Hedylidae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Hedylidae
Macrosoma bahiata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Clade: Obtectomera
Superfamily: Papilionoidea
Family: Hedylidae
Guenée, 1857, nec. Bergh, 1895
Genus: Macrosoma
Hübner, 1818
Type species
Macrosoma tipulata
Hübner, 1818
Species

see List of species

Diversity
35 currently recognised species
Synonyms
  • Epirrita Hübner, 1808 [unavailable name]
  • Hedyle Guenée, 1857, type species Hedyle heliconiaria Guenée, 1857
  • Phellinodes Guenée, 1857, type species Phellinodes satellitiata Guenée, 1857
  • Venodes Guenée, 1857, type species Phellinodes satellitiata Guenée, 1857
  • Macrophila Walker, 1862, type species Macrosoma tipulata Hübner, 1818
  • Hyphedyle Warren, 1894, type species Hedyle rubedinaria Walker, 1862
  • Lasiopates Warren, 1905, type species Lasiopates hyacinthina Warren, 1905

Hedylidae, the "American moth-butterflies", is a

Neotropical
genus Macrosoma with 35 currently recognized species.

Taxonomy and systematics

Hedylidae were previously treated as a

phylogenetic analyses shows that skippers are true butterflies and therefore within the clade Papilionoidea, whereas the hedylids are a sister group that may be closely related to the obtectomeran moths.[9] This is contrary to some earlier studies that had shown both the skippers and hedylids as being nested within the Papilionoidea.[10][11]

Since there are no obvious gaps between supposed species groups, according to basic morphological structure, Scoble (1986) synonymised the five pre-existing genera of Hedylidae (33 of which had been described in Phellinodes) into the single genus Macrosoma.[2] However, a phylogenetic analysis of all Macrosoma species is still needed.

Nomenclatural notes

In

Hedylopsidae;[14] currently placed in the genus Hedylopsis Thiele, 1931),[15] and Hedyle Malmgren 1865 (a polychaete worm).[16]
The sea slug family name "Hedylidae Bergh, 1895" (type species Hedyle weberi Bergh, 1895) is thus also invalid.

Morphology and identification

The eggs of hedylid moths have an upright configuration and are variable in shape: in Macrosoma inermis they are particularly narrow and spindle-shaped,

vestigial.[2] The family have been fully catalogued[17] and illustrated in an identification guide.[20]

Butterfly-like characteristics of Hedylidae

  1. "
    Mesoscutum" with "secondary line of weakness" near median "notal" wing process,[21] as in some representatives of Papilionidea and Hesperioidea (potentially unique butterfly character;[22]
  2. Mesothoracic aorta with horizontal chamber, as in other butterflies (not Papilionidae), but as also in Cossidae;[19][22]
  3. Metathoracic "furca" resembling a blunt arrowhead;[2] this a variable but potentially unique character in butterflies;[22]
  4. Second median plate of forewing base lying partly under the base of vein "1A+2A", unlike the configuration in moths;[2]
  5. "Postspiracular bar" on first abdominal segment;[2]
  6. Female genitalic "anterior apophyses" reduced;[2]
  7. Male genitalia relatively "deep" dorso-ventrally;[2]
  8. Abdomen curved (especially in males), as in papilionoids;[2]
  9. Abdominal first tergal segment is strongly "pouched" (Scoble 1986; as also in Thyatirinae moths;[22]
  10. sulcus joining "marginopleural" sulcus;[2]
  11. Male
    nymphalid butterflies, with the mid and hindlegs used for perching, but apparently redeveloped in hesperiids;[2]
  12. Egg upright, spindle-shaped and ribbed[24] as in some Pieridae (e.g. the orange tip butterfly), some other butterflies, and as in some moth groups also;[22]
  13. Megathyminae) and Pieridae, but not in other Papilionoidea except one species (and also independently in Tortricidae), that is used for propulsion of frass away from the caterpillar;[22]
  14. Caterpillar with horn-like processes and a "bifid" tail as in many Nymphalidae;[24][26]
  15. Caterpillar with "secondary
    setae", as in Pieridae;[24]
  16. Ventral larval proleg "crochet" hooks not forming a complete circle, unlike configuration in hesperiids and papilionoids;[2]
  17. Geometridae, especially the subfamily Sterrhinae (in which the girdle is around the abdomen), but lost in many Papilionoidea);[2]
  18. Pupal cocoon lost, as in papilionoids, and a few other groups of Lepidoptera;[2]
  19. "Temporal cleavage line" lost in the pupa (as in papilionoids).[2]

Distribution

Hedylidae range in North America south from central Mexico and in South America through the Amazon from southern Peru (where there are a full 26 species,[29] up to 12 at a single site:[30] to central Bolivia and southwestern Brazil[20]). In the Caribbean, they also occur in Cuba, Jamaica, and Trinidad.[20][30]

Behaviour

Hedylids are

cremaster and silken girdle[39] and sometimes resembles a bird dropping.[40]

List of species

This list of species is largely based on phenetic characters.[17][20]

