Henri Tajfel
Henri Tajfel | |
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social identity |
Henri Tajfel (born Hersz Mordche; 22 June 1919 – 3 May 1982) was a Polish
Biography
Early life in Poland
Tajfel
On his return home he discovered that none of his immediate family, and few of his friends, had survived the Nazi
After the war Tajfel worked for a series of relief organisations including the
Move to Britain
He was granted
In 1951 Tajfel began studying psychology at
In 1967 he was made Chair of
Work in social psychology
Early research
Tajfel's early research at
He conducted a series of experiments, investigating the role of categorization. One of his most notable experiments looked at the way that people judged the length of lines. He found that the imposition of a category directly affected judgements. If the lines, which were presented individually, were shown without any category label, then errors of judgement tended to be random. If the longest lines were each labelled A, and the shortest were labelled B, then the errors followed a pattern. Perceivers would tend to judge the lines of each category (whether A or B) as being more similar to each other than they were; and perceivers would judge the differences between categories as greater than they were (i.e., the differences between the longest B line and the shortest 'A' line).[6] These findings have continued to influence subsequent work on categorization and have been replicated subsequently.[7]
Tajfel viewed these investigations into social judgement as being directly related to the issue of prejudice. Imposing category distinctions on lines (A and B) was like dividing the social world into different groups of people (e.g., French, Germans, British). The results of his experiments showed how cognitively deep-seated it was for perceivers to assume that all members of a certain nationality-based category (for instance, all the French or all the British) were more similar to each other than they actually were, and to assume that the members of different categories differed more than they did (for instance, to exaggerate the differences between the French and the British). In this respect, the judging of lines was similar to making stereotyped judgements about social groups. Tajfel also argued that if the categories were of value to the perceiver, then these processes of exaggeration were likely to be enhanced.
The implications of this position were profound. It meant that some of the basic psychological roots of prejudice lay not in particular personality types, but in general, "ordinary" processes of thinking, especially processes of categorising. Tajfel outlined these ideas in his article, "Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice", which was first published in 1969 and has been republished subsequently. For this article, Tajfel was awarded the first annual Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.[8]
Intergroup relations
Having moved to
Social identity theory
Subsequently, Tajfel and his student
Social identity theory suggests that people identify with groups in such a way as to maximize positive distinctiveness. Groups offer both
Tajfel's influence
Henri Tajfel's influence on social psychology, especially in Britain and Europe, continues to be significant.[15] His influence has reached beyond his particular views on social identity and social judgement, as he had a wide vision of creating a social psychology that was genuinely social and was engaged with broader issues. Too much social psychology was, in his view, trivial and based on what he called "experiments in a vacuum".[16] Tajfel thought that social psychologists should seek to address serious social problems by examining how psychological dimensions interact with historical, ideological, and cultural factors.
The influence of his general vision can be seen in the book Social Groups and Identities.[17] This book was a posthumous tribute to Tajfel, containing chapters written by many of his former students. Some of his students went on to develop his theories of social identity and some continued his early work on social judgement. There were also chapters from former students who developed very different sorts of social psychology. However, both those who continued Tajfel's work directly and those who moved in other directions were united in paying tribute to the force of Tajfel's vision for a broad-based, politically important social psychology.
Sexual harassment
In 2019, evidence emerged documenting that Tajfel displayed inappropriate conduct toward female members of his lab.[18] Tajfel regularly directed unwanted sexual attention to female colleagues.[19][18] In his own research, he was uninterested in applying social identity theory to gender.[18] As a consequence, the prestigious Tajfel Award will be renamed by the European Society for Social Psychology.[20]
See also
- Gordon Allport
- Michael Billig
- Collective narcissism
- Cultural identity
- Ingroups and outgroups
- Minimal group paradigm
- Moral exclusion
References
- ISBN 978-0-745-62966-7.
- Yiddishform of the German word "Teufel", which means "devil". Yiddish was then the dominant language in/of the Jewish community in Poland. The reason why Henri Tajfel's family adopted this name is unknown.
- ISBN 978-0-521-22839-8.
- ^ Jahoda, G. (2004). 'Henri Tajfel', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
- ISBN 9780393004922.
- ^ See chapter four ("The importance of exaggerating") and five ("Differences and similarities: some contexts of judgements"), Tajfel, H. (1981). Op. cit.
- S2CID 25836438.
- ^ See chapter six ("Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice"), Tajfel, H. (1981). Op. cit.
- ^ Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination.
- ^ Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination.
- ISBN 9780126825503.
- ^ Tajfel, H. (1974). Social Identity and Intergroup Behavior Archived 6 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
- ISBN 978-1-841-69408-5. See p. 204.
- ISBN 978-0-830-41075-0.
- ^ For details of Tajfel's influence, see: Dumont, K. and Louw, J. (2009). "A citation analysis of Henri Tajfel's work on intergroup relations", International Journal of Psychology, 44, 46-59.
- ^ See chapter two ("Experiments in a vacuum"), Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories.
- ISBN 978-0-750-63083-2.
- ^ S2CID 198624196.
- ^ Brown, R. (2020) Realms of Recognition: Rupert Brown considers the life and legacy of Henri Tajfel (1919-1982). The Psychologist June 2020, Vol 33 (46-49). https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-33/june-2020/realms-recognition. (Accessed 12.3.21)
- ^ "Renaming the Tajfel Award". European Society for Social Psychology. 2019.
Bibliography
- Tajfel, H. (1959). Quantitative judgment in social perception. British Journal of Psychology, 50, 16–29.
- Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79–97.
- Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102 Archived 13 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine (abstract).
- Tajfel, H., Billig, M., Bundy, R. P. & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 149-178 (abstract).
- Tajfel, H. (1972). La catégorisation sociale. In S. Moscovici (Ed.), Introduction à la psychologie sociale (Vol. 1). Paris: Larousse.
- Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13, 65–93.
- Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.
- Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole .
- Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
- Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall
External links
- Biography from the European Association of Social Psychology (EASP)
- Commentary from Investigating Psychology, Open University