men and captured and ransacked the town of Gibraltar.[29][30] He left Gibraltar after taking 75 prisoners which removed a significant percent of Gibraltar’s population, he ultimately eliminated the town of almost an entire generation of Gibraltarians.[29]
In September 1540, Emperor Charles V contacted Barbarossa and offered him to become his Admiral-in-Chief as well as the ruler of Spain's territories in North Africa, but he refused. Unable to persuade Barbarossa to switch sides, in October 1541, Charles himself laid siege to Algiers, seeking to end the corsair threat to the Spanish domains and Christian shipping in the western Mediterranean. The season was not ideal for such a campaign, and both Andrea Doria, who commanded the fleet, and Hernán Cortés, who had been asked by Charles to participate in the campaign, attempted to change the Emperor's mind but failed.[citation needed]
Eventually, a violent storm disrupted Charles's landing operations. Andrea Doria took his fleet away into open waters to avoid being wrecked on the shore, but much of the Spanish fleet went aground. After some indecisive fighting on land, Charles had to abandon the effort and withdraw his severely battered force.[citation needed]
Franco-Ottoman alliance
In 1543, Barbarossa headed towards Marseilles to assist France, then an ally of the Ottoman Empire, and cruised the western Mediterranean with a fleet of 210 ships (70 galleys, 40 galliots and 100 other warships carrying 14,000 Turkish soldiers, thus an overall total of 30,000 Ottoman troops). On his way, while passing through the Strait of Messina, he asked Diego Gaetani, governor of Reggio Calabria, to surrender his city. Gaetani responded with cannon fire, which killed three Turkish sailors.[citation needed]
Angered by the response, Barbarossa besieged and captured the city. He then landed on the coasts of Campania and Lazio and, from the mouth of the Tiber, threatened Rome, but France intervened in favor of the Pope's city. Barbarossa then raided several Italian and Spanish islands and coastal settlements before laying siege to Nice and capturing the city on 5 August 1543 on behalf of the French king, Francis I.[citation needed]
The Ottoman captain later landed at Antibes and the Île Sainte-Marguerite near Cannes before sacking the city of San Remo, other ports of Liguria, Monaco and La Turbie. King Francis ordered the evacuation of Toulon and placed the city in the hands of Barbarossa. For the next six months Toulon was converted to a Turkish city which included its own mosque and slave market.[31]
In the spring of 1544, after assaulting San Remo for the second time and landing at
Barbarossa then successfully repulsed further Spanish attacks on southern France, but was recalled to Istanbul after Charles V and Suleiman had agreed to a truce in 1544.[citation needed]
After leaving Provence from the port of Île Sainte-Marguerite in May 1544, Barbarossa assaulted San Remo for the third time, and when he appeared before Vado Ligure, the Republic of Genoa sent him a substantial sum to save other Genoese cities from further attacks. In June 1544, Barbarossa appeared before Elba. Threatening to bombard Piombino unless the city's Lord released the son of Sinan Reis who had been captured and baptized 10 years earlier by the Spaniards in Tunis, he obtained his release.[26] He then captured Castiglione della Pescaia, Talamone and Orbetello in the province of Grosseto in Tuscany. There, he destroyed the tomb and burned the remains of Bartolomeo Peretti, who had burned his father's house in Mytilene the previous year, in 1543.[citation needed]
He then captured Montiano and occupied Porto Ercole and the Isle of Giglio. He later assaulted Civitavecchia, but Leone Strozzi, the French envoy, convinced Barbarossa to lift the siege.[citation needed]
The Ottoman fleet then assaulted the coasts of Sardinia, before appearing at Ischia and landing there in July 1544, capturing the city as well as Forio and the island of Procida, where he took 4,000 prisoners and enslaved some 2,000–7,000 inhabitants of Lipari;[32][33] after which, he threatened Pozzuoli. Encountering 30 galleys under Giannettino Doria, Barbarossa forced them to sail away towards Sicily and seek refuge in Messina. Due to strong winds, the Ottomans were unable to attack Salerno but managed to land at Cape Palinuro nearby.[citation needed] Barbarossa then entered the Strait of Messina and landed at Catona, Fiumara and Calanna (near Reggio Calabria) and later at Cariati and at Lipari, which was his final landing on the Italian peninsula. There, he bombarded the citadel for 15 days after the city refused to surrender and eventually captured it.[citation needed]
He finally returned to Constantinople and, in 1545, left the city for his final naval expeditions, during which he bombarded the ports of the Spanish mainland and landed at Majorca and Menorca for the last time. He then sailed back to Constantinople and built a palace on the
Retirement and death
Barbarossa retired in Constantinople in 1545, leaving his son
Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 in his seaside palace in the Büyükdere neighbourhood of Istanbul, on the northwestern shores of the
The Flag (Sanjak) of Hayreddin Barbarossa
The Arabic calligraphy at the top of the standard reads, "نَصرٌ مِنَ اللَّـهِ وَفَتحٌ قَريبٌ وَبَشِّرِ المُؤمِنينَ يَا مُحَمَّد" (nasrun mina'llāhi wa fatḥhun qarībun wa bashshiri'l-mu’minīna yā muḥammad), translated as "Victory from Allah and an eminent conquest; and give good tidings to the believers, O Muhammad." The text comes from verse 61:13 of the Quran, with the addition of "O Muhammad", since the last part of the verse addresses the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.[34]
Within the four crescents are the names, from right to left, beginning at the top right, of the first four caliphs – Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali – whose rule of the Islamic state after Muhammad is referred to as the Rashidun Caliphate.
