Henri Lefebvre
Henri Lefebvre | |
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Henri Lefebvre (
Biography
Lefebvre was born in Hagetmau, Landes, France. He studied philosophy at the University of Paris (the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was working with Paul Nizan, Norbert Guterman, Georges Friedmann, Georges Politzer, and Pierre Morhange in the Philosophies group seeking a "philosophical revolution".[6] This brought them into contact with the Surrealists, Dadaists, and other groups, before they moved towards the French Communist Party (PCF).
Lefebvre joined the PCF in 1928 and became one of the most prominent French Marxist intellectuals during the second quarter of the 20th century, before joining the
In 1961, Lefebvre became professor of sociology at the
Lefebvre died in 1991. In his obituary, Radical Philosophy magazine honored his long and complex career and influence:
the most prolific of French Marxist intellectuals, died during the night of 28–29 June 1991, less than a fortnight after his ninetieth birthday. During his long career, his work has gone in and out of fashion several times, and has influenced the development not only of philosophy but also of sociology, geography, political science and literary criticism.[17]
The critique of everyday life
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One of Lefebvre's most important contributions to social thought is the idea of the "critique of everyday life", which he pioneered in the 1930s. Lefebvre defined everyday life dialectically as the intersection of "illusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersection of the sector man controls and the sector he does not control",[18] and is where the perpetually transformative conflict occurs between diverse, specific rhythms: the body's polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physiological (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms (Lefebvre and Régulier, 1985: 73).[19] The everyday was, in short, the space in which all life occurred, and between which all fragmented activities took place. It was the residual.[20] While the theme presented itself in many works, it was most notably outlined in his eponymous three-volume study, which came out in individual installments, decades apart, in 1947, 1961, and 1981.
Lefebvre argued that everyday life was an underdeveloped sector compared to technology and production, and moreover that in the mid 20th century, capitalism changed such that everyday life was to be colonized. In this zone of everydayness (boredom) shared by everyone in society regardless of class or specialty, autocritique of everyday realities of boredom vs. societal promises of free time and leisure, could lead to people understanding and then revolutionizing their everyday lives. This was essential to Lefebvre because everyday life was where he saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real self-expression. The critique of everyday life was crucial because it was for him only through the development of the conditions of human life—rather than abstract control of productive forces—that humans could reach a concrete utopian existence.[21]
Lefebvre's work on everyday life was heavily influential in French theory, particularly for the Situationists, as well as in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts).[22] The third volume has also recently influenced scholars writing about digital technology and information in the present day,[23] since it has a section dealing with this topic at length, including analysis of the Nora-Minc Report (1977); key aspects of information theory; and other general discussion of the "colonisation" of everyday life through information communication technologies as "devices" or "services".
The social production of space
Lefebvre dedicated a great deal of his philosophical writings to understanding the importance of (the production of) space in what he called the reproduction of social relations of production. This idea is the central argument in the book The Survival of Capitalism, written as a sort of prelude to La Production de l'espace (1974) (The Production of Space).
Lefebvre contends that there are different modes of production of space (i.e. spatialization) from natural space ('absolute space') to more complex spaces and flows whose meaning is produced in a social way (i.e. social space).[24] Lefebvre analyzes each historical mode as a three-part dialectic between everyday practices and perceptions (le perçu), representations or theories of space (le conçu) and the spatial imaginary of the time (le vécu).[25]
Lefebvre's argument in The Production of Space is that space is a social product, or a complex social construction (based on values, and the social production of meanings) which affects spatial practices and perceptions. Lefebvre argued that every society—and, therefore, every mode of production—produces a certain space, its own space.
