Hazael
| Hazael | |
|---|---|
| ( Aram Damascus | |
| Reign | 842–796 BC |
| Predecessor | Hadadezer |
| Successor | Ben-Hadad III |
| Occupation | Court official |
Hazael (Aramean king who is mentioned in the Bible.[2][3] Under his reign, Aram-Damascus became an empire that ruled over large parts of Syria and Israel.[4] While he was likely born in the greater Damascus region of today, his exact place of birth is still controversial, with both Bashan and the Beqaa Valley being favoured by different historians.[5][6][7]
In the Bible
| Arameans |
|---|
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| Syro-Hittite states |
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Aramean kings |
| Aramean cities |
| Sources |
Hazael is first mentioned by name in
Tel Dan Stele, was ill and sent his court official Hazael with gifts to Elijah's successor, Elisha. Elisha told Hazael to tell Hadadezer that he would recover, and he revealed to Hazael that the king would recover but would die of other means. He also predicted that Hazael would commit atrocities against the Israelites. Hazael denies that he is capable of perpetrating such deeds. Elijah predicts that Hazael will be King of Syria. The next day, he returned to Damascus
, told Hadadezer he would recover but suffocated Hadadezer and seized power himself.
During his reign (c. 842–800 BCE),Philistine city of Gath. Although unsuccessful, he also sought to take Jerusalem (2 Kings 12:17–18). Hazael's death is mentioned in 2 Kings 13:24.
Tel Dan Stele
Items belonging to Hazael
Bronze plaques
Decorated bronze plaques from chariot horse-harness taken from Hazael, identified by their inscriptions, have been found as re-gifted
Master of the animals"[12] gripping inverted sphinxes or lions in either hand, and with goddesses who stand on the heads of lions. When Tiglath-Pileser III took Damascus in 733/2, these heirlooms were part of the loot that fell eventually into Greek, probably Euboean hands.[13]
Arslan Tash ivories
A set of ivory bed decorations were found in 1928 in
Aramaic language that carries the name 'Hazael'; this bed seems to have belonged to king Hazael of Aram-Damascus. The inscription is known as KAI 232.[15]
Also, some fragmentary ivories mentioning Hazael were found in Nimrud, in Iraq.[16]
See also
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Notes
- ^ I Kings 19:15, II Kings 8:8, etc.
- ^ Hastings, James; Driver, Samuel Rolles (1899). A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents, including the Biblical Theology. Vol. 3. T. & T. Clark. p. 832.
- ISBN 978-0-8308-1782-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
- ISBN 978-91-22-02143-8.
- ISBN 978-1-59333-833-6.
- ISBN 978-1-317-54435-7.
- ^ "Biblical Archaeology 4: The Moabite Stone (A.k.a. Mesha Stele)". 15 July 2011.
- ^ "The Tel Dan Inscription: The First Historical Evidence of King David from the Bible". 11 June 2021.
- PMID 36279453.
- ^ I. Eph'al and J. Naveh, "Hazael's booty inscriptions", Israel Exploration Journal 39 (1989:192-200).
- Mistress of the Animals"
- ^ Robin Lane Fox, Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, 2008:109-11.
- ^ Arslan-Tash. v. 1 p.135: "Trois fragments d'une lamelle d'ivoire portant une ligne de texte en caractères araméens. Ces fragments ont été trouvés aux environs immédiats des cadres décrits plus haut p. 89 et suiv."
- ISBN 978-0-934718-33-2.
- ^ A. R. Millard, Alphabetic Inscriptions on Ivories from Nimrud. Iraq, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Spring, 1962), pp. 41-51 (13 pages). https://doi.org/10.2307/4199711
References
- Biran, A., and Naveh, J. 1995. The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment. Israel Exploration Journal 45(1):1–18.
- Ephal, I., and Naveh, J. 1989. Hazael's booty inscriptions. Israel Exploration Journal 39(3–4):192–200.
- Lemaire, A. 1991. Hazaël, de Damas, Roi d’Aram. Pp. 91–108 in Marchands, Diplomates et Empereurs, Etudes sur la civilisation mésopotamienne offertes à P. Garelli. Paris: Editions Recherche sur la Civilisations.
- Maeir, A. 2004. The Historical Background and Dating of Amos VI 2: An Archaeological Perspective from Tell es-Safi/Gath. Vetus Testamentum 54(3):319–34.
- Galil, G., "David and Hazael: War, Peace, Stones and Memory," Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 139,2 (2007), 79–84.
- Maeir, A. M., and Gur-Arieh, S. 2011. Comparative aspects of the Aramean Siege System at Tell es-Sa¦fi/Gath. Pp. 227–44 in The Fire Signals of Lachish: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin, eds. I. Finkelstein and N. Na’aman. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hazael.
- Tell es-Safi/Gath Excavation Project Blog
- Tell es-Safi/Gath Excavation Project website
- Tel Dan Inscription Webpage
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