Hedylidae
Hedylidae | |
---|---|
Macrosoma bahiata | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Clade: | Obtectomera |
Superfamily: | Papilionoidea |
Family: | Hedylidae Guenée, 1857, nec. Bergh, 1895 |
Genus: | Macrosoma Hübner, 1818 |
Type species | |
Macrosoma tipulata Hübner, 1818
| |
Species | |
see List of species | |
Diversity | |
35 currently recognised species | |
Synonyms | |
|
Hedylidae, the "American moth-butterflies", is a
Taxonomy and systematics
Hedylidae were previously treated as a
Since there are no obvious gaps between supposed species groups, according to basic morphological structure, Scoble (1986) synonymised the five pre-existing genera of Hedylidae (33 of which had been described in Phellinodes) into the single genus Macrosoma.[2] However, a phylogenetic analysis of all Macrosoma species is still needed.
Nomenclatural notes
In
Morphology and identification
The eggs of hedylid moths have an upright configuration and are variable in shape: in Macrosoma inermis they are particularly narrow and spindle-shaped,
Butterfly-like characteristics of Hedylidae
- "
- Mesothoracic aorta with horizontal chamber, as in other butterflies (not Papilionidae), but as also in Cossidae;[19][22]
- Metathoracic "furca" resembling a blunt arrowhead;[2] this a variable but potentially unique character in butterflies;[22]
- Second median plate of forewing base lying partly under the base of vein "1A+2A", unlike the configuration in moths;[2]
- "Postspiracular bar" on first abdominal segment;[2]
- Female genitalic "anterior apophyses" reduced;[2]
- Male genitalia relatively "deep" dorso-ventrally;[2]
- Abdomen curved (especially in males), as in papilionoids;[2]
- Abdominal first tergal segment is strongly "pouched" (Scoble 1986; as also in Thyatirinae moths;[22]
- sulcus joining "marginopleural" sulcus;[2]
- Male nymphalid butterflies, with the mid and hindlegs used for perching, but apparently redeveloped in hesperiids;[2]
- Egg upright, spindle-shaped and ribbed[24] as in some Pieridae (e.g. the orange tip butterfly), some other butterflies, and as in some moth groups also;[22]
- Megathyminae) and Pieridae, but not in other Papilionoidea except one species (and also independently in Tortricidae), that is used for propulsion of frass away from the caterpillar;[22]
- Caterpillar with horn-like processes and a "bifid" tail as in many Nymphalidae;[24][26]
- Caterpillar with "secondary setae", as in Pieridae;[24]
- Geometridae, especially the subfamily Sterrhinae (in which the girdle is around the abdomen), but lost in many Papilionoidea);[2]
- Pupal cocoon lost, as in papilionoids, and a few other groups of Lepidoptera;[2]
- "Temporal cleavage line" lost in the pupa (as in papilionoids).[2]
Distribution
Hedylidae range in North America south from central Mexico and in South America through the Amazon from southern Peru (where there are a full 26 species,[29] up to 12 at a single site:[30] to central Bolivia and southwestern Brazil[20]). In the Caribbean, they also occur in Cuba, Jamaica, and Trinidad.[20][30]
Behaviour
Hedylids are
List of species
This list of species is largely based on phenetic characters.[17][20]
- Macrosoma albida
- Macrosoma albifascia
- Macrosoma albimacula
- Macrosoma albipannosa
- Macrosoma albistria
- Macrosoma amaculata
- Macrosoma bahiata
- Macrosoma cascaria
- Macrosoma conifera
- Macrosoma coscoja
- Macrosoma costilunata
- Macrosoma hedylaria
- Macrosoma heliconiaria
- Macrosoma hyacinthina
- Macrosoma intermedia
- Macrosoma klagesi
- Macrosoma lamellifera
- Macrosoma leptosiata
- Macrosoma leucophasiata
- Macrosoma leucoplethes
- Macrosoma lucivittata
- Macrosoma minutipuncta
- Macrosoma muscerdata
- Macrosoma napiaria
- Macrosoma nigrimacula
- Macrosoma paularia
- Macrosoma pectinogyna
- Macrosoma rubedinaria
- Macrosoma satellitiata
- Macrosoma semiermis
- Macrosoma stabilinota
- Macrosoma subornata
- Macrosoma tipulata
- Macrosoma uniformis
- Macrosoma ustrinaria
Biology and host plants
The life history of Macrosoma heliconiaria was originally described from plants of Byttneria aculeata in
DNA sequences
A few species have been
Cited literature
- PMID 24966318.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Scoble MJ (1986). "The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies". Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 53: 251–286.
- ^ Prout LB (1910). "Lepidoptera Heterocera, Fam. Geometridae, Subfam. Oenochrominae". Genera Insectorum. 104: 1–119.
- ^ Prout LB (1931). "The American Geometridae". The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 8: 1–144.
- S2CID 221574665.
- S2CID 85579049.
