Healthcare in Brazil
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Healthcare in
History
The National Ministry of Health was founded in 1953.[2]
The authoritarian military government introduced health care reforms in the 1970s to extend its control and legitimacy over the North and Northeast of Brazil where the military had limited presence. Until 1988, the health care system was centralized in the hands of the federal government and limited in its health care coverage. Prior to 1988, health care services were provided by the private sector, public sector and the social security sector.[2]
The 1988 Constitution and subsequent reforms in the 1990s established universal health care coverage and a decentralization of health care delivery at the municipal level.[2]
Healthcare system
National health policies and plans: The national health policy is based on the Federal
Health sector reform
The current legal provisions governing the operation of the health system, instituted in 1996, seek to shift responsibility for administration of the SUS to municipal governments, with technical and financial cooperation from the
Regulatory actions
Procedures for the registration, control, and labelling of foods are established under federal legislation, which assigns specific responsibilities to the health and agriculture sectors. In the health sector, health inspection activities have been decentralized to the state and municipal governments. The environmental policy derives from specific legislation and from the Constitution of 1988.
The Program for Investment in the Health Industrial Complex (PROCIS) is an example of the medical-industrial complex in Brazil.[3] This promotes medical research, development and treatment within Brazil.[4]
Public healthcare services
The main strategy for strengthening primary healthcare is the Family Health Program, introduced by the municipal health secretariats in collaboration with the states and the Ministry of Public Health. The federal government supplies technical support and transfers funding through Piso de Atenção Básica. Disease prevention and control activities follow guidelines established by technical experts in the Ministry of Public Health. The National Epidemiology Center (CENEPI), an agency of the National Health Foundation (FUNASA) coordinates the national epidemiological surveillance system, which provides information about and analysis of the national health situation.
Individual healthcare services
In 2014 there were 6,706 hospitals in Brazil. Over 50% of hospitals are found in 5 states: São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Paraná.
Throughout the country, 78% of hospitals practice general medicine while 16% are specialized and 6% provide outpatient care only.[5]
In 2012, 66% of the country's hospitals, 70% of its 485,000 hospital beds, and 87% of its 723 specialized hospitals belonged to the private sector. In the area of diagnostic support and therapy, 95% of the 7,318 establishments were also private. 73% of the 41,000 ambulatory care facilities were operated by the public.[6]
The public hospital infrastructure required hospitals to be spread over a territory of 8.516 million square kilometres (3.288 million square miles). As such, the public hospital infrastructure relies on a vast network of small hospitals. Over 55% of public hospitals have less than 50 beds.
Hospital beds in the public sector were distributed as follows:
Since 1999, the Ministry of Public Health has been carrying out a health surveillance project in Amazonia that includes epidemiological and environmental health surveillance, indigenous health and disease control components. With US 600 million dollars from a World Bank loan, efforts are being made to improve the operational infrastructure, training of human resources and research studies. An estimated 25% of the population is covered by at least one form of health insurance; 75% of the insurance plans are offered by commercial operators and companies with self-managed plans.
Health supplies
Brazil is among the greatest consumers markets for drugs, accounting for 3.5% share of the world market. To expand the access of the population to drugs, incentives have been offered for marketing
Human resources
In 1999, the country had some 237,000
In 2009, for the first time, more new medical licenses were given for women than for men.[7]
As of 2010, the country had 364,757 physicians.
Health sector expenditure
In 1998 national health expenditure amounted to US$62,000 million, which corresponded to nearly 7.9% of
Technical cooperation
Technical
Emergency medicine
Brazilian emergency medical service is locally called SAMU ("Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (Mobile Emergency Attendance Service)").
Pre-hospital emergency medical services use a combination of basic ambulances staffed by technicians and advanced units with physicians on board. No universal phone number exists for emergency calls, and the dispatch center physician determines whether the call merits an emergency transport or not. Pre-hospital
Similar to the early years of EM in the United States, emergency department physicians in Brazil come from different specialty backgrounds, many of them having taken the job as a form of supplementary income or as a result of unsuccessful private clinical practice. Since 50% of
A current plan in action in Brazil called the CATCH plan (Commission for the Advancement of Technology for Communications and Health). Funding is provided by the
See also
References
- ^ Ministério do Planejamento website, "Constituição Federal (Artigos 196 a 200)".
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-11883-5
- doi:10.1590/0102-311X00188814
- ^ "Programa para o Desenvolvimento do Complexo Industrial da Saúde (PROCIS)". Ministério da Saúde (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-11-05.
- ^ Global Health Intelligence, "Global Health Intelligence" Archived 2017-01-27 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
- ^ Ministry of Health; Registry of healthcare facilities and their installations, "Ministry of Health; Registry of healthcare facilities and their installations". Retrieved 7 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Demografia médica no Brasil: Volume 1 (Medical demography in Brazil: volume 1) http://portal.cfm.org.br/images/stories/pdf/demografiamedicanobrasil.pdf (in Portuguese)
- ^ About Health in Brazil
- ^ Portal da saúde website, "SAMU" Archived 2012-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
- ^ Emergency medicine in Brazil