Henan
Henan
河南 | |
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18th) | |
Website | henan |
Henan | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin | Yù |
Henan
Although the name of the province means "south of the river",[9] approximately a quarter of the province lies north of the Yellow River, also known as the Huang He. With an area of 167,000 km2 (64,479 sq mi), Henan covers a large part of the fertile and densely populated North China Plain. Its neighboring provinces are Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, and Hubei.
Henan is China's
Henan is the 5th-largest provincial economy of China, the second largest in South Central China after Guangdong, and the largest among inland provinces, with a nominal GDP of 5.88 trillion RMB (US$926 billion) as of 2021, ahead of the GDP of Turkey of 815 billion.[12][13] If it were a country, it would be the 18th-largest economy as well as the 14th most populous as of 2021.[14] However, per capita GDP is low compared to other eastern and central provinces.[15] The economy continues to grow based on aluminum and coal prices, as well as agriculture, heavy industry, tourism and retail. High-tech industries and the service sector are concentrated around Zhengzhou and Luoyang.
Henan hosts more than 150 higher education institutions, ranking first in the Central China region.[16] As of 2023, three major cities in the province ranked in the top 200 cities in the world (Zhengzhou 76th, Kaifeng 154th and Xinxiang 195th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[17]
History
Widely regarded as one of the cradles of Chinese civilization along with the provinces of Shanxi and Shaanxi, Henan is known for its historical prosperity and periodic downturns.[18] The economic prosperity resulted from its extensive fertile plains and its location at the heart of the country. However, its strategic location also means that it has suffered from nearly all of the major wars in China. In addition, the numerous floods of the Yellow River have caused significant damage from time to time.[19] Kaifeng, in particular, has been buried by China's Yellow River's silt seven times due to flooding.
Antiquity
Archaeological sites reveal that prehistoric cultures such as the
The Xia dynasty collapsed around the 16th century BC following the invasion of
, is where the first Chinese writing was created.In the 11th century BC, the
Later on, these states were replaced by seven large and powerful states during the
Imperial era
The late
With the fall of the Western Jin dynasty in the 4th and 5th centuries, nomadic peoples from the north invaded northern China and established many successive regimes in northern China, including Henan. These people were gradually assimilated into the
The short-lived
The Tang dynasty lasted for three centuries before it eventually succumbed to internal strife. In the
Kaifeng served as the Jurchen's "southern capital" from 1157 (other sources say 1161) and was reconstructed during this time.
Modern era
The Qing dynasty was overthrown by the 1911 Revolution and then the Republic of China was established in 1912,
Henan suffered greatly during the
In 1954, the new government of the People's Republic of China moved the capital of Henan from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou,[32] as a result of its economic importance. The PRC had earlier established a short-lived Pingyuan Province consisting of what is now northern Henan and western Shandong with Xinxiang as its capital. This province was abolished in 1952.[33]
In 1958, Yashan in Suiping County, Henan, became the first people's commune of China, heralding the beginning of the "Great Leap Forward".[34] In the subsequent famines of the early 1960s popularly attributed to the Great Leap Forward, Henan was one of the hardest hit and millions of people died.[35][unreliable source?] Suffering under famine and economic chaos caused by the Great Leap, locals in Henan offered low-level resistance mostly through banditry.[36] In 1959, however, a full peasant uprising erupted and was only defeated after twenty days of fighting.[37]
A destructive flooding of the Huai River in the summer of 1950 prompted large-scale construction of dams on its tributaries in central and southern Henan. Unfortunately, many of the dams were not able to withstand the extraordinarily high levels of rainfall caused by Typhoon Nina in August 1975. Sixty-two dams, the largest of which was the Banqiao Dam in Biyang County collapsed; catastrophic flooding, spread over several counties throughout Zhumadian Prefecture and further downstream, killed at least 26,000 people.[38][39] Unofficial human life loss estimates, including deaths from the ensuing epidemics and famine, range as high as 85,600,[38] 171,000[40] or even 230 000.[38] This is considered the most deadly dam-related disaster in human history.[38]
By the early 1970s, China was one of the poorest countries in the world, and Henan was one of the poorest provinces in China.
