Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis | |
---|---|
Other names | Haemoptysis, coughing up of blood |
epistaxis (combined with post-nasal drip ) |
Hemoptysis or haemoptysis is the discharge of
Diagnosis
- Past history, history of present illness, family history[2]
- history of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, mitral stenosis, etc.
- history of cigarette smoking, occupational diseases by exposure to silica dust, etc.
- Blood
- duration, frequency, amount
- Amounts of blood: large amounts of blood, or is there blood-streaked sputum
- Probable source of bleeding: Is the blood coughed up, or vomited?
- Bloody sputum
- color, characters: blood-streaked, fresh blood, frothy pink, bloody gelatinous.
- Accompanying symptoms
- fever, chest pain, coughing, purulent sputum, mucocutaneous bleeding, jaundice.
- Imaging examination
- chest X-ray, CT scan and 3D reconstruction images or CT virtual bronchoscopy, bronchial angiography.
- Laboratory tests
- blood test: WBC
- Sputum: cells and bacterial examinations, sputum culture
- Bronchial fiber endoscopy[3]
Differential diagnosis
The most common causes for hemoptysis in adults are chest infections such as
Blood-laced mucus from the sinus or nose area can sometimes be misidentified as symptomatic of hemoptysis (such secretions can be a sign of nasal or
- Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma.[5][6]
- Sarcoidosis[7]
- Aspergilloma[8]
- Tuberculosis[9]
- Histoplasmosis[10]
- Pneumonia[11]
- Pulmonary edema[12][13]
- Endometriosis and thoracic endometriosis syndrome[14]
- Foreign body aspiration and aspiration pneumonia[15]
- Goodpasture's syndrome[16]
- Microscopic polyangiitis[17]
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis[18]
- Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis[19][20]
- Bronchitis[21]
- Bronchiectasis[21]
- Pulmonary embolism[22]
- Anticoagulant use[22]
- Trauma[22]
- Lung abscess[22]
- Mitral stenosis[23]
- Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia[24]
- Bleeding disorders[25]
- Hughes-Stovin syndrome and other variants of Behçet's disease[26]
- Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
Massive hemoptysis and mortality
Although there are reports that the fatality rate is as high as 80%, the mortality rate for hospitalized hemoptysis patients is 9.4% (with
The general definition of massive hemoptysis is more than 200 ml within 24 hours, but there is a wide range in the literature (100-600 ml). Considering that the total volume of the tracheal and bronchial lumen is about 150 cc,[28][29] it may be reasonable to define massive hemoptysis as 200 ml, which is a little more than 150 ml, in terms of setting the threshold for fatal hemoptysis. More than 400ml/day is not adequate for screening purposes.[citation needed]
Treatment
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Treatments include iced
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1451193787.
- ^ "Hemoptysis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-07-140923-0.
- PMID 32642009.
- ^ Google Health – Google
- ^ Google Health – Google
- ^ "Sarcoidosis Signs & Symptoms – Sarcoidosis – HealthCommunities.com". Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
- ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Pulmonary aspergilloma
- ^ Google Health – Google
- ^ "Histoplasmosis Symptoms – Diseases and Conditions – Mayo Clinic". Archived from the original on 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
- ^ "Pneumonia". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ISBN 9781416062578.
- PMID 16382065.
- ^ "Endometriosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ^ "Foreign Body Aspiration". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ^ Pediatric Goodpasture Syndrome at eMedicine
- PMID 15272290.
- ^ "Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis". www.mayoclinic.org. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ Adu, Emery & Madaio 2012, p. 125.
- ^ "What Is Churg–Strauss Syndrome?". WebMD. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Hemoptysis Causes – Hemoptysis – HealthCommunities.com". Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
- ^ a b c d "Other Causes of Hemoptysis – Hemoptysis – HealthCommunities.com". Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
- ^ "Mitral Stenosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- PMID 32491456, retrieved 2020-12-01
- PMID 24571757.
- PMID 13618502.
- ^ PMID 31694697.
- PMID 26556911.
- S2CID 199388328.
- PMID 15947328.
- ^ Hanson C, Karlsson CA, Kämpe M, Lamberg K, Lindberg E, Boman LM, Stålenheim G (August 2004). Guidelines for treatment of acute lung diseases (Report). Uppsala Academic Hospital.
- S2CID 21597160.
- PMID 28213604.
- PMID 30054792.
- PMID 28703105.
- S2CID 218520816.
Further reading
- Adu D, Emery P, Madaio M (2012). Rheumatology and the Kidney (2, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199579655.
- Corey R (1990). "Chapter 39: Hemoptysis". In Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (eds.). Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Boston: Butterworths. PMID 21250201.