Heath Ledger
Heath Ledger | |
---|---|
Born | Heath Andrew Ledger 4 April 1979 Perth, Western Australia, Australia |
Died | 22 January 2008 New York City, US | (aged 28)
Cause of death | Acute combined drug intoxication |
Occupations |
|
Years active | 1992–2008 |
Partner | Michelle Williams (2004–2007) |
Children | 1 |
Awards | Full list |
Signature | |
Heath Andrew Ledger (4 April 1979 – 22 January 2008) was an Australian actor. After playing roles in several Australian television and film productions during the 1990s, he moved to the United States in 1998 to further develop his film career. His work consisted of 20 films in a variety of genres, including 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), The Patriot (2000), A Knight's Tale (2001), Monster's Ball (2001), Casanova (2005), Lords of Dogtown (2005), Brokeback Mountain (2005), Candy (2006), I'm Not There (2007), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), the latter two of which were posthumously released.[1] He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director.[2]
For his portrayal of Ennis Del Mar in Ang Lee's Brokeback Mountain, he received nominations for the BAFTA Award,[3] Screen Actors Guild Award, Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Actor, becoming the eighth-youngest nominee in the category at that time.[4] In 2007, he played a fictional actor, Robbie Clark, one of six characters embodying aspects of Bob Dylan's life and persona in Todd Haynes' I'm Not There.[5]
Ledger died in January 2008[6][4] from an accidental overdose as a result of prescription drug abuse.[7][8][9] A few months before his death, he finished filming his role as the Joker in The Dark Knight; the performance brought him universal acclaim and popularity, and numerous posthumous awards including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor.[10][3][11]
Early life and education
Ledger was born on 4 April 1979 in Perth, Western Australia, to Sally Ramshaw, a French teacher, and Kim Ledger, a racing car driver and mining engineer whose family established and owned the Ledger Engineering Foundry.[12] The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust is named after his great-grandfather Frank Ledger.[12] He had English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry.[13] Ledger attended Mary's Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill,[14] and later Guildford Grammar School, where he had his first acting experiences, starring in a school production as Peter Pan at age ten.[4][12] His parents separated when he was ten and divorced when he was eleven.[15] Ledger's older sister Kate, an actress and later a publicist, to whom he was very close, inspired his acting on stage; and his love of Gene Kelly inspired his successful choreography, leading to Guildford Grammar's 60-member team's "first all-boy victory" at the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge.[12][16] Ledger's two half-sisters are Ashleigh Bell (b. 1990), his mother's daughter with her second husband Roger Bell; and Olivia Ledger (b. 1996), his father's daughter with his second wife Emma Brown.[17]
Acting career
1990s
After sitting for early graduation exams at age 16 to get his diploma, Ledger left school to pursue an acting career.[15] With Trevor DiCarlo, his best friend since the age of three, Ledger drove across Australia from Perth to Sydney, returning to Perth to take a small role in Clowning Around (1992), the first part of a two-part television series, and to work on the TV series Sweat (1996), in which he played a cyclist.[12] From 1993 to 1997, Ledger also had parts in the Perth television series Ship to Shore (1993); Ledger also had parts in the short-lived Fox Broadcasting Company fantasy-drama Roar (1997); in Home and Away (1997), one of Australia's most successful television shows; and in the Australian film Blackrock (1997), his feature film debut.[12] In 1999, he starred in the teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You and in the acclaimed Australian crime film Two Hands, directed by Gregor Jordan.[12]
2000s