In November 2004, martial law was declared in
In July 2021, high amounts of rainfall caused flooding, killing 302 and damaging amounting to 82 billion yuan.[43]
In January 2024 there was the Yingcai Boarding School fire in the dormitory of a primary boarding school in Dushu.[44] The fire resulted in one injury and the deaths of at least 13 third-grade students between nine and ten years old.[45] In the same month also the 2024 Pingdingshan mining explosion occurred.
Geography
Henan has a diverse landscape with floodplains in the east and mountains in the west. Much of the province forms part the densely populated
The Yellow River passes through central Henan. It enters from the northwest, via the
Henan shares borders with six other provinces. It is bordered to the west by Shaanxi, to the south by Hubei, and to the north by Shanxi (northwest) and Hebei (northeast). To the east lie Shandong (northeast) and Anhui (southeast), whose borders meet at a narrow strip of land which separates Henan from Jiangsu to the east.
Climate
Henan has a
Administrative divisions
Henan is divided into seventeen
Administrative divisions of Henan | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division code[48] | Division | Area in km2[49] | Population 2020[50] | Seat | Divisions[51] | |||||||
Districts *
|
Counties
|
CL cities | ||||||||||
410000 | Henan Province | 167,000.00 | 99,366,019 | Zhengzhou city | 54 | 82 | 21 | |||||
410100 | Zhengzhou city | 7,532.56 | 12,600,574 | Zhongyuan District |
6 | 1 | 5 | |||||
410200 | Kaifeng city | 6,260.95 | 4,824,016 | Gulou District |
5 | 4 | ||||||
410300 | Luoyang city | 15,229.83 | 7,056,699 | Luolong District |
7 | 7 | ||||||
410400 | Pingdingshan city | 7,909.42 | 4,987,137 | Xinhua District |
4 | 4 | 2 | |||||
410500 | Anyang city | 7,354.11 | 5,477,614 | Beiguan District |
4 | 4 | 1 | |||||
410600 | Hebi city | 2,136.85 | 1,565,973 | Qibin District |
3 | 2 | ||||||
410700 | Xinxiang city | 8,249.45 | 6,251,929 | Weibin District |
4 | 5 | 3 | |||||
410800 | Jiaozuo city | 4,000.89 | 3,521,078 | Jiefang District |
4 | 4 | 2 | |||||
410900 | Puyang city | 4,187.90 | 3,772,088 | Hualong District |
1 | 5 | ||||||
411000 | Xuchang city | 4,978.36 | 4,379,998 | Weidu District |
2 | 2 | 2 | |||||
411100 | Luohe city | 6,260.95 | 2,367,490 | Yancheng District |
3 | 2 | ||||||
411200 | Sanmenxia city | 9,936.65 | 2,034,872 | Hubin District |
2 | 2 | 2 | |||||
411300 | Nanyang city | 26,508.69 | 9,713,112 | Wolong District |
2 | 10 | 1 | |||||
411400 | Shangqiu city | 10,700.23 | 7,816,831 | Liangyuan District |
2 | 6 | 1 | |||||
411500 | Xinyang city | 18,908.27 | 6,234,401 | Shihe District |
2 | 8 | ||||||
411600 | Zhoukou city | 11,959.40 | 9,026,015 | Chuanhui District |
2 | 7 | 1 | |||||
411700 | Zhumadian city | 15,095.30 | 7,008,427 | Yicheng District |
1 | 9 | ||||||
419001 | Jiyuan city** | 1,893.76 | 727,765 | Qinyuan Subdistrict | 1 | |||||||
* – including Ethnic districts ** – Directly administered county-level divisions (Jiyuan was formerly part of Jiaozuo) |
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Chinese | Pinyin | ||
Henan Province | 河南省 | Hénán Shěng | ||