The two-bladed sword represents
Between the two blades of the sword is a
, another Anatolian beylik, consisted of a blue six-edged star.Legacy
Hayreddin Barbarossa established the Ottoman supremacy in the Mediterranean, which lasted until the
His mausoleum is in the Barbaros Park of Beşiktaş, Istanbul, where his statue also stands, next to the Istanbul Naval Museum. On the back of the statue are verses by the Turkish poet Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, which may be translated as follows:[37]
Whence on the sea's horizon comes that roar?
Can it be Barbarossa now returning
From Tunis or Algiers or from the Isles?
Two hundred vessels ride upon the waves,
Coming from lands the rising Crescent lights:
O blessed ships, from what seas are ye come?
Barbaros Boulevard starts from his mausoleum on the Bosphorus and runs up to the Levent and Maslak business districts and beyond.
In the centuries following his death, no fleet would clear the Serai Point without firing a salute at his mausoleum.[38] This practice disappeared during the Tanzimat period and was revived by the Turkish navy in 2019.[39]
Several warships of the
Outside Turkey, or the wider
The Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha Mosque complex built in the Levent neighborhood of Istanbul was named after him.
Cultural depictions
Hayreddin Barbarossa has been the subject of many Turkish films.
It should also be noted that the name of Hector Barbossa (Barbosa is also a Galician-Portuguese surname), a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, is a derivative of Hayreddin Barbarossa's.[42][41]
Footnotes
- ^ ISBN 978-3-486-56167-8.
Hayreddin Barbarossa (Barbarossa, Barbarrossa, Barbe Rubae) (1466/83 (?) – 1546).
- ^ "Barbarossa | Ottoman admiral". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ISSN 2536-9954.
- S2CID 244626095.
- ISSN 0016-1071.
- ^ ISBN 90-04-02104-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-87661-540-9.
Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa (son of a Turkish sipahi [fief-holder in the cavalry service]) from Yenice-i Vardar in Macedonia and a Greek woman from Lesvos/Mytilini...
- ISBN 978-1861899460.
Desperate to find some explanation for the sudden resurgence of Muslim sea power in the Mediterranean after centuries of Christian dominance, Christian commentators in the sixth century (and later) pointed to the supposed Christian roots of the greatest Barbary corsair commanders. It was a strange kind of comfort. The Barbarossas certainly had a Greek Christian mother, but it now seems certain their father was a Muslim Turk.
- ^ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, pp. 172 ff. Türkiye Yayınevi (Istanbul), 1971.
- ^ Khiḍr was one of four sons of a Turk from the island of Lesbos., "Barbarossa", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1963, p. 147.
- ^
Angus Konstam, Piracy: The Complete History, Osprey Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84603-240-0, p. 80.
- ISBN 8884024021.
Il padre dei Barbarossa, Jacob, un Albanese fatto prigioniero e convertitosi all'Islam, s'era stabilito a Mitilene;
- ^ a b Bozbora, Nuray (1997). Osmanlı yönetiminde Arnavutluk ve Arnavut ulusçuluğu'nun gelişimi. p. 16.[need quotation to verify]
- ^ ISBN 978-3-99012-125-2.
