Heinrich Bär
Heinz Bär | |
---|---|
JV 44 | |
Battles/wars | See battles
|
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Other work | Test pilot |
Oscar-Heinrich "Pritzl" Bär (pronounced
Bär, a native of
During the remainder of World War II, Bär was credited with 130 other aerial victories, an achievement which would normally have earned him the coveted
Early life
Bär was born on 25 May 1913 in Sommerfeld near Leipzig in the Kingdom of Saxony, a federated state of the German Empire.[6] His parents were farmers, and in 1916, his father was killed in action on the Western Front of World War I. Bär attended the Volksschule, a combined primary and lower secondary school, in Sommerfeld. Initially, he planned on taking over the family farm in Engelsdorf and following graduation attended the agriculture school in Wurzen. Aged 15, he became a glider pilot, joining the glider club on the "Schwarzer Berg" (Black Mountain) at Taucha.[7] Bär then wanted to become a forester, for everything associated with wildlife and forests interested him. His first sight of a Junkers transport aircraft changed his mind and convinced him that he should become an aviator. As a teenager, he had ambitions to become an airline pilot with Deutsche Luft Hansa.[8] He acquired the nickname Pritzl because of his affection for Pritzl candy bars.[9]
The financial difficulties during the
World War II
Stationed on the border with France, Bär achieved his first victory—a Curtiss P-36 Hawk—on 25 September 1939 during the Phoney War air skirmishes with the Armée de l'Air (French Air Force).[13] This earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) on 29 September 1939 which was presented to him by Hugo Sperrle.[10] During the Battle of France, he was credited with two more aerial victories before adding a further 10 during the Battle of Britain and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 6 July 1940.[10] During this time, he had several emergency landings in badly damaged aircraft and was shot down over the English Channel on 2 September 1940 by a Spitfire. Bär was summoned to appear before Hermann Göring and report on this battle.[Note 3] When Göring asked him what he was thinking about while in the water, Bär immediately replied, "Your speech, Herr Reichsmarschall, in which you said that England is no longer an island!", alluding to an address that Göring had made before the German fighter pilots.[14][6] Incidents like this are testimony to his often blatant disregard for higher authority. His outspokenness frequently landed him in trouble with Göring.[16] In early 1941, he was credited with an additional four aerial victories against the Royal Air Force (RAF), bringing his total to 17.[14]
Eastern Front
In June 1941, JG 51 was transferred east to take part in Operation Barbarossa with 1. Staffel. On the morning of 22 June, Bär and his wingman Oberfeldwebel Heinrich Höfemeier were escorting a damaged Heinkel He 111 over German lines when they made contact with 18 Tupolev SB bombers from the 39 SBAP (Skorostnoy Bombardirovohchnyy Aviatsionny Polk—high speed bomber aviation regiment) and 10 SAD (Smeshannaya Aviatsionnaya Diviziya—composite aviation regiment). The German pilots attacked; Höfemeier claimed four, Bär two—though the former was wounded in the arm. The Germans noted the vulnerability of the Soviet aircraft which lacked self-sealing fuel tanks and had a propensity to burst into flames. More JG 51 Bf 109s appeared and claimed six more. None of the 18 bombers returned home. Bär had achieved his 19th and 20th victories.[17]
JG 51 at the time was part of Fliegerkorps II, operating in the central sector of the Eastern Front. Bär claimed five aerial victories on 30 June 1941, bringing his total to 22.[18] On that day JG 51 was credited with 113 aerial victories in total, among them their 1,000th aerial victory—the first unit to reach this figure—and Oberst Werner Mölders, with 82 aerial victories, surpassed Manfred von Richthofen in number of victories.[19][20] The Geschwader recorded 24 separate engagements in a 14-hour period and lost five Bf 109s.[21] Bär's opponents included Ilyushin DB-3 bombers from the 42nd and 52nd DBA (Dal'me-Bombardirovochnaya Aviatsiya—long range aviation bomber regiment). Five Tupolev TB-3s from the 3rd TBAP were also claimed.[21]
Within two weeks of combat against the
Squadron leader
On 20 July 1941, Bär was transferred to IV. Gruppe of JG 51 where he was appointed Staffelkapitän of 12. Staffel. He succeeded Hauptmann Karl-Gottfried Nordmann who had been placed in command of IV. Gruppe.[25] Bär accounted for a Petlyakov Pe-2 on 23 July. Three were lost from the 411 BAP (Bombardirovochnyy Aviatsionyy Polk—bomber aviation regiment) operating under the OSNAZ (Osoboye Naznachenie—Special purpose-unit or task force). German pilots submitted three claims.[26] On 9 August a SB bomber was claimed from a formation of eight belonging to the 57 BAP's 3rd Eskadrilya—five Soviet aircraft were shot down.[27] Bär had achieved his 55th victory.[27]
"A very good pilot in any of these aircraft was tough to handle, and if he had the tactical advantage, he had a good chance to win the fight. You see from my own eighteen experiences as someone else's victory, that they often did win."[28]
Heinrich Bär on the quality of Allied fighters.