Lefebvre's concept has been criticised: e.g. in The Urban Question, Manuel Castells. Many responses to Castells are provided in The Survival of Capitalism, and some such as Andy Merrifield[26] argue that the acceptance of those critiques in the academic world would be a motive for Lefebvre's effort in writing the long and theoretically dense The Production of Space. In "Actually-Existing Success: Economics, Aesthetics, and the Specificity of (Still-)Socialist Urbanism," Michal Murawski critiques Lefebvre's dismissal of actually existing socialism by showing how socialist states produced differential space.[27]
Bibliography
- 1925 "Positions d'attaque et de défense du nouveau mysticisme", Philosophies 5–6 (March). pp. 471–506. (Pt. 2 of the "Philosophy of Consciousness" (Philosophie de la conscience) project on being, consciousness and identity, originally proposed as a DES[28] thesis to Léon Brunschvicg and eventually abandoned—Lefebvre's DES 1920 thesis was titled Pascal et Jansénius (Pascal and Jansenius).)[1][29]
- 1934 with Norbert Guterman, Morceaux choisis de Karl Marx, Paris: NRF (numerous reprintings).
- 1936 with Norbert Guterman, La Conscience mystifiée, Paris: Gallimard (new ed. Paris: Le Sycomore, 1979).
- 1937 Le nationalisme contre les nations (Preface by Paul Nizan), Paris: Éditions sociales internationales (reprinted, Paris: Méridiens-Klincksliek, 1988, Collection "Analyse institutionnelle", Présentation M. Trebitsch, Postface Henri Lefebvre).
- 1938 Hitler au pouvoir, bilan de cinq années de fascisme en Allemagne, Paris: Bureau d'Éditions.
- 1938 with Norbert Guterman, Morceaux choisis de Hegel, Paris: Gallimard (3 reprintings 1938–1939; in the reprinted Collection "Idées", 2 vols. 1969).
- 1938 with Norbert Guterman, Cahiers de Lénine sur la dialectique de Hegel, Paris: Gallimard.
- 1939 Nietzsche, Paris: Éditions sociales internationales.
- 1946 L'Existentialisme, Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire.
- 1947 Logique formelle, logique dialectique, Vol. 1 of A la lumière du matérialisme dialectique, written in 1940–41 (2nd volume censored). Paris: Éditions sociales.
- 1947 Descartes, Paris: Éditions Hier et Aujourd'hui.
- 1947 Critique de la vie quotidienne, L'Arche
- 1942 Le Don Juan du Nord, Europe – revue mensuelle 28, April 1948, pp. 73–104.
- 1950 Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA Albany N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 281–300 (2nd ed. 1968).
- 1958 Problèmes actuels du marxisme, Paris: Presses universitaires de France; 4th edition, 1970, Collection "Initiation philosophique"
- 1958 (with Lucien Goldmann, Claude Roy, Tristan Tzara) Le romantisme révolutionnaire, Paris: La Nef.
- 1961 Critique de la vie quotidienne II, Fondements d'une sociologie de la quotidienneté, Paris: L'Arche.
- 1963 La vallée de Campan - Etude de sociologie rurale, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- 1965 Métaphilosophie, foreword by Jean Wahl, Paris: Éditions de Minuit, Collection "Arguments".
- 1965 La Proclamation de la Commune, Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Trente Journées qui ont fait la France".
- 1968 Le Droit à la ville, Paris: Anthropos (2nd ed.); Paris: Ed. du Seuil, Collection "Points".
- 1968 La vie quotidienne dans le monde moderne, Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". Trans. Sacha Rabinovitch as Everyday Life in the Modern World. Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1971.
- 1968 Dialectical Materialism, first published 1940 by ISBN 0-224-61507-6
- 1968 Sociology of Marx, N. Guterman trans. of 1966c, New York: Pantheon.
- 1969 The Explosion: From Nanterre to the Summit, Paris: Monthly Review Press. Originally published 1968.
- 1970 La révolution urbaine Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées".
- 1970 Du rural à l'urbain Paris: Anthropos.
- 1971 Le manifeste différentialiste, Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées".
- 1971 Au-delà du structuralisme, Paris: Anthropos.
- 1972 La pensée marxiste et la ville, Tournai and Paris: Casterman.