Biology and host plants

The life history of Macrosoma heliconiaria was originally described from plants of Byttneria aculeata in

tribes: Bombacoideae (Ochroma), Malvoideae (Hampea and also Hibiscus,[20] Byttnerioideae (Byttneria aculeata, Theobroma) and Grewioideae (Luehea). The "green lizard caterpillar" Macrosoma tipulata[42] attacks an economically important local fruit tree "Cupuaçu" (Theobroma grandiflorum) in Brazil and can defoliate saplings; the biology of this species has been studied and illustrated in some detail.[18] The larva of this species lives about 15 days in 5 instars, the pupal stage lasts about 7 days and the adult lives about 10 days. M. tipulata and many other species can be found as adults through most of the year.[20]

DNA sequences

A few species have been

mitochondrial genes "cytochrome oxidase I", and "ND1" and nuclear genes "Wingless" and "Ef-1?",[43] including Macrosoma semiermis. Some species are currently being barcoded.[44]

Cited literature

  1. .
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Scoble MJ (1986). "The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies". Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 53: 251–286.
  3. ^ Prout LB (1910). "Lepidoptera Heterocera, Fam. Geometridae, Subfam. Oenochrominae". Genera Insectorum. 104: 1–119.
  4. ^ Prout LB (1931). "The American Geometridae". The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 8: 1–144.
  5. S2CID 221574665
    .
  6. .
  7. .
  8. .
  9. .
  10. .
  11. .
  12. ^ "Synonymy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  13. ^ Hammer, M. (1979). Investigations on the oribatid fauna of Java. K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr., 22(9): 34.
  14. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2020-01-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ "Subclass: Opisthobranchia". Archived from the original on 2007-03-31. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  16. ^ "Nomenclator Zoologicus Record Detail". Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  17. ^ a b c d Scoble, M.J. (1990a). A catalogue of the Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea), with descriptions of two new species. Entomologica Scandinavica, 21: 113-119.
  18. ^ a b Lourido, G., Silva, N.M., Motta, C.S. 2007. Biological Parameters and Damage by Macrosoma tipulata Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae), in Cupuaçu tree [Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild ex Spreng Schum)] in Amazonas, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 36(1):102-106.
  19. ^ a b Scoble, M.J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. The Natural History Museum and Oxford University Press, London.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Scoble, M.J. (1990b). An identification guide to the Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea). Entomologica Scandinavica, 21: 121-158.
  21. ^ Minet, J. (1991). Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Entomologica Scandinavica, 22: 69-95.
  22. ^ a b c d e f de Jong, R., Vane_Wright, R.I. and Ackery, P.R. 1996. The higher classification of butterflies (Lepidoptera): problems and prospects. Entomologica Scandinavica, 27: 65-102.
  23. ^ Ackery, P.R., de Jong, R and Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. Pp. 263-300 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Volume IV/Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
  24. ^ a b c d Scoble, M.J., Aiello, A. (1990). Moth-like butterflies (Hedylidae: Lepidoptera): a summary, with comments on the egg. Journal of Natural History, 24(1): 159-164.
  25. ^ Scoble, M.J., 1992. Guía de las Mariposas Hedílidas de Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae). In: Guía de Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, 1: v, 30 pp, + 61 figs.
  26. ^ Image of bifid tail
  27. ^ Image of 1st abdominal segment
  28. ^ Image of 1st abdominal segment
  29. ^ Lamas, G. and Grados, J. (1998). Sinopsis de los Hedylidae (Lepidoptera) del Perú. Revista Peruviana Entomologia, 40: 107-109.
  30. ^ a b Grados, J. (1998). Pp 119-120 in Alonso, A. and F. Dallmeier (eds). Biodiversity Assessment of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru: Cashiriari-3 Well Site and the Camisea and Urubamba Rivers. SI/MAB Series #2. Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.
  31. ^ a b Kendall, R.O., (1976). Larval foodplants and life history notes for eight moths from Texas and Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 30(4): 264-271.
  32. ^ Beccaloni, G.W. (1997). Ecology, natural history and behaviour of ithomiine butterflies and their mimics in Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 8(2): 103-124.
  33. ^ A white species of Macrosoma
  34. ^ Organ of hearing
  35. ^ Rydell, J., Kaerma, S., Hedelin, H. and Skals, N. (2004). Evasive response to ultrasound by the crepuscular butterfly Manataria maculata. Naturwissenschaften, 90(2): 80-83.
  36. ^ Yack, J.E. and Fullard, J.H. (1999). Ultrasonic hearing in nocturnal butterflies. Nature, 403: 265-266.
  37. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ^ http://janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu:16080/2700ARCHIVES/Hedylidae/Macrosoma%20cascaria/04-SRNP-56084_DHJ402166.jpg[bare URL image file]
  39. ^ http://janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu:16080/2700ARCHIVES/Hedylidae/Macrosoma%20tipulata/05-SRNP-31301_DHJ404036.jpg[bare URL image file]
  40. ^ http://janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu:16080/2700ARCHIVES/Hedylidae/Macrosoma%20conifera/00-SRNP-15830_DHJ55789_f.jpg[bare URL image file]
  41. ^ Janz, N. and Nylin, S. (1998). Butterflies and Plants: A Phylogenetic Study. Evolution, 52(2): 486-502.
  42. ^ Image of Macrosoma tipulata
  43. ^ Nucleotide sequences
  44. ^ DNA Barcodes for Macrosoma

Sources

  • Scoble, M.J. (1986). The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 53: 251-286.

External links