On 14 August, he was awarded the
Bär was promoted to
On 11 May, Bär was transferred from IV./JG 51 on the Moscow front to take command of I. Gruppe of
Mediterranean theater
In June 1942, JG 77 was moved to the
On 1 January 1943 Bär submitted one of two claims against 12
On 25 January 1943, Bär claimed two
On 4 February Bär led I. Gruppe into action against
"He was honest through and through. Whatever he told you was the truth. He never tried to cover things up as some pilots did."[54]
Günther Rall, Chief of the Air Staff of the post-war German Air Force
Bär and his I. Gruppe of JG 77 operated from
Over North Africa and the Mediterranean theater, Bär had increased his tally to 179, but, fighting a losing battle against ever-increasing Allied air superiority, Bär lost his fighting spirit, and suffered severe mental and physical exhaustion. After several arguments with
Defense of the Reich
His combat skills were hard to overlook and hence Bär was transferred to II./
On 15 March 1944, Bär, now a Major and rehabilitated from the demotion, was given command of II./Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1). This was after the death of Hauptmann Hermann Segatz on 8 March 1944. JG 1 was tasked with Reichsverteidigung (
Bär claimed his 204th and 205th victories against two
Combat in the Me 262
On 14 February, Bär was transferred to command the
On 23 April, Bär transferred to the elite Jet Experten unit Jagdverband 44 (JV 44), led by Adolf Galland.[70] The following day Bär briefed JV 44 pilots in Galland's absence. The air defences had detected an incoming American formation and Bär instructed the jet pilots on the appropriate tactical approach to take when the interception was made. Klaus Neumann, Walter Krupinski and Günther Lützow flew on the mission. Lutzöw was posted missing in action and remains missing to date.[71]
On 26 April, he assumed command of the unit after Galland was wounded. Bär possibly flew his first operational sortie with JV 44 on 27 April 1945. Flying the Me 262 A-1/U5, a six
During the final days of the Second World War in Europe,
In the early morning hours of 4 May 1945, Bär gathered the pilots of JV 44 for a final briefing. Bär ordered the remaining Me 262 destroyed before going into captivity and interrogation by US intelligence officers of the 1st Tactical Air Force's Air Prisoner of War Interrogation Unit, based at Heidelberg.[77]
After the war
Bär did not return to his home in Sommerfeld after World War II. He settled in
In fringe culture
The
According to political scientist Fabian Virchow , the series fits "the idea of men focused on the deed and shaping the course of history in the interest of the 'national' or 'völkisch' community", an idea which is to be found on the far right. At the same time, Virchow argues, the characterizations point to a concept of masculinity whose very one-sided characteristics could be described by qualities such as "hardness", "sacrificial will", "heroism in the face of death", "bravery", "resilience", "dash" or "stamina".[81]
Summary of career
Bär, call sign "Bussard 1", flew more than 1,000 combat missions. His 220 confirmed aerial victories place him eighth on the overall list of aces. His claim of 124 aerial victories over Western-flown aircraft is second only to Hans-Joachim Marseille's total of 158; almost all of the latter's victories occurred in Africa. He achieved four victories during the Battle of France, 13 during the Battle of Britain, and 61 over Libya and Tunisia. On the Eastern Front he had claimed 96 aerial victories. At least 75 of his victories had been claimed against British- and American-flown aircraft over Europe, 16 of these while flying the Me 262 jet fighter. Also among these 75 aerial victories are 21 US heavy bombers and one Mosquito. Bär crash-landed or bailed out 18 times and was wounded three times in combat.[78][82]
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Bär was credited with 221 aerial victories.[3] Obermaier also lists him with 221 aerial victories.[83] The highest figure is given by Aders and Held who list Bär with 222 aerial victory claims.[4] According to Spick, as well as by Morgan and Weal, Bär was credited with 220 aerial victories.[84][85] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 208 aerial victory claims, plus 20 further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 95 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 113 on the Western Front, including 14 four-engined bombers and 15 victories with the Me 262 jet fighter.[86]
Awards
- German Cross in Gold on 27 May 1942 as Hauptmann in the I./JG 77[87][88]
- Combined Pilots-Observation Badge[89]
- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 8 June 1942 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur[90]
- Iron Cross (1939)
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
- Three named references in the Wehrmachtbericht (12 February 1942, 20 May 1942, 24 April 1944)
Three times Bär was recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. All three commendations were denied by Hermann Göring. Bär shot down a further 130 enemy aircraft after he had received the Swords.[46]
Dates of rank
4 April 1934: | Gefreiter[10] |
1 October 1939: | Feldwebel[10] |
1 August 1940: | Leutnant (Second Lieutenant), with a rank age dated 1 May 1940[10] |
14 August 1941: | Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant), with a rank age dated 1 August 1941[96] |
1 December 1941: | Hauptmann (Captain), with a rank age dated 1 September 1941[97] |
1 March 1943: | Major (Major), with a rank age dated 1 September 1942[98] |
1 January 1945: | Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel)[47] |
Notes
- ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as C-Certificate.