In the early 2000s, he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin, the eldest son of Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson), in The Patriot (2000), and as Sonny Grotowski, the son of Hank Grotowski (Billy Bob Thornton), in Monster's Ball (2001); as well as leading or title roles in A Knight's Tale (2001), The Four Feathers (2002), The Order (2003), Ned Kelly (2003), Casanova (2005), The Brothers Grimm (2005), and Lords of Dogtown (2005).[18] In 2001, he won a ShoWest Award as "Male Star of Tomorrow".[19]
Ledger received "Best Actor of 2005" awards from both the
After Brokeback Mountain, Ledger costarred with fellow Australian
In his penultimate film role, Ledger played the Joker in Christopher Nolan's 2008 film The Dark Knight, which was released nearly six months after his death. While working on the film in London, Ledger told Sarah Lyall in their New York Times interview that he viewed The Dark Knight's Joker as a "psychopathic, mass murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy".[30] For his performance in The Dark Knight, Ledger posthumously won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (becoming the fourth-youngest winner of the award) which his family accepted on his behalf, as well as numerous other posthumous awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, which Nolan accepted for him.[31][32] At the time of his death on 22 January 2008, Ledger had completed about half of the work for his final film role as Tony in Terry Gilliam's The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.[33][34] Gilliam chose to adapt the film after his death by having fellow actors (and friends of Ledger) Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell play "fantasy transformations" of his character so that Ledger's final performance could be seen in theatres.[35]
Directorial work
Ledger had aspirations to become a film director and had made some music videos with his production company
At a news conference at the 2007 Venice Film Festival, Ledger spoke of his desire to make a documentary film about the British singer-songwriter Nick Drake, who died in 1974, at the age of 26, from an overdose of an antidepressant.[41] Ledger created and acted in a music video set to Drake's recording of the singer's 1974 song about depression "Black Eyed Dog" — a title "inspired by Winston Churchill's descriptive term for depression" (black dog);[42] it was shown publicly only twice, first at the Bumbershoot Festival, in Seattle, held from 1 to 3 September 2007; and secondly as part of "A Place To Be: A Celebration of Nick Drake", with its screening of Their Place: Reflections On Nick Drake, "a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake" (including Ledger's), sponsored by American Cinematheque, at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, in Hollywood, on 5 October 2007.[43] After Ledger's death, his music video for "Black Eyed Dog" was shown on the Internet and excerpted in news clips distributed via YouTube.[41][44][45][a]
He was working with Scottish screenwriter and producer Allan Scott on an adaptation of the 1983 novel The Queen's Gambit by Walter Tevis, which would have been his first feature film as a director. He also intended to act in the film, with Canadian actor Elliot Page proposed in the lead role.[2][46][47] Ledger's final directorial work, in which he shot two music videos before his death, premiered in 2009.[48] The music videos, completed for Modest Mouse and Grace Woodroofe,[49] include an animated feature for Modest Mouse's song "King Rat", and the Woodroofe video for her cover of David Bowie's "Quicksand".[50] The "King Rat" video premiered on 4 August 2009.[51]
Personal life
Ledger was an avid chess player, and had participated in tournaments when he was young.[52] As an adult, he often played with other chess enthusiasts at Washington Square Park in Manhattan.[53] He was a fan of West Coast Eagles, an Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League (AFL) and is based in his hometown of Perth.[54]
Ledger was an "obsessive" photographer who loved taking stills, then drawing over them with paint, markers or nail polish.[55]
Relationships
Ledger had relationships with Lisa Zane, Christina Cauchi, Heather Graham, and Naomi Watts.[56][57]
