Heliconius charithonia
Zebra longwing | |
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Heliconius charithonia in Florida | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Family: | Nymphalidae |
Genus: | Heliconius |
Species: | H. charithonia
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Binomial name | |
Heliconius charithonia | |
Synonyms | |
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Heliconius charithonia, the zebra longwing or zebra heliconian, is a species of butterfly belonging to the subfamily Heliconiinae of the family Nymphalidae.[2][3] It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1767 12th edition of Systema Naturae. The boldly striped black and white wing pattern is aposematic, warning off predators. And it’s the state butterfly of Florida.
The species is distributed across South and Central America and as far north as southern Texas and peninsular Florida; there are migrations north into other American states in the warmer months.[4]
Zebra longwing adults roost communally at night in groups of up to 60 adults for safety from predators. The adult butterflies are unusual in feeding on pollen as well as on nectar; the pollen enables them to synthesize
The zebra longwing, Heliconius charithonia (Linnaeus),was designated the state butterfly of Florida in 1996. [4] However, mass spraying of naled has decimated the zebra longwing population in Miami-Dade County, Florida[citation needed]. There has been mass collapse of the colonies with impacts on the balance of the ecosystem. Further studies are needed to evaluate any potential for recolonization.
Description
The
Distribution and habitat
H. charithonia is found in
Subspecies
- H. c. charithonia, Ecuador
- H. c. simulator, Jamaica
- H. c. bassleri, Colombia
- H. c. churchi, Hispaniola
- H. c. tuckeri, Florida
- H. c. vazquezae, Mexico to Panama
- H. c. ramsdeni, Cuba
- H. c. antiquus, St. Kitts, Antigua
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H. c. simulator
Jamaica -
H. c. ramsdeni
Cuba -
H. c. ramsdeni
Cuba -
H. c. vazquezae
Panama -
H. c. tuckeri Florida
Behavior
Migration
Although H. charithonia is to some extent static, maintaining a home range, adults do move between territories.[7] Butterflies with Mexican origins migrate north into Texas, following the retracting temperature gradient. Rainfall has no effect on migration patterns. Arrival dates and duration of stay depend on the distance traveled: the longer the distance traveled, the shorter the duration of stay.[8]
Roosting to deter predators
Adults roost in groups of up to 60 individuals on a nightly basis, returning to the same roost every night. These roosts provide protection to adults, the large groups deterring predators and retaining warmth.[9] Solitary individuals, or very small roosts, avoid exhibiting proper warning signals so as not to attract predators.[10] Pre-roosting interactions, which consist of sitting near one another, chasing each other briefly while fluttering, or basking,[11] occur between butterflies from separate roosts, indicating that the butterflies are aware of other roosts in their home range. Despite this, the zebra longwing chooses to form smaller aggregations. The optimal roost size for predator deterrence is five individuals; roost size is also influenced by resource availability and foraging. H. charithonia roosts to display collective aposematism, deterring predators by conspicuously advertising their unpalatable taste.[10]
Conspecific recognition
H. charithonia adults form communal roosts nightly.
Life cycle
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H. charithonia mating
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H. charithonia egg; the number of eggs produced depends on the supply of pollen.
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Young caterpillar
-
Mature caterpillar
-
Adult
Pollen feeding
The adults are unusual among butterflies in that they eat pollen as well as sip nectar. This ability contributes to their longevity—they can live up to 3 months as adults in the wild and 4–5 months in the lab.[15] The behavior facilitated the evolution of aposematism and mimicry among Heliconius species. Butterflies that feed on pollen are more distasteful to predators, more brightly colored, and show superior mimetic diversity to those that do not.[16]
Adult butterflies choose their home ranges based on collections of pollen plants. An adult collects pollen by inserting its proboscis into the flower while making particular movements to secure adhesion to the pollen grains. Digestion occurs immediately after ingestion when the pollen makes contact with saliva, and amino acids are dissolved.[17] Optimal amino acid intake occurs through abundant saliva production and gentle and slow mastication.[18][how?] During the night, the butterflies digest pollen since optimal nutritional resources are obtained while resting or sleeping.[17]
Pollen feeding is correlated with higher overall
Pollen feeding also correlates with unpalatibility to predators. Amino acids from pollen are used as precursors to synthesize
The
An unusual feature of the longwing, or heliconian, butterflies is that the adults are relatively long lived. Most other butterflies live only a few weeks, but heliconians continue to live and to lay eggs for several months. [22]
Mating system
Mating cues
Male butterflies seek visual, olfactory, tactile, and auditory cues from females during mating.