Zhengzhou city | 郑州市 | Zhèngzhōu Shì | ||
Kaifeng city | 开封市 | Kāifēng Shì | ||
Luoyang city | 洛阳市 | Luòyáng Shì | ||
Pingdingshan city | 平顶山市 | Píngdǐngshān Shì | ||
Anyang city | 安阳市 | Ānyáng Shì | ||
Hebi city | 鹤壁市 | Hèbì Shì | ||
Xinxiang city | 新乡市 | Xīnxiāng Shì | ||
Jiaozuo city | 焦作市 | Jiāozuò Shì | ||
Puyang city | 濮阳市 | Púyáng Shì | ||
Xuchang city | 许昌市 | Xǔchāng Shì | ||
Luohe city | 漯河市 | Luòhé Shì | ||
Sanmenxia city | 三门峡市 | Sānménxiá Shì | ||
Nanyang city | 南阳市 | Nányáng Shì | ||
Shangqiu city | 商丘市 | Shāngqiū Shì | ||
Xinyang city | 信阳市 | Xìnyáng Shì | ||
Zhoukou city | 周口市 | Zhōukǒu Shì | ||
Zhumadian city | 驻马店市 | Zhùmǎdiàn Shì | ||
Jiyuan city | 济源市 | Jìyuán Shì |
These 17 prefecture-level cities and one directly administered
Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | City | Urban area[52] | District area[52] | City proper[52] | Census date |
1 | Zhengzhou | 3,677,032 | 4,253,913 | 8,627,089 | 2010-11-01 |
2 | Luoyang | 1,584,463 | 1,926,079 | 6,549,941 | 2010-11-01 |
3 | Xinxiang | 918,078 | 1,047,088 | 5,708,191 | 2010-11-01 |
4 | Anyang | 908,129 | 1,146,839 | 5,173,188 | 2010-11-01 |
5 | Nanyang | 899,899 | 1,811,812 | 10,263,660 | 2010-11-01 |
6 | Pingdingshan | 855,130 | 1,034,042 | 4,904,701 | 2010-11-01 |
7 | Kaifeng[b] | 725,573 | 896,117 | 4,676,483 | 2010-11-01 |
(7) | Kaifeng (new district)[b] | 168,569 | 698,799 | see Kaifeng | 2010-11-01 |
8 | Jiaozuo | 702,527 | 865,413 | 3,540,101 | 2010-11-01 |
9 | Xinyang | 625,302 | 1,230,042 | 6,109,106 | 2010-11-01 |
10 | Shangqiu | 618,549 | 1,536,392 | 7,362,975 | 2010-11-01 |
11 | Luohe | 575,956 | 1,294,974 | 2,544,266 | 2010-11-01 |
12 | Hebi | 477,659 | 634,721 | 1,569,208 | 2010-11-01 |
13 | Xuchang[c] | 466,341 | 498,087 | 4,307,488 | 2010-11-01 |
(13) | Xuchang (new district)[c] | 208,168 | 767,449 | see Xuchang | 2010-11-01 |
14 | Puyang | 465,980 | 655,674 | 3,598,740 | 2010-11-01 |
15 | Zhumadian | 447,559 | 721,723 | 7,231,234 | 2010-11-01 |
16 | Dengzhou | 415,082 | 1,468,157 | see Nanyang | 2010-11-01 |
17 | Yongcheng | 414,312 | 1,240,382 | see Shangqiu | 2010-11-01 |
18 | Yuzhou | 372,815 | 1,131,896 | see Xuchang | 2010-11-01 |
19 | Gongyi | 366,265 | 807,911 | see Zhengzhou | 2010-11-01 |
20 | Xinmi | 359,148 | 797,256 | see Zhengzhou | 2010-11-01 |
21 | Xiangcheng | 355,449 | 1,003,698 | see Zhoukou | 2010-11-01 |
22 | Xinzheng | 337,356 | 758,128 | see Zhengzhou | 2010-11-01 |
23 | Jiyuan | 334,697 | 675,757 | 675,757 | 2010-11-01 |
24 | Linzhou | 321,755 | 789,702 | see Anyang | 2010-11-01 |
25 | Zhoukou | 308,360 | 505,171 | 8,953,793 | 2010-11-01 |
26 | Yanshi |
300,743 | 666,696 | see Luoyang | 2010-11-01 |
27 | Ruzhou | 296,913 | 927,934 | see Pingdingshan | 2010-11-01 |
28 | Dengfeng | 293,028 | 668,637 | see Zhengzhou | 2010-11-01 |
29 | Sanmenxia[d] | 285,153 | 325,628 | 2,234,018 | 2010-11-01 |
(29) | Sanmenxia (new district)[d] | 118,388 | 343,679 | see Sanmenxia | 2010-11-01 |
30 | Changge | 281,578 | 687,130 | see Xuchang | 2010-11-01 |
31 | Xingyang | 269,655 | 613,804 | see Zhengzhou | 2010-11-01 |
32 | Huixian | 261,767 | 740,435 | see Xinxiang | 2010-11-01 |
