Hemimastigophora
| Hemimastigophora | |
|---|---|
| |
Hemimastix amphikineta, redrawn from Foissner et al., 1988[2]
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Phylum: | Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993[1]: 379 |
| Class: | Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 |
| Order: | Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 |
| Families | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Hemimastigophora is a group of
Paramastigidae. Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes.[2][4] In 2018 Lax et al. reported the first genetic information for Spironemidae, and suggest that they are from an ancient lineage of eukaryotes which constitute a separate clade from all other eukaryotic kingdoms.[3][4] It may be related to the Telonemia.[5]
History of classification
Hemimastigophora was established in 1988 by Foissner et al., as a new
pellicle and cell nucleus indicated a close relationship with Euglenozoa.[2] For 30 years after the description of the group, no genetic information was available. During that time, researchers proposed that it should be classified in, or near, an assortment of other groups, including the alveolates, apusomonads, ancyromonads, and Rhizaria.[3][4]
In an article published in 2018, Lax et al. announced that a new hemimastigophoran species, Spironema, was found in the same sample. Phylogenomic analyses of the two organisms suggest that Hemimastigophora is a very ancient lineage, which diverged from the other eukaryotes at such an early date that the group should be classified at the supra-kingdom level.[3][4]
The 2024 study revealed the enigmatic Meteora sporadica to be also related to Hemimastigophora.[6]
Classification
The hemimastigote classification, as of 2022:[7]
- Family Spironematellidae Silva 1980 emend. Shɨshkin 2022 (=Spironemidae Doflein 1916)
- , 1988
- 1836
- Spironematella Silva 1970 emend. Shɨshkin 2022 (=Spironema Klebs 1893 non Vuillemin 1905 non Léger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864)
- Family Paramastigidae Skuja1948 emend. Karpov 2012
References
- ^ a b c
Foissner, Wilhelm; Blatterer, H.; Foissner, Ilse (1988). "The Hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils". European Journal of Protistology. 23 (4): 361–383. PMID 23195325.
- ^ a b c d
Foissner, Ilse; Foissner, Wilhelm (1993). "Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n. g., n. sp" (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (4): 422–438. S2CID 85124745.
- ^ a b c d e
Lax, Gordon; Eglit, Yana; Eme, Laura; Bertrand, Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564 (7736): 410–414. S2CID 205570993.
- ^ a b c d Lambert, Jonathan (11 December 2018). "What a newfound kingdom means for the tree of life". Quanta Magazine. Abstractions Blog.
- PMID 34358228.
- PMID 38262350.
- S2CID 252220401.
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