A common problem among all butterflies is to avoid mating with other butterfly species.
Pupal mating
Adults exhibit pupal mating in which males wait for a female to emerge from her pupa. Upon emergence, two or more males may fight to win a copulation. The winner mates with the females and prevents other males from doing so through a chemical transfer,[3][9] passing a nutrient-rich spermatophore to the female that reduces her attractiveness to other potential mates.[27]
Pupal mating arose exactly once during the evolution of Heliconius, and these species form a clade on the evolutionary tree. Although pupal mating is observed quite frequently in insectaries, it is rarely seen in nature.
Upon reaching the pupae, males often have to compete to copulate with the female, who is
The act of pupal mating consists of the male inserting his abdomen into the pupa. If a second male appears, he fends off other males by opening his wings while he copulates, rather than attempting to mate with the female himself by inserting his abdomen. After two or three hours of mating, the female comes out, and copulation continues for another hour. During the process, females remain relatively still, except for spreading their wings and discharging meconium. As copulation proceeds, fewer males attempt to approach the female. However, if this does occur, the copulating male continues to fend them off by opening his wings. After copulation is done, the male and female sit side by side for some time. During this brief period, no other males attempt to mate with the female.[28]
Nuptial gifts in the form of the spermatophore
Males transfer a protein-rich spermatophore to females upon mating. Spermatophores are nuptial gifts which serve different functions, one of which is to provide chemicals (cyanogens) that protect the mother and future offspring from predators. For females, this is beneficial because egg laying depletes her defensive chemicals. Among nine Heliconius species studied, H. charithonia had the highest average cyanide concentration in its spermatophores.[29]
In most species of butterflies,
Complete spermatophore degradation to an orange or yellow substance occurs in a two-week period. Pupal-mating butterflies like H. charithonia are thought to be
Sex ratio and distribution
At
See also
- False zebra longwingor Atthis longwing (Heliconius atthis)
References
- ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Heliconius charithonia, Zebra Longwing". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ a b Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Heliconius charithonia". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Attributes of Heliconius charithonia". Retrieved November 14, 2013.
- ^ a b Moisset, Beatriz. "Zebra Longwing Butterfly". U.S. Forestry Service. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "Zebra Longwing". Retrieved November 14, 2013.
- S2CID 2815219.
- PMID 11380670.
- PMID 20672989.
- ^ a b "Zebra Heliconian-Florida's State Butterfly!". Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
- ^ PMID 22438492.
- ^ Sacledo, Christian (2011). "Behavioral Traits Expressed During Heliconius Butterflies Roost-Assembly". Trop. Lepid. Res. 21 (2): 80–83.
- ^ S2CID 40169498.
- S2CID 205998104.
- ^ Sacledo, Christian. The Biology of Heliconius Night Roosting A Foundation. Thesis. UFDC, 2010. Gainesville, Fl: University of Florida, 2010. Print.
- ^ Scott, JA. (1986). The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide. Stanford University Press.
- ^ S2CID 84938497.
- ^ a b c Salcledo, Christian. "Evidence of Pollen Digestion at Nocturnal Aggregations of Heliconius Sara in Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)." Trop. Lepid. Res. 20.1 (2010): 35-37. Web.
- .
- S2CID 206046558.
- ^ VanOverbeke, Dustin R. "Nutritional Ecology of a Generalist Herbivore Vanessa Cardui Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae on Variable Larval and Adult Diets." Diss. UC Riverside, 2011.
- PMID 18641894.
- ^ "Zebra Longwing Butterfly". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
- ^ ISBN 9780472100781.
- ^ S2CID 53147646.
- ^ Boggs, Carol L., Ward B. Watt, and Paul R. Ehrlich. (2003). Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight. Chicago: University of Chicago.
- ^ Scoble, M. J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. [London]: Natural History Museum
- ^ S2CID 37752151.
- ^ a b Sourakov, Andrei (2008). "Pupal Mating in Zebra Longwing (Heliconius charithonia): Photographic Evidence". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 50 (1): 26–32.
- S2CID 39830226.
- S2CID 85187078.
- .
External links
- Bartlett, Troy (November 18, 2016). "Species Heliconius charithonia - Zebra Longwing - Hodges#4418". BugGuide.Net. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
- Heliconius charitonia and other Heliconius butterfly photos
- Photo album of just Heliconius charitonia on WebShots
- Zebra longwing on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site