33 | Lingbao | 231,101 | 721,049 | see Sanmenxia | 2010-11-01 |
34 | Qinyang | 223,647 | 367,113 | see Jiaozuo | 2010-11-01 |
35 | Weihui | 167,454 | 495,744 | see Xinxiang | 2010-11-01 |
36 | Wugang | 147,521 | 313,828 | see Pingdingshan | 2010-11-01 |
37 | Mengzhou | 138,393 | 447,701 | see Jiaozuo | 2010-11-01 |
38 | Yima | 136,461 | 144,779 | see Sanmenxia | 2010-11-01 |
- ^ Henan; UK: /hɜːˈnæn/;[5] or /həˈnæn/;[6] US: /hʌˈnɑːn/;[7] Chinese: 河南; alternatively Honan
- ^ Xiangfu (Kaifeng County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Jian'an (Xuchang County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Shanzhou (Shanxian County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
Most populous cities in Henan
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[53] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
Zhengzhou Luoyang |
1 | Zhengzhou | 6,261,900 | 11 | Luohe | 610,300 | Nanyang Kaifeng | ||
2 | Luoyang | 2,359,800 | 12 | Xinyang | 609,200 | ||||
3 | Nanyang | 1,604,700 | 13 | Xuchang | 565,800 | ||||
4 | Kaifeng | 1,023,000 | 14 | Zhumadian | 513,800 | ||||
5 | Shangqiu | 964,800 | 15 | Sanmenxia | 494,200 | ||||
6 | Pingdingshan | 964,500 | 16 | Hebi | 490,200 | ||||
7 | Jiaozuo | 801,000 | 17 | Yongcheng | 466,000 | ||||
8 | Xinxiang | 789,600 | 18 | Yuzhou | 434,400 | ||||
9 | Anyang | 760,000 | 19 | Zhoukou | 431,300 | ||||
10 | Puyang | 611,400 | 20 | Ruzhou | 410,000 |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1912[54] | 28,518,000 | — |
1928[55] | 30,566,000 | +7.2% |
1936–37[56] | 34,290,000 | +12.2% |
1947[57] | 29,654,000 | −13.5% |
1954[58] | 44,214,594 | +49.1% |
1964[59] | 50,325,511 | +13.8% |
1982[60] | 74,422,739 | +47.9% |
1990[61] | 85,509,535 | +14.9% |
2000[62] | 91,236,854 | +6.7% |
2010[63] | 94,023,567 | +3.1% |
With a population of approximately 93.6 million, Henan is the third most populous Chinese province after Guangdong and Shandong. It is also the fifth most populous sub-national division in the world. If it were a country by itself, it would be the twelfth most populous in the world, just behind Mexico and ahead of the Philippines. However, the
The population is highly homogeneous with 98.8% of the population being
Religion
According to a 2012 survey
Henan has also the largest Christian population by numbers and percentage of any province of China,[66] 6.1% of the province's population as of 2012[update], corresponding to approximately 7 million Christians. A 2009 survey reported the share of Christians to be 9.33%.[67] In 2019, Communist officials demolished the True Jesus Church near Zhumadian.[68] In 2020, Communist officials demolished the Sunzhuang Church.[69]
The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 86% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in
Politics
The Government of Henan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The
Economy
Henan has seen rapid development in its economy over the past two decades, and its economy has expanded at an even faster rate than the national average of 10%. This rapid growth has transformed Henan from one of the poorest provinces to one that matches other central provinces.