Hisir was the later Ottoman Chief Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. His profile almost exactly matches that of the numerous anonymous Christian and convert sailors just mentioned. His mother was Greek, and his father was a convert from the Albanian lands who had fought in the Sultan's armies.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81764-6.
Hayreddin Barbarossa, who would rise to become the ruler of Algiers, and later admiral of the Ottoman fleet, was of Greek origin and got his start raiding the southern and western shores of Anatolia on behalf of Korkud, son of Bayezid II.
- ISBN 978-3-87997-223-4.
- ISBN 978-0-292-77878-8.
- ^ "Barbarossa | Ottoman admiral". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ISBN 978-90-04-27935-3.
- ^ Faucherre, Nicolas. "Louis XII, François Ier et la défense des côtes provençales."[permanent dead link] Bulletin Monumental 151, no. 1 (1993): 293–301.
- ISBN 978-1443731454– via Google Books.
- ^ a b Servantie, Alain. "The Mediterranean Policy of Charles V." A New World: Emperor Charles V and the Beginnings of Globalisation (2021): 83.
- ^ Avallone, Tommaso. Justified by Faith: The intriguing story of Giulia Gonzaga, Countess of Fondi. Ali Ribelli Edizioni, 2020.
- ^ Robin, Diana. Publishing Women: Salons, the Presses, and the Counter-Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Italy. University of Chicago Press, 2007.
- S2CID 244626095. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7679-1952-4.
- ^ "Δήμος Κέρκυρας – Δεύτερη Ενετοκρατία". www.corfu.gr (in Greek).
- ^ "Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα Δήμου Κεντρικής Κέρκυρας και Διαποντίων Νήσων". Δήμος Κεντρικής Κέρκυρας και Διαποντίων Νήσων. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008.
- ^ a b Hernandez, Andrea. "The Jewish impact on the social and economic manifestation of the Gibraltarian identity." (2011).
- ^ Camps, G. "Gibraltar." Encyclopédie berbère 20 (1998): 3124–3127.
- ^ Piccirillo, Anthony. "" A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty": The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal." PhD diss., 2009.
- ^ State Papers, Henry VIII: General Series. 1509–1547.
- ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0.
- ^ Quran 61:13–13 (Translated by Sahih International). "And [you will obtain] another [favor] that you love – victory from Allah and an imminent conquest; and give good tidings to the believers."
- ^ Sache, Ivan (2011). "Ottoman Empire: Flags with the Zulfikar sword". Flags of the World.
- ^ http://www.fahnenversand.de/fotw/misc/tr~barb.jpg [bare URL image file]
- ^ Translation by John Freely in Strolling through Istanbul, p. 467, Sev Yayıncılık, 1997
- ISBN 978-0-9715873-0-4.
- ^ Sabah, Daily (9 March 2019). "Turkish navy revives 500-year-old salute for renowned Ottoman sailor Barbarossa". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
- ^ E. Keble Chatterton, Pirates and Piracy, Courier Corporation, 2012, pp. 68–69
- ^ a b Mynet (11 September 2010). "Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa'nın hayatı dizide". Mynet Haber (in Turkish). Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ Kaplan, Arie (2015). Swashbuckling Scoundrels: Pirates in Fact and Fiction, p. 55. Twenty-First Century Books.
References
- Currey, E. Hamilton (1910). Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bono, Salvatore (1993). Corsari nel Mediterraneo. Perugia: Oscar Storia Mondadori.
- "Corsari nel Mediterraneo: Condottieri di ventura. Online database in Italian, based on Salvatore Bono's book". Archived from the original on 5 May 2008.
- Bradford, Ernle (1968). The Sultan's Admiral: The Life of Barbarossa. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World; London: Hodder & Stoughton 1969.
- Wolf, John B. (1979). The barbary coast : Algiers under the Turks : 1500 to 1830 (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-01205-0.
- "The Ottomans: Comprehensive and detailed online chronology of Ottoman history in English".
- "Turkish Navy official website: Historic heritage of the Turkish Navy (in Turkish)". Archived from the original on 8 March 2009.
External links
- Pasha, pirates and Paros
- Encyclopædia Britannica
- An article on the Barbarossa brothers
- Another article on the Barbarossa brothers
- Original Gazawat by Seyyid Muradi Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- Hayreddin Barbarossa's tomb in Beşiktaş
- Hayreddin Barbarossa'nın Hatıraları (Memoirs of Hayreddin Barbarossa in Turkish)