In 2004, he began a relationship with actress Michelle Williams after meeting her on the set of Brokeback Mountain. Their daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on 28 October 2005 in New York City.[58] Matilda's godparents are Brokeback Mountain co-star Jake Gyllenhaal and Williams' Dawson's Creek co-star Busy Philipps.[59] In January 2006, Ledger listed his residence in Bronte, New South Wales for sale[60] and returned to the US, where he shared a house with Williams in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn from 2005 to 2007.[61] In September 2007, Williams' father confirmed to The Daily Telegraph that Ledger and Williams had broken up.[62]
After his breakup with Williams, the tabloid press and other public media linked Ledger romantically with supermodels Helena Christensen and Gemma Ward. In 2011, Ward stated that the pair had begun dating in November 2007 and that their families had spent that year's Christmas together in their hometown of Perth.[63][64][65][66][67][68]
Press controversies
Ledger's relationship with the Australian press was sometimes turbulent, and it led to his abandonment of plans for his family to reside part-time in Sydney.[69][70] In 2004, he strongly denied press reports alleging that "he spat at journalists on the Sydney set of the film Candy", or that one of his relatives had done so later, outside Ledger's Sydney home.[69][70] On 13 January 2006, "Several members of the paparazzi retaliated ... squirting Ledger and Williams with water pistols on the red carpet at the Sydney premiere of Brokeback Mountain".[71][72]
After his performance on stage at the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards, when he had giggled in presenting Brokeback Mountain as a nominee for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, the Los Angeles Times referred to his presentation as an "apparent gay spoof".[73] Ledger called the Times later and explained that his levity resulted from stage fright, saying that he had been told that he would be presenting the award only minutes earlier; he stated: "I am so sorry and I apologise for my nervousness. I would be absolutely horrified if my stage fright was misinterpreted as a lack of respect for the film, the topic and for the amazing filmmakers."[74][75]
After learning that two cinemas in Utah refused to show Brokeback Mountain, Ledger said: "I don't think the movie is [controversial] but I think maybe the
Health problems and drug use
In an interview with
Prior to his return to New York City from his last film assignment in London, in January 2008, while he was apparently suffering from some kind of
Speaking to Interview magazine after Ledger's death, Michelle Williams confirmed reports that the actor had experienced trouble sleeping: "For as long as I'd known him, he had bouts with insomnia. He had too much energy. His mind was turning, turning, turning – always turning".[80]
Ledger was "widely reported to have struggled with substance abuse".[81] Following Ledger's death, Entertainment Tonight aired video footage from 2006 in which Ledger stated that he "used to smoke five joints a day for 20 years"[82][83] and news outlets reported that his drug abuse had prompted Williams to request that he move out of their apartment in Brooklyn.[84] Ledger's publicist asserted that reportage regarding Ledger's alleged drug use had been inaccurate.[82]
Death
At around 3 p.m.
According to police, Wolozin, who had arrived early for a 3 p.m. appointment with Ledger, telephoned his friend Mary-Kate Olsen for help. Olsen, who was in Los Angeles at the time, directed her New York City private security guard to go to the scene. At 3:26 p.m., "less than 15 minutes after she first saw him in bed and only a few moments after the first call to Ms. Olsen", Wolozin dialed 911 "to say that Mr. Ledger was not breathing". At the urging of the 911 operator, Wolozin administered CPR, which was unsuccessful in reviving him.[85]
Paramedics and emergency medical technicians arrived seven minutes later, at 3:33 p.m. but were also unable to revive him.[6][85][86] At 3:36 p.m., Ledger was pronounced dead, and his body was removed from the apartment.[6][85] He was 28 years old.