Henan is the 5th-largest provincial economy of China, the second largest in South Central China after Guangdong, the largest in Central China and the largest among inland provinces, with a nominal GDP of 5.88 trillion RMB (US$926 billion) as of 2021, ahead of the GDP of Turkey of 815 billion.[12][13] If it were a country, it would be the 18th-largest economy as well as the 14th most populous as of 2021.[14] However, per capita GDP is low compared to other eastern and central provinces.[15]
Henan is a semi-industrialized economy with an underdeveloped
Although Henan's industry has traditionally been based on
Henan has planned its economy around the provincial capital of Zhengzhou, and it is hoped that the province may become an important transportation and manufacturing hub in the years to come.[71]
In July 2021, extreme flooding inflicted an estimated US$12.7 billion[72] of economic damage in Henan.
Transportation
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Henan has some of the most advanced transportation system in China due to its flat terrain and its location at the heart of
Culture
- Most of Henan speaks dialects of the Zhongyuan Mandarin". The northwestern corner of Henan is an exception, where people speak Jin dialects instead. The dialects of Henan are collectively called "the Henan dialec" in popular usage, with easily identifiable stereotypical features.
- Yu opera is the local form of Chinese opera; it is also well-known and popular across the rest of China. Henan Quju and Henan Yuediaoare also important local opera forms.
- Henan cuisine is the local cuisine, with traditions such as the Luoyang Shuixi (Luoyang "Water Table", consisting entirely of various soups, etc.); Xinyang Duncai (Xinyang brewed vegetables), and the traditional Kaifeng cuisine.
- Important traditional art and craft products include: Tangsancai ("Tang Three Colours"), which are earthenware figurines made in the traditional style of the Tang dynasty.
Tourism
Henan is located in the Yellow River valley where ancient people lived. Intricate pottery, writing and musical instruments of the
- Baligou in Xinxiang
- Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory in Dengfeng, the oldest astronomical observatory in China.
- Longmen Grottoes, near Luoyang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.
- Mount Jigong, on the southern border.
- Mount Mangdang in Shangqiu
- Mount Song, near Dengfeng, one of the Five Sacred Mountains of China.
- Shaolin Temple, on Mount Song.
- Songyue Pagoda
- White Horse Temple in Luoyang
- Yinxu in Anyang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Youguo Temple with the Iron Pagoda
- Yuntai Mountain in Jiaozuo
Colleges and universities
Henan is considered one of China's leading provinces in education. The province hosts more than 156 higher education institutions, ranking first in the Central China region, ranked second in South Central China after Guangdong and third among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after Jiangsu and Guangdong.[16]
As of 2023, three major cities in the province ranked in the top 200 cities in the world (Zhengzhou 76th, Kaifeng 154th and Xinxiang 195th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[17] Along with Jiangsu, Henan is one of only two Chinese provinces with at least three major cities that are among the top 200 in the world by scientific research output.[17]
- Anyang Institute of Technology
- Henan Agricultural University
- Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Henan Medical University
- Henan Normal University
- Henan Polytechnic University
- Henan University of Economics and Law
- Henan University of Science and Technology
- Henan University of Technology
- Henan University
- Huanghe Science and Technology University
- Luoyang Institute of Technology
- Nanyang Institute of Technology
- Nanyang Teachers College
- North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power
- Pingdingshan Normal College
- Shangqiu College
- Shangqiu Normal College
- Sias University
- Xinxiang College
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Zhengzhou Grain College
- Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management
- Zhengzhou Textile Institute
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou University of Technology
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhongyuan Institute of Technology
Notable individuals
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021) |
- Chen Sheng, (known in some sources as Chen She) and Wu Guang (both died 209 BC or 208 BC), leaders of the first rebellion against Qin dynasty
- Chen Zhong, Olympic gold medalist in Taekwondo
- Cheng Hao (1032–1085) and brother Cheng Yi (1033–1107), Neo-Confucian philosophers
- Deng Ai (?−264), an officer of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period
- Deng Yaping (born 5 February 1973), four-time Olympic gold medalist.
