Henk Sneevliet
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Henk Sneevliet | |
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Member of the Dutch House of Representatives[1] | |
In office 1933–1937 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Amersfoort concentration camp, Netherlands | 13 May 1883
Cause of death | Execution |
Political party | Revolutionary Socialist (Workers') Party |
Other political affiliations | |
Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or by the pseudonym "Maring" (13 May 1883 – 13 April 1942), was a Dutch communist politician who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. As a functionary of the Communist International, Sneevliet guided the formation of both the Communist Party of Indonesia in 1914, and the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. In his native country, he was the founder, chairman, and only Representative for the Revolutionary Socialist (Workers') Party (RSP/RSAP). He took part in the Communist resistance against the occupation of the Netherlands during World War II by Nazi Germany, for which he was executed by the Germans in April 1942.
Biography
Early life
Hendricus "Henk" Sneevliet was born on 13 May 1883 in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and grew up in Den Bosch. He was the son of Anthonie Sneevliet, a cigar maker, and the former Henrica J.W. van Macklenbergh.[2]
After finishing his education in 1900, Sneevliet moved to Zutphen and working for the Dutch railways.[2] He became a member of the Social Democratic Workers Party (SDAP) as well as the Dutch Association of Railway and Tramway Employees (NV) in 1902.[2] From 1906, Sneevliet was active for the SDAP in Zwolle, where he became the first social democrat city council member in the elections of 1907.
Sneevliet was very active in the NV and was elected to the union's executive committee in 1906.[2] In 1909 he was tapped as vice-chairman of the union and named as editor-in-chief of the union's official journal.[2] He became chairman of the union in 1911.[2]
Sneevliet, as a committed socialist and militant trade unionist, was strongly supportive of an international seamen's strike which was called in 1911 and was disgruntled by the failure of his union and political party to support the campaign.[2] As a result, he resigned from both organizations, joining instead the more radical Social Democratic Party of the Netherlands (forerunner of the Dutch Communist Party) and writing for the Marxist magazine De Nieuwe Tijd (The New Time).[2] Sneevliet's alienation strengthened him in his decision to leave the Netherlands for the Dutch East Indies.
Dutch East Indies
Sneevliet lived in the Dutch East Indies (present day
He also returned to union work, becoming a member of the Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tramwegpersoneel, a railway union which was unique in having both Dutch and Indonesian members. Thanks to his experience as a union leader, he soon managed to turn this still fairly moderate union into a more modern and aggressive union, with a majority of Indonesian members. This union later formed the base for the Indonesian communist movement.
ISDV was strictly anti-capitalist and agitated against the Dutch colonial regime and the privileged Indonesian elites. This led to much resistance against the ISDV and Sneevliet himself, from conservative circles and from the more moderate SDAP. In 1916 therefore he left the SDAP and joined the SDP, the predecessor of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN).
After the
Comintern functionary
Back in the Netherlands, Sneevliet became active in the fledgling communist movement, becoming a salaried official of the party's National Labor Secretariat (NAS) and helping to organize a major transportation strike in 1920.[2]
The same year he was also present at the
Vladimir Lenin was impressed enough by him to send him as a Communist International (Comintern) representative to China. Sneevliet lived in China from 1921 to 1923 and was present at the founding congress of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921.[3] In addition to the pseudonym Maring, Sneevliet used the names Martin, Philips, and Sentot during this period.[3]
Sneevliet was an advocate of cooperation with the non-communist nationalist Kuomintang, headed by Sun Yat-sen, with whom he had personally established contact on behalf of the Comintern.[3] In 1923, Sun Yat-sen offered Sneevliet a full-time role in the Kuomintang as an adviser, but Sneevliet turned down the offer. He also rejected a separate offer from the Soviets to run the Guangzhou outpost of the Soviet state news agency ROSTA.[4]
Early in 1924, Sneevliet returned to Moscow, his tenure as a Comintern representative to China at an end.[3]
Back in the Netherlands
Sneevliet returned to the Netherlands from Moscow in 1924 to assume the position of secretary of the National Labor Secretariat (NAS).[2] He joined the executive committee of the Communist Party of Holland in 1925 but the two years were marked by worsening factional relations between Sneevliet and his co-thinkers and the bulk of the CPN leadership. The denouement came in 1927, when Sneevliet broke all ties with the CPH and the Comintern.[3]
In 1929, Sneevliet formed a new political party, the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP).[5] This organization concentrated on national issues, gaining some successes in organizing the unemployed movement, strike actions, and the struggle against the rise of fascism.
He remained interested in Indonesian affairs and in 1933 was sentenced to five months imprisonment for his solidarity actions for the Dutch and Indonesian sailors who took part in the
In August 1933, the RSP signed the "Declaration of the Four"
In Amsterdam, Sneevliet (as "Henricus" or "Henryk Sneevliet") was among
In 1938, Sneevliet and the RSP ultimately refused to join this new international organization, however, thereby breaking with the Trotskyist movement.
Final years
The worsening political climate both abroad and nationally and the constant struggle against both the
Some months later with
Death
As a known Communist, Sneevliet had to go into hiding even before he started his resistance activities. In the underground he edited a clandestine newspaper called Spartakus and took part in other activities.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ "H.J.F.M. (Henk) Sneevliet". Parlement & Politiek. Parlementair Documentatie Centrum, Leiden University. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l John E. Lunn, "Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie 'Henk" Sneevliet," in A. Thomas Lane (ed.), Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders: Volume 2, M-Z. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995; pp. 909-910.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Branko Lazitch with Milorad M. Drachkovitch (eds.), Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. New, Revised, and Expanded Edition. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986; pg.436.
- ISBN 9780241957943.
- ^ The RSP later became the Revolutionair Socialistische Arbeiders Partij (RSAP) after fusing with the Independent Socialist Party (OSP), which had earlier formed under the stewardship of Jacques de Kadt and Piet J. Schmidt .
- ^ "Declaration of the Four". Marxists.org. August 26, 1933. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- LCCN 70449412.
- ^ a b Philippe Bourrinet, "The Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg Front", extract from Philippe Bourrinet, Dutch and German Communist Left on the Le Bataille socialiste website (accessed 2008-08-13)
- ^ "Sal Santen. The Lubitz TrotskyanaNet, 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Further reading
- Saich, Tony; Tichelman, Fritjof (1985-06-01). "Henk Sneevliet: A Dutch revolutionary on the world stage". Journal of Communist Studies. 1 (2): 170–193. ISSN 0268-4535.
External links
- Henk Sneevliet Archive at marxists.org
- Dutch language biography of Henk Sneevliet at the International Institute of Social History
- Archief Henk Sneevliet at the International Institute of Social History
- Generals Without Troops: Dutch Trotskyism during the Occupation, Revolutionary History, Vol.1 No.4, Winter 1988-89
- Mohamed Hassan: Comparison of Henk Sneevliet's revolutionary work in 1920s Indonesia with the current situation in Gaza