- 1973 La survie du capitalisme; la re-production des rapports de production. Trans. Frank Bryant as The Survival of Capitalism. London: Allison and Busby, 1976.
- 1974 La production de l'espace, Paris: Anthropos. Translation and Précis.
- 1974 with ISBN 0-285-64742-3
- 1975 Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, ou le royaume des ombres, Paris: Tournai, Casterman. Collection "Synthèses contemporaines". ISBN 2-203-23109-2
- 1975 Le temps des méprises: Entretiens avec Claude Glayman, Paris: Stock. ISBN 2-234-00174-9
- 1978 with Catherine Régulier La révolution n'est plus ce qu'elle était, Paris: Éditions Libres-Hallier (German trans. Munich, 1979). ISBN 2-264-00849-0
- 1978 Les contradictions de l'Etat moderne, La dialectique de l'Etat, Vol. 4 of 4 De 1'Etat, Paris: UGE, Collection "10/18".
- 1980 La présence et l'absence, Paris: Casterman. ISBN 2-203-23172-6
- 1981 Critique de la vie quotidienne, III. De la modernité au modernisme (Pour une métaphilosophie du quotidien) Paris: L'Arche.
- 1981 De la modernité au modernisme: pour une métaphilosophie du quotidien, Paris: L'Arche Collection "Le sens de la marché".
- 1985 with Catherine Régulier-Lefebvre, Le projet rythmanalytique Communications 41. pp. 191–199.
- 1986 with Serge Renaudie and Pierre Guilbaud, "International Competition for the New Belgrade Urban Structure Improvement", in Autogestion, or Henri Lefebvre in New Belgrade, Vancouver: Fillip Editions. ISBN 978-0-9738133-5-7
- 1988 Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marx's Death, D. Reifman trans., L.Grossberg and C.Nelson (eds.) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Urbana: University of Illinois Press; New York: Macmillan. pp. 75–88. ISBN 0-252-01108-2
- 1990 Du Contrat de Citoyenneté, Paris: Syllepse, 1990.
- 1991 The Critique of Everyday Life, Volume 1, John Moore trans., London: Verso. Originally published 1947. ISBN 0-86091-340-6
- 1991 with Patricia Latour and Francis Combes, Conversation avec Henri Lefebvre P. Latour and F. Combes, eds. Paris: Messidor, Collection "Libres propos".
- 1991 The Production of Space, ISBN 0-631-14048-4
- 1992 with Catherine Regulier-Lefebvre Éléments de rythmanalyse: Introduction à la connaissance des rythmes, preface by René Lorau, Paris: Ed. Syllepse, Collection "Explorations et découvertes". English translation: Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life, Stuart Elden, Gerald Moore trans. Continuum, New York, 2004.
- 1995 Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes September 1959-May 1961, J. Moore, trans., London: Verso. Originally published 1962. ISBN 1-85984-961-X
- 1996 Writings on Cities, Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19187-9
- 2003 Key Writings, Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas, Eleonore Kofman, eds. London/New York: Continuum.
- 2009 State, Space, World: Selected Essay, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden, eds. Gerald Moore, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- 2014 Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment., L. Stanek ed., R. Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), the first publication in any language of the book written in 1973.
- 2022 On the Rural. Economy, Sociology, Geography, Stuart Elden, Adam David Morton eds., Robert Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), including the first half of his book Du rural à l’urbain (1970) and supplementary texts
References
- ^ a b Schrift (2006), p. 152.
- ^ Schrift (2006), p. 153.
- ^ Ian H. Birchall, Sartre against Stalinism, Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 176: "Sartre praised highly [Lefebvre's] work on sociological methodology, saying of it: 'It remains regrettable that Lefebvre has not found imitators among other Marxist intellectuals'."
- ISBN 978-0-415-09370-5.
- ISBN 9780415252256.