- Du Fu (712–770), considered one of the greatest of Chinese poets
- Du Wei (born 9 February 1982), professional football player
- Southern Qi dynasty, remembered today for the treatise Shen Mie Lun (On the Annihilation of the Soul)
- Feng Yi, a general of the Eastern Han dynasty
- Feng Youlan (1895–1990), philosopher
- Gao Yaojie, medical doctor
- Table TennisWorld Champion (1975, 1977, 1979)
- Han Fei (c. 280–233 BC), Legalist philosopher
- Han Yu (768–824), one of China's best known prose writers and poets
- Hui Shi (380 BC−?), philosopher
- Jia Aoqi, sanshou fighter and professional kickboxer
- Jia Yi, a Chinese poet and statesman of the Han dynasty
- Kong Hongxing, sanshou fighter
- Daoism
- Li Shangyin (813–858), poet
- Li Tang (c. 1080 – c. 1130), painter
- Liang Jun (born 1945), teacher and women's rights activist
- Lie Yukou (c. 4th century BC), Daoist philosopher
- Liu Guoliang, member of the Chinese table tennis team
- Mo Zi, founder of Mohism
- Ruan Ji (210–263), poet
- Sima Yi (179–251), a general, military strategist, and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period
- Su Qin
- Shang Tang, the first ruling king of the Shang dynasty
- Wei Rui, sanshou fighter and professional kickboxer
- Xu Shen (c.58−c. 147), editor of the Shuowen Jiezi
- Xu Shu one of Liu Bei's advisors during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
- Xuan Ni, greatly admired official of the Ming Dynasty
- Xun You an advisor to Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms period
- Xun Yu (styled-named Wenruo), an advisor to Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms period
- Yuan Shikai (1859–1916), second President of the Republic of China
- Yuan Shizhong, (died 1643), rebel leader
- Yue Fei (1103–1142), a noted Chinese patriot and general who fought for the Southern Song dynasty against the Jurchen
- literaryscholar of the Eastern Han dynasty
- Zhang Jian (born September 1955), judge[73]
- Zhang Zhilei, professional heavyweight boxer
- Eastern Han physician, the author of the Shanghan Zabing Lun
- Zhao Ziyang (17 October 1919 − 17 January 2005), former Premier and CCP Secretary
- Zhong You (151–230), a politician and calligrapher in Wei dynasty of San guo
- Zhu Ting, sixteenth captain of China National Women's Volleyball Team
- Chuang Tzu (born 369 BC), Daoist philosopher
Sports teams
Professional sports teams in Henan include;
- Chinese Basketball Association
- Henan Dragons
- Chinese Super League
See also
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ "Doing Business in China". Ministry of Commerce. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ^ GDP-2021 is a preliminary data "Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China NBS. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ 《2013中国人类发展报告》 (PDF) (in Chinese). United Nations Development Programme China. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ISBN 978-1405881173.
- ^ "Henan". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021.
- ^ "Henan". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ 中国八大古都_共产党员网. www.12371.cn. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- People's Daily Online.
- ^ Chris Buckley (11 October 2016). "Henan Province, a Butt of Jokes in China, Gets a Champion in Court". The New York Times.
- ^ "Many Chinese suffer discrimination based on their regional origin". The Economist. 11 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers". China Briefing News. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ a b "GDP (current US$) - Turkiye | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ a b "GDP (current US$) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ a b "China dreams on hold: heartland city feels chill of economic slowdown". Reuters. 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
- ^ a b ""List of National Colleges and Universities – Government Portal of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ a b c "Nature Index 2023 Science Cities". www.nature.com. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "增强中华文明传播力影响力|河南:行走中原大地 读懂中国文脉". www.cppcc.gov.cn. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ISSN 0959-6836.
- ^ "考古第一现场:神秘夏朝是否真实存在?真相只有一个-中新网". www.chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "古代中国-中国国家博物馆". www.chnmuseum.cn. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "中国古代著名思想家、道家学派创始人老子". ve.china-embassy.gov.cn. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
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Works cited
- ISBN 0-88738-417-X.
- Smith, S. A. (2015). "Redemptive Religious Societies and the Communist State, 1949 to the 1980s". In Jeremy Brown; Matthew D. Johnson (eds.). Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 340–364. ISBN 978-0674287204.
- Economic profile for Henan at HKTDC
External links
- Henan Government website (in Chinese)