Autopsy and toxicology report
On 6 February 2008, the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York released its conclusions. Those conclusions were based on an initial autopsy that occurred 23 January 2008, and a subsequent complete toxicological analysis.[7][87][88] The report concluded that Ledger died "as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone, hydrocodone, diazepam, temazepam, alprazolam and doxylamine". It added: "We have concluded that the manner of death is accident[al], resulting from the abuse of prescribed medications."[7][9]
While the medications found in the toxicological analysis may be prescribed in the United States for insomnia, anxiety, pain or
In 2017, Jason Payne-James, a forensic pathologist, asserted that Ledger might have survived if hydrocodone and oxycodone had been left out of the combination of drugs that the actor took just prior to his death. He furthermore stated that the mixture of drugs, combined with a possible chest infection, caused Ledger to stop breathing.[94]
Federal investigation
Late in February 2008, a DEA investigation of medical professionals relating to Ledger's death exonerated two American physicians, who practice in Los Angeles and Houston, of any wrongdoing, determining that "the doctors in question had prescribed Ledger other medications – not the pills that killed him."[95][96]
On 4 August 2008, Mary-Kate Olsen's attorney Michael Miller issued a statement denying that Olsen supplied Ledger with the drugs causing his death and asserting that she did not know their source.[97][98] In his statement, Miller said specifically, "Despite tabloid speculation, Mary-Kate Olsen had nothing whatsoever to do with the drugs found in Heath Ledger's home or his body, and she does not know where he obtained them."[99]
After a flurry of further media speculation, on 6 August 2008, the US Attorney's Office in Manhattan closed its investigation into Ledger's death without filing any charges and rendering moot its subpoena of Olsen.[100][101] With the clearing of the two doctors and Olsen, and the closing of the investigation because the prosecutors in the Manhattan US Attorney's Office "don't believe there's a viable target," it is still not known how Ledger obtained the oxycodone and hydrocodone in the lethal drug combination that killed him.[101][102]
Controversy over will
After Ledger's death, in response to some press reports about his
On 31 March 2008, stimulating another controversy pertaining to Ledger's estate, Gemma Jones and Janet Fife-Yeomans published an "Exclusive" report, in The Daily Telegraph, citing Ledger's uncle Haydn Ledger and other family members, who "believe the late actor may have fathered a secret love child" when he was 17, and stating that "If it is confirmed that Ledger is the girl's biological father, it could split his multi-million dollar estate between ... Matilda Rose ... and his secret love child."[109][110][111] A few days later, reports citing telephone interviews with Ledger's uncles Haydn and Mike Ledger and the family of the other little girl, published in OK! and Us Weekly, "denied" those "claims", with Ledger's uncles and the little girl's mother and stepfather describing them as unfounded "rumors" distorted and exaggerated by the media.[112][113]
On 15 July 2008, Fife-Yeomans reported further, via Australian
On 27 September 2008, Ledger's father Kim stated that "the family has agreed to leave the US$16.3 million fortune to Matilda," adding: "There is no claim. Our family has gifted everything to Matilda."[115][116] In October 2008, Forbes estimated Ledger's annual earnings from October 2007 through October 2008 — including his posthumous share of The Dark Knight's gross income of "US$1 billion in box office revenue worldwide" — as "US$20 million".[117]
Legacy
Memorial tributes and services
As the news of Ledger's death became public, throughout the night of 22 January 2008, and the following day, media crews, mourners, fans, and other onlookers began gathering outside his apartment building, with some leaving flowers or other memorial tributes.[118][119]
The following day, at 10:50am
Several actors made statements expressing their sorrow at Ledger's death, including
After attending private memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles, Ledger's family members returned with his body to Perth.[130][131] On 9 February, a memorial service attended by several hundred invited guests was held at Penrhos College, attracting considerable press attention; afterward Ledger's body was cremated at Fremantle Cemetery,[132] followed by a private service attended by only 10 of his closest family members,[133][134][135] The ashes were taken from Fremantle for interment at an unspecified location.[136] Later that night, his family and friends gathered for a wake on Cottesloe Beach.[137][138][139]
The Eskimo Joe song "Foreign Land" was written as a tribute to Ledger.[140] The band were in New York at the time of his death.