- ^ For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
- ^ Sources are inconclusive with respect to whether Göring had witnessed the incident personally or whether it was reported to him on 8 September 1940 by Werner Mölders.[14][15]
- ^ For a list of Luftwaffe Jet aces see List of German World War II jet aces
- ^ a b According to Scherzer as Leutnant of the Reserves.[88]
- ^ According to Scherzer as Hauptmann of the Reserves.[88]
References
Citations
- ^ Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Sims 1967, pp. 173, 275.
- ^ a b Zabecki 2019, p. 328.
- ^ a b Aders & Held 1993, p. 255.
- ^ Toliver & Constable 1998, p. 360.
- ^ a b c Fredriksen 2001, p. 35.
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 182.
- ^ a b Toliver & Constable 1998, p. 358.
- ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2000, p. 86.
- ^ a b c d e f Stockert 2012, p. 183.
- ^ Aders & Held 1993, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Toliver & Constable 1998, p. 359.
- ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 47.
- ^ a b c Spick 1996, p. 219.
- ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 68.
- ^ a b Forsyth, Scutts & Creek 1999, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Bergström 2007a, p. 19.
- ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2000, p. 61.
- ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 90.
- ^ Weal 2001, p. 22.
- ^ a b Bergström 2007a, p. 27.
- ^ a b Stockert 2012, pp. 184–185.
- ^ a b c d Bergström & Pegg 2003, p. 317.
- ^ Bergström 2007a, p. 46.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 329.
- ^ Bergström 2007a, p. 48.
- ^ a b Bergström 2007a, p. 55.
- ^ Fredriksen 2001, p. 36.
- ^ Bergström 2007a, p. 68.
- ^ a b Weal 2006, p. 67.
- ^ Bergström 2007a, p. 116.
- ^ Bergström 2007b, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Bergström 2007b, p. 35.
- ^ a b Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 159.
- ^ Bergström & Pegg 2003, p. 348.
- ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
- ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 160.
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 186.
- ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, p. 380.
- ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, p. 593.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 121.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 127.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, pp. 151, 158.
- ^ a b Prien 1995, p. 2425.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 149.
- ^ a b Berger 1999, pp. 15, 409.
- ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 191.
- ^ Heaton & Lewis 2014, p. 38.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 179.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 193.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 205.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, pp. 218, 224.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 226.
- ^ MacLean 2007, p. 6.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 231.
- ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 237.
- ^ a b Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 153.
- ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2014, p. 684.
- ^ Prien et al. 2011, p. 380.
- ^ a b Weal 1996, p. 55.
- ^ Prien & Rodeike 1994, pp. 567–570.
- ^ A Fighter Group in Normandy.
- ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 726.
- ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 688.
- ^ Caldwell & Muller 2007, pp. 184–185.
- ^ Caldwell & Muller 2007, pp. 170–202.
- ^ Girbig 1997, p. 172.
- ^ Franks 2000, p. 131.
- ^ Manrho & Pütz 2004, pp. 76–77.
- ^ a b c Forsyth, Scutts & Creek 1999, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Forsyth, Scutts & Creek 1999, p. 148.
- ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 93.
- ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 94.
- ^ a b Caldwell & Muller 2007, pp. 284–285.
- ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 111–112.
- ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 119–120.
- ^ a b Berger 1999, p. 14.
- ^ Virchow 2006, p. 395.
- ^ Virchow 2006, p. 347.
- ^ Virchow 2006, p. 394.
- ^ Spick 1996, pp. 220, 227.
- ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 30.
- ^ Spick 1996, p. 227.
- ^ Morgan & Weal 1998, p. 88.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 34–39.
- ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 23.
- ^ a b c Scherzer 2007, p. 199.
- ^ Berger 1999, p. 13.
- ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 44.
- ^ a b MacLean 2007, p. 222.
- ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 17.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 120.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 55.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 39.
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 184.
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 185.
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 188.
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