- ^ Michel Trebitsch: Introduction to Critique of Everyday Life, Vol. 1 Archived 8 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mark Poster, 1975, Existential Marxism in Postwar France: From Sartre to Althusser, Princeton University Press
- ^ "Lefebvre on the Situationists: AnInterview". Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ Radical Philosophy obituary, Spring 1992 Archived 26 June 2003 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-285-64742-3
- ^ "Préface de : Henri Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life. Volume III. (1981)". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- May 68, Philosophy is in the Street! (Larousse, Paris, 2008).[page needed]
- ^ Mark Purcell, Excavating Lefebvre: The right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant, GeoJournal 58: 99–108, 2002.
- ^ "Right to the City" as a response to the crisis: "Convergence" or divergence of urban social movements? Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Knut Unger, Reclaiming Spaces
- ^ Radical Philosophy obituary, 1991 Archived 26 June 2003 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-14-021846-6., p40
- ^ Radical Philosophy obituary, 1991.
- ISBN 978-1844671946., p40
- ISBN 978-0826472991.
- ^ "Préface à : Henri Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life. Volume I. Introduction". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ Elden, 2004, pp. 110–126.
- ISBN 978-0226727998.[page needed]
- .
- ^ Place, A Short Introduction by Tim Cresswell
- ISBN 0-415-08022-3, pp. 50–58.
- ISBN 9781134721184.
- S2CID 149783548.
- ^ DES stands for diplôme d'études supérieures , roughly equivalent to an MA thesis.
- ^ Elden 2004, p. 96.
Sources
- Stuart Elden, Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible, London/New York: Continuum, 2004.
- Alan D. Schrift, Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers, Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Further reading
- Andy Merrifield, Henri Lefebvre: A Critical Introduction (London: Routledge, 2006)
- Goonewardena, K., Kipfer, S., Milgrom, R. & Schmid, C. eds. Space, Difference, Everyday Life: Reading Henri Lefebvre. (New York: Routledge, 2008)
- Sue Middleton, Henri Lefebvre and Education: Space, History, Theory (New York: Routledge, 2016)
- Andrzej Zieleniec: Space and Social Theory, London 2007, p. 60–97.
- Derek R. Ford, Education and the Production of Space: Political Pedagogy, Geography, and Urban Revolution (New York: Routledge, 2017)
- Chris Butler, Henri Lefebvre: Spatial Politics, Everyday Life, and the Right to the City (New York/London: Routledge, 2012)
- Shields, R.,Lefebvre, Love, and Struggle(New York/London: Routledge, 1998)
External links
- Quotations related to Henri Lefebvre at Wikiquote
- "The Ignored Philosopher and Social Theorist: The Work of Henri Lefebvre" by Stanley Aronowitz, in: Situations, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 133–155 (PDF available).
- Henri Lefebvre, Urban Research and Architecture Today
- Review of The Production of Space in Not Bored
- Review of The First Situationist Symphony in Not Bored
- "La Somme et la Reste" Newsletter (in French) Archived 18 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- "Henri Lefebvre: Philosopher of Everyday Life" (2001) by Rob Shields
- Lefebvre, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics (London: Routledge 1999) by Rob Shields Includes largely complete bibliography of Henri Lefebvre's work.
- Review of Lefebvre, Love and Struggle
- "An English Précis of Henri Lefebvre's La Production de l'Espace" Urban and Regional Studies Working Paper (Sussex University 1986) by Rob Shields
- "Bioinformatic Alignments" by Jordan Crandall
- "Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm" (University of Texas at Austin 1996) by Katherine Arens
- "La Méthode d'Henri Lefebvre" in Multitudes by Rémi Hess (in French)
- Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und die Theorie der Produktion des Raumes by Christian Schmid (in German)
- "Postmodern Spacings" in Postmodern Culture by Mark Nunes et al.
- "Towards a Heuristic Method: Sartre and Lefebvre" by Michael Kelly in Sartre Studies International, vol. 5, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1–15.
- Henri Lefebvre on Space Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory by Lukasz Stanek