In January 2011, the State Theatre Centre of Western Australia in Ledger's home town of Perth named a 575-seat theatre the Heath Ledger Theatre after him. For the opening of the theatre, Ledger's Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor was on display in the theatre's foyer along with his Joker costume.[141]
Bon Iver's "Perth" was inspired by Heath Ledger.[142] Justin Vernon, the lead singer and songwriter of the American indie folk band, revealed back in 2011 that he had begun working on the song in 2008 and was scheduled to meet with a music video director who was good friends with Ledger, Matt Amato. "The first thing I worked on, the riff and the beginning melodies, was the first song on the record, 'Perth,'" Vernon told Exclaim!.[143] Amato was directing the band's "The Wolves (Act I & II)" music video the day that Ledger died. "It was no longer about just making a Bon Iver music video anymore," Vernon says. "This was now our chance to be there with Matt as he grieved. It was a three-day wake." Amato told Vernon stories about Ledger that eventually became the inspiration for "Perth," the opening track to the band's second studio album Bon Iver, Bon Iver (2011).[142]
Method and style
"You know when you see the preachers down South? And they grab a believer and they go, 'Bwoom! I touch you with the hand of God!' And they believe so strongly, they're on the ground shaking and spitting. And fuck's sake, that's the power of belief... Now, I don't believe in Jesus, but I believe in my performance. And if you can understand that the power of belief is one of the great tools of our time and that a lot of acting comes from it, you can do anything."
—Ledger, during the interview with Rolling Stone in 2006, on belief, power and acting[144]
Portraying a variety of roles, from
Directors who have worked with the actor praised him for his creativity, seriousness, and intuition. "I've never felt as old as I did watching Heath explore his talents," The Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan has written, expressing amazement over the actor's working process, genuine curiosity and charisma.[146] Marc Forster, who directed Ledger in Monster's Ball, complimented him as taking the job "very seriously", being disciplined, observant, understanding, and intuitive. In 2007, director Todd Haynes compared Ledger's presence to actor James Dean, casting Ledger as Robbie Clarke, a fictive personification of Bob Dylan in I'm Not There. Drawing on the similar characteristics between the actors, Haynes further highlighted Ledger's "precocious seriousness" and intuition. He also felt that Ledger had a rare maturity beyond his years."[145] Ledger, however, disconnected himself and acting from perfectionism. "I'm always gonna pull myself apart and dissect [the work]. I mean, there's no such thing as perfection in what [actors] do. Pornos are more perfect than we are, because they're actually fucking."[144]
"Some people find their shtick," Ledger reflected on the categorisation of style. "I never figured out who 'Heath Ledger' is on film: 'This is what you expect when you hire me, and it will be recognisable'... People always feel compelled to sum you up, to presume that they have you and can describe you. That's fine. But there are so many stories inside of me and a lot I want to achieve outside of one flat note."[145]
Posthumous films and awards
Ledger's death affected the marketing campaign for Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008)[11][33] and also both the production and marketing of Terry Gilliam's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, with both directors intending to celebrate and pay tribute to his work in these films.[33][34][147][148] Although Gilliam temporarily suspended production on the latter film,[34] he expressed determination to "salvage" it, perhaps using computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dedicated it to Ledger.[79][149][150] In February 2008, as a "memorial tribute to the man many have called one of the best actors of his generation," Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell signed on to take over Ledger's role, becoming multiple incarnations of his character, Tony, transformed in this "magical re-telling of the Faust story".[151][152][153] The three actors donated their fees for the film to Ledger's and Williams's daughter.[154]
Speaking of editing The Dark Knight, on which Ledger had completed his work in October 2007, Nolan recalled, "It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day. ... But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish."[148] All of Ledger's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no "digital effects" to alter Ledger's actual performance posthumously.[155] Nolan dedicated the film in part to Ledger's memory, as well as to the memory of technician Conway Wickliffe, who was killed during a car accident while preparing one of the film's stunts.[156]
Released in July 2008, The Dark Knight broke several box office records and received both popular and critical accolades, especially with regard to Ledger's performance as the Joker.