- PMID 8845961.
- PMID 16048773.
- PMID 26589618.
- PMID 21920981.
- PMID 24966318.
- ^ "Synonymy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ Hammer, M. (1979). Investigations on the oribatid fauna of Java. K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr., 22(9): 34.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Subclass: Opisthobranchia". Archived from the original on 2007-03-31. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ "Nomenclator Zoologicus Record Detail". Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ a b c d Scoble, M.J. (1990a). A catalogue of the Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea), with descriptions of two new species. Entomologica Scandinavica, 21: 113-119.
- ^ a b Lourido, G., Silva, N.M., Motta, C.S. 2007. Biological Parameters and Damage by Macrosoma tipulata Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae), in Cupuaçu tree [Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild ex Spreng Schum)] in Amazonas, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 36(1):102-106.
- ^ a b Scoble, M.J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. The Natural History Museum and Oxford University Press, London.
- ^ a b c d e f Scoble, M.J. (1990b). An identification guide to the Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea). Entomologica Scandinavica, 21: 121-158.
- ^ Minet, J. (1991). Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Entomologica Scandinavica, 22: 69-95.
- ^ a b c d e f de Jong, R., Vane_Wright, R.I. and Ackery, P.R. 1996. The higher classification of butterflies (Lepidoptera): problems and prospects. Entomologica Scandinavica, 27: 65-102.
- ^ Ackery, P.R., de Jong, R and Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. Pp. 263-300 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Volume IV/Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
- ^ a b c d Scoble, M.J., Aiello, A. (1990). Moth-like butterflies (Hedylidae: Lepidoptera): a summary, with comments on the egg. Journal of Natural History, 24(1): 159-164.
- ^ Scoble, M.J., 1992. Guía de las Mariposas Hedílidas de Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae). In: Guía de Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, 1: v, 30 pp, + 61 figs.
- ^ Image of bifid tail
- ^ Image of 1st abdominal segment
- ^ Image of 1st abdominal segment
- ^ Lamas, G. and Grados, J. (1998). Sinopsis de los Hedylidae (Lepidoptera) del Perú. Revista Peruviana Entomologia, 40: 107-109.
- ^ a b Grados, J. (1998). Pp 119-120 in Alonso, A. and F. Dallmeier (eds). Biodiversity Assessment of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru: Cashiriari-3 Well Site and the Camisea and Urubamba Rivers. SI/MAB Series #2. Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.
- ^ a b Kendall, R.O., (1976). Larval foodplants and life history notes for eight moths from Texas and Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 30(4): 264-271.
- ^ Beccaloni, G.W. (1997). Ecology, natural history and behaviour of ithomiine butterflies and their mimics in Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 8(2): 103-124.
- ^ A white species of Macrosoma
- ^ Organ of hearing
- ^ Rydell, J., Kaerma, S., Hedelin, H. and Skals, N. (2004). Evasive response to ultrasound by the crepuscular butterfly Manataria maculata. Naturwissenschaften, 90(2): 80-83.
- ^ Yack, J.E. and Fullard, J.H. (1999). Ultrasonic hearing in nocturnal butterflies. Nature, 403: 265-266.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu:16080/2700ARCHIVES/Hedylidae/Macrosoma%20cascaria/04-SRNP-56084_DHJ402166.jpg[bare URL image file]
- ^ http://janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu:16080/2700ARCHIVES/Hedylidae/Macrosoma%20tipulata/05-SRNP-31301_DHJ404036.jpg[bare URL image file]
- ^ http://janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu:16080/2700ARCHIVES/Hedylidae/Macrosoma%20conifera/00-SRNP-15830_DHJ55789_f.jpg[bare URL image file]
- ^ Janz, N. and Nylin, S. (1998). Butterflies and Plants: A Phylogenetic Study. Evolution, 52(2): 486-502.
- ^ Image of Macrosoma tipulata
- ^ Nucleotide sequences
- ^ DNA Barcodes for Macrosoma
Sources
- Scoble, M.J. (1986). The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 53: 251-286.
External links
- Caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths of the ACG [Accessed March 2007]
- Hearing [Accessed March 2007]
- Ears [Accessed March 2007]
- Kendall 1976 pdf[permanent dead link] [Accessed March 2007]
- LepIndex list of species and genera in family Hedylidae [Accessed May 2018]
- Moths of Belize [Accessed March 2007]
- Unknown white hedylid from Nicaragua [Accessed March 2007]
- Hedylidae of Guyana [Accessed March 2007]
- Moths of Jamaica [Accessed March 2007]
- Barcoding progress and images [Accessed March 2007]
- Leptree sequencing progress [Accessed March 2007]
- Larva of unidentified species 79-SRNP-362c[permanent dead link] [Accessed March 2007]
- Larva of unidentified species 03-SRNP-21689[permanent dead link] [Accessed March 2007]
- Nicaraguan hostplants of Macrosoma semiermis [Accessed March 2007]