Helvii
The Helvii (also Elui,
From the mid-2nd to mid-1st century BC, Helvian territory was on the northern border of the
Name
They are mentioned as Helviorum (var. iluiorum) by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC),[6] and as E̓louoì (Ἐλουοὶ) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD).[7][8]
Geography
The ridge between the rivers
Roman politics
In the 70s BC, following the
During Caesar's Gallic Wars, none of the Gallic civitates within the Narbonese province joined the pan-Gallic rebellion of 52 BC, nor engaged in any reported acts of hostility against Roman forces. The Helvian Valerii, in fact, play a key role in securing Caesar's rear militarily against Vercingetorix, who sent forces to invade Helvian territory.[11] In his 1861 history of the Vivarais,[12] Abbé Rouchier conjectured that Caesar, seeing the strategic utility of Helvian territory on the border of the Roman province along a main route into central Gaul, cultivated the Valerii by redressing the punitive measures taken against them by Pompeius. Caesar mentions the land forfeiture in his Bellum Civile
During the Roman civil wars of the 40s, Massilia chose to maintain its longstanding relationship with Pompeius even in isolation, as the Gallic polities of the Narbonensis continued to support Caesar.[13] The Massiliots were besieged and defeated by Caesar, and as a result lost their independence, as well as the land, Caesar implies, that they had taken from the Helvii.[14]
During his dictatorship, Caesar was criticized by political rivals for what were perceived as overly generous grants of citizenship to the Gauls and for admitting even "
See also
References
- ^ Alba was a common town-name in Latin antiquity.
- ^ A.L.F. Rivet, Gallia Narbonensis (London 1988), p. 183.
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.19, 1.47, 1.53, 7.8, 7.65.
- ^ Bellum Gallicum 7.65.2.
- European Iron Age Society," in Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 53–64; consideration of the term "proto-state" by Patrice Brun, "From Chiefdom to State Organization," in Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State p. 7; see also Greg Woolf, "Urbanizing the Gauls," in Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 106–141. In Gods, Temples, and Ritual Practices: The Transformation of Religious Ideas and Values in Roman Gaul (Amsterdam University Press, 1998), Ton Derks views the civitates of the Augustan era as "city-states": "a civitas was a community, whose constitution was shaped after the Roman example and whose social and political life was centred on a single town" (p. 39 online).
- ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 1:35:4.
- ^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:2:2.
- ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Helvii.
- ^ Rivet, Gallia Narbonensis p. 184.
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Civili 1.35.
- ^ Caesar, Bellum Gallicum 7
- ^ L'Abbé Rouchier, "L'Helvie à l'époque gauloise et sous la domination romaine," in Histoire religieuse, civile et politique du Vivarais (Paris, 1861), vol. 1, pp. 3–65.
- ^ Stéphane Mauné, "La centuriation de Béziers B et l'occupation du sol de la vallée de l'Hérault au Ie av. J.-C.," in Histoire, espaces et marges de l'Antiquité: Hommages à Monique Clavel Lévêque (Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises, 2003), vol. 2, p. 73 online.
- ^ Rouchier, pp. 48–49.
- ^ It is sometimes assumed that this "accusation" was exaggerated for effect. Suetonius, Divus Iulius 80.2, records the invective chant at Caesar's triumph: "Caesar led the Gauls in triumph and likewise into the senate house; the Gauls took off their trousers and put on the wide stripe" (Gallos Caesar in triumphum ducit, idem in curiam / Galli bracas deposuerunt, latum clavum sumpserunt).
- ^ Werner Eck, "Provincial Administration and Finance," in The Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge University Press, 2000), vol. 11, p. 345 online.
- ^ Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1939, reprinted 2002), p. 79; "The Origins of Cornelius Gallus," p. 43. Syme also takes note of the Vocontian family of the Augustan historian Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus.
Bibliography
- OCLC 3279201.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- ISBN 978-0-7134-5860-2.
- ISBN 978-0691031699.