Ledger received numerous awards for his Joker role in The Dark Knight. On 10 November 2008, he was nominated for two People's Choice Awards related to his work on the film, "Best Ensemble Cast" and "Best Onscreen Match-Up" (shared with Christian Bale), and Ledger won an award for "Match-Up" in the ceremony aired live on CBS in January 2009.[160]
On 11 December 2008, it was announced that Ledger had been nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance as the Joker in The Dark Knight; he subsequently won the award at the 66th Golden Globe Awards ceremony telecast on NBC on 11 January 2009, with Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan accepting on his behalf.[10][31]
Film critics, co-stars Maggie Gyllenhaal and Michael Caine and many of Ledger's peers in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in recognition of Ledger's achievement in The Dark Knight.[161] Ledger's subsequent nomination was announced on 22 January 2009, the anniversary of his death.[162]
Ledger went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second person to win a posthumous Academy Award for acting (after fellow Australian actor Peter Finch, who won for 1976's Network), as well as the first comic-book movie actor to win an Oscar for their acting. Ledger's family attended the ceremony on 22 February 2009, with his parents and sister accepting the award onstage on his behalf.[163][32] Following talks with the Ledger family in Australia, the academy determined that Ledger's daughter, Matilda Rose, would own the award. However, due to Matilda's age, she will not gain full ownership of the statuette until her eighteenth birthday in 2023.[164] Her mother, Michelle Williams, will hold the statuette in trust for Matilda until that time.[165]
On 4 April 2017, a trailer was released for the documentary I Am Heath Ledger, which was released on 3 May 2017.[166] It features archival footage of Ledger and interviews.[167]
Filmography
Film
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1997 | Blackrock | Toby Ackland | |
Paws | Oberon | ||
1999 | 10 Things I Hate About You | Patrick Verona | |
Two Hands | Jimmy | ||
2000 | The Patriot | Gabriel Martin | |
2001 | A Knight's Tale | William Thatcher | |
Monster's Ball | Sonny Grotowski | ||
2002 | The Four Feathers | Harry Faversham | |
2003 | Ned Kelly | Ned Kelly | |
The Order | Alex Bernier | ||
2005 | Brokeback Mountain | Ennis Del Mar | |
The Brothers Grimm | Jacob Grimm | ||
Casanova | Giacomo Casanova | ||
Lords of Dogtown | Skip Engblom | ||
2006 | Candy | Dan Carter | |
2007 | I'm Not There | Robbie Clark / Bob Dylan | |
2008 | The Dark Knight | The Joker | Posthumous release |
2009 | The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus | Tony Shepard | Posthumous release; final film role |
Television
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1992 | Clowning Around | Orphan clown | TV movie; debut role (uncredited) |
1993 | Ship to Shore | Cyclist | 3 episodes |
1996 | Sweat | Snowy Bowles | 26 episodes |
1997 | Home and Away | Scott Irwin | 9 episodes |
Roar | Conor | 13 episodes | |
2017 | I Am Heath Ledger | Himself | Posthumous release; archive footage |
Music videos
Year | Title | Performer | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
2006 | "Cause an Effect" | N'fa | Also director |
"Seduction is Evil (She's Hot)" | |||
"Morning Yearning" | Ben Harper | ||
2007 | "Black Eyed Dog" | Nick Drake | Also director and featuring himself[41] |
2009 | "Quicksand" | Grace Woodroofe | Also director |
"King Rat" | Modest Mouse | Animated video; conceived by himself[49] |
Accolades
See also
- List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees – Youngest nominees for Best Actor in a Leading Role
- List of actors with Academy Award nominations
- List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories
- List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees
- List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees
Notes
- ^ Drake's song "Black Eyed Dog" is featured as track number five on the soundtrack album for the 1998 film Practical Magic, directed by Griffin Dunne and starring Sandra Bullock and Nicole Kidman.
References
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The Ledger name was well-known in Perth, the family having run a foundry that provided much of the raw material for the famous Perth to Kalgoorlie Pipeline ... The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust, named after Heath's great-grandfather, was renowned for granting funds to the area's universities, paying for visiting lecturers and scholarships for gifted students.
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His dad wanted him to race cars. Hollywood wanted him to play Spider-Man. Now he's a huge star, and he's not happy about it.
