Help:IPA/Persian
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 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Persian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Persian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Persian, Dari, and Tajik language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Persian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Persian.
| IPA | Consonants[1] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Farsi |
 Dari |
 Tajik |
Arabic letter |
Cyrillic letter |
Example (Arabic script) |
Example (Cyrillic) |
English approximation |
| b | ب | б | برادر | бародар | beet[2] - boy | ||
d
|
د | д | دوست | дӯст | den - Daniel | ||
| dʒ | ج | ҷ | جوان | ҷавон | jazz - joy | ||
| f | ف | ф | فشار | фишор | fast - festival | ||
| ɡ | گ | г | گروه | гуруҳ | gate[3] - gooseberry | ||
| ɣ , q ɢ[4] |
ɣ | غ [5] |
ғ | باغ | боғ | Either: | |
| q | ق | қ | قلم | қалам | |||
| h | ه ح |
ҳ | هفت | ҳафт | hat | ||
| j | ی | й | یا | ё | yard | ||
| kʰ | ک | к | کشور | кишвар | cat[6] | ||
l
|
ل | л | لب | лаб | land | ||
| m | م | м | مادر | модар | man[7] | ||
n
|
ن | н | نان | нон | neck | ||
| pʰ | پ | п | پدر | пидор | pen[6] | ||
| ɾ | ر | р | ایران | Эрон | rolled R[8]
| ||
ɹ
|
ring | ||||||
| s | س ص ث |
с | سایه | сойа | sock | ||
| ʃ | ش | ш | شاه | шоҳ | shake | ||
| tʰ | ت ط |
т | تا | то | tall[6] | ||
| tʃʰ | چ | ч | چوب | чӯб | chip[6] | ||
| v | w | v | و | в | ویژه | вижа | oven[9][10] |
| x | خ | х | خانه | хона | loch (Scottish) | ||
| z | ز ذ ض ظ |
з | آزاد | озод | jazz[11] | ||
| ʒ | ژ | ж | ژاله | жола | vision[12] | ||
| ʔ | ع ء[13] |
ъ | معنا | маъно | As in water, better, Let's go! ( RP; see T-glottalization )
| ||
| Marginal consonants | |||||||
| ŋ | نگ | нг | رنگ | ранг | sing[14] | ||
| Stress | |||||||
| ˈ [15] | ایران [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] |
Эрон | about /əˈbaʊt/ | ||||
| IPA | Vowels | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farsi |
Dari |
Tajik |
Arabic letter |
Cyrillic letter |
Example (Arabic script) |
Example (Cyrillic script) |
English approximation |
| Monophthongs | |||||||
| æ[16] | æ, a | َ[17] ه |
а | نه | на | bat | |
| e[16][18] | ɪ | i | ِ[17] ه[19] |
и | که | ки | between bate and bet[20] |
| o[16] | ʊ | u | [21]ُ و[17] |
у | تو | ту | short version of boat ( GA ); sort (RP and Australian)
|
| ɒː[22] | ɑː | ɔ | آ َا |
о | تا | то | Like the o of not in Received Pronunciation |
| iː | eː | e̞ | ی | е | شیر | шер | beat |
| iː | i | ِی | и, ӣ | شیر | шир | beat | |
| uː | oː | ɵ̞, o̞
|
و | ӯ | رو | рӯ | boot |
| uː | u | ُو | у | رو | ру | boot | |
| Diphthongs[23] | |||||||
| ej | æj | َی | ай | کی | кай | bay, they | |
| ow[24] | æw | æʋ | َو | ав | نو | нав | flow; in early New Persian as well as in modern eastern dialects, pronounced as in flower or loud |
Notes
- Arabic. This is represented in IPA by doubling the consonant: [sejjed].
- voiced consonants.
- voiced consonants.
- ^ Also an allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.
- Dari and Tajik).
- ^ aspirated much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, but aspiration is not contrastive.
- ^ Also an allophone of /n/ before bilabial consonants.
- r] as a separate phoneme occurs word-medially especially in loanwords of Arabic origin as a result of gemination (doubling) of [ɾ]. Only [ɾ] occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words.
- ^ While و is pronounced [v] in Iranian Persian, it is pronounced as [w] in Dari.
- voiced consonants.
- voiced consonants.
- voiced consonants.
- ^ Moreover spoken before all initial vowel onsets (as in ایران [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] (Iran))
- Velar nasal[ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before [g], [k], [ɣ], [ɢ], and [x] in native vocabulary.
- ^ Stress falls on the last stem syllable of most words. For the various exceptions and other clarifications, see Persian phonology § Word accent.
- ^ .).
- ^ Persian script, the "short" vowels /æ/, /e/, /o/ are usually not written, like in the Arabic alphabet; only the long vowels /ɒː/, /iː/, /uː/ are represented in the text. That, of course, creates certain ambiguities.
- ^ [e] is also a word-final allophone of /æ/ in contemporary Iranian Persian.
- ^ Only word finally, when it forms the silent he.
- ^ The Persian /e/ is different from any English vowel, but the nearest equivalents are the vowel of bate (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bet; the Persian vowel is usually between the two.
- silent vav.
- ^ The level of roundedness may vary. Campbell (1995) writes simply /ɔː/, but Majidi & Ternes (1999) describe it as "underrounded" but write /ɒ/ anyway. The vowel may be written as /ɑ/ as well.[1][dead link][2][dead link]
- ISSN 0039-3282.).
- ^ /ou/ becomes [o] in the colloquial Tehrani dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Eastern Persian.
References
- ISBN 0415160499.
- Majidi, Mohammad-Reza; Ternes, Elmar (1999). "Persian (Farsi)". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–125.