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This very special evening celebrating [Drake's] life and music includes films, guests and a unique art and photographic exhibit. It includes the World Theatrical Premiere of 'Their Place: Reflections On Nick Drake', 2007, Bryter Music, 30 min. Various Directors – a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake – created by admirers including Heath Ledger, Jonas Mekas and Tim Pope. (NOT ON DVD!) ...
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Further reading
- Adler, Shawn."Heath Ledger Said He Hoped to Evolve as an Actor and Person in 2005 Interview: Archived 25 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Late Actor Was Intelligent, Self-Aware during 'Brokeback Mountain' Chat." MTV.com, 22 January 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008. (Excerpts from transcript of interview with Heath Ledger conducted by John Norris in 2005.)
- Arango, Tim. "Esquire Publishes a Diary That Isn't" Archived 17 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, nytimes.com, 6 March 2008, Books. Retrieved 25 July 2008. (Rev. of Taddeo.)
- "Death of a Star: Unsolved Mysteries" Archived 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Newsweek, 4 February 2008: 62, Newsmakers. Both Web and print versions. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
- The Joker vs. The Real Heath: Entertainment Tonight Looks Back at the Career of Heath Ledger, etonline.com (CBS Studios Inc.), July 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008. ("ET takes a look back at Heath Ledger's career amid the hugely successful launch of 'The Dark Knight,' which features the late actor portraying the Joker"; includes photo album.)
- McShane John. ISBN 978-1-84454-633-6(13). (Excerpt listed below.)
- "Loves of Heath Ledger's Life" Archived 9 December 2012 at archive.today. The Courier-Mail, news.com.au, 20 April 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008. (Book excerpt.)
- Nolan, Christopher. "Transition: Charisma as Natural as Gravity Archived 11 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine: Heath Ledger, 28, Actor". Newsweek, 4 February 2008: 9, Periscope. Both Web (updated 26 January 2008) and print versions. Retrieved 5 August 2008. (Eulogy.)
- Norris, Chris. "(Untitled Heath Ledger Project) Archived 7 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine: In Which the Protagonist Dies Mysteriously, and the Audience Analyzes His Final Days for Clues to His Real Character". New York, nymag.com, 18 February 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
- Park, Michael Y. "Christian Bale on 'Kindred Spirit' Heath Ledger" Archived 5 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Web. People, 25 June 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2008. (See Wolf below.)
- Robb, Brian J. Heath Ledger: Hollywood's Dark Star. London: Plexus Publishing Ltd, 2008. ISBN 978-0-85965-427-2(13).
- Scott, A. O. "An Appraisal: Prince of Intensity with a Lightness of Touch" Archived 1 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, nytimes.com, 24 January 2008, Movies. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
- Sessums, Kevin, with photographs by Bruce Weber. "We're Having a Heath Wave" Archived 21 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Vanity Fair, August 2000, vanityfair.com, August 2008. Web. (4 pages.) Accessed 21 April 2008. (Interview with Heath Ledger; illustrations in "Perth Album", by Bruce Weber.)
- Taddeo, Lisa. "The Last Days of Heath Ledger" Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Esquire (April 2008), esquire.com, 5 March 2008. (Updated 21 July 2008.) Accessed 25 July 2008. (Fictional account; cf. rev. by Arango.)
- Travers, Peter."Sundance: Shock". The Travers Take: News and Reviews from Rolling Stone's Movie Critic, Rolling Stone (Blog), rollingstone.com, 22 January 2008. Includes hyperlinked feature: Video Review: A Look at Heath Ledger's Best Performances Archived 28 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine (video by Jennifer Hsu, with audio commentary provided by Travers), 1 February 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
- Wolf, Jeanne. "Christian Bale: 'Life Should Never Be Boring' ". Parade, 29 June 2008: 8–9. Both Web and print formats. Retrieved 3 August 2008. (See Park above.)
External links
- Heath Ledger at IMDb