Henriad
In Shakespearean scholarship, the Henriad refers to a group of William Shakespeare's history plays depicting the rise of the English kings. It is sometimes used to refer to a group of four plays (a tetralogy), but some sources and scholars use the term to refer to eight plays. In the 19th century, Algernon Charles Swinburne used the term to refer to three plays, but that use is not current.
In one sense, Henriad refers to: Richard II; Henry IV, Part 1; Henry IV, Part 2; and Henry V – with the implication that these four plays are Shakespeare's epic, and that Prince Harry, who later becomes Henry V, is the epic hero. (This group may also be referred to as the "second tetralogy" or "second Henriad".)[1][2]
In a more inclusive meaning, Henriad refers to eight plays: the tetralogy mentioned above (Richard II; Henry IV, Part 1; Henry IV, Part 2; and Henry V), plus four plays that were written earlier, and are based on the civil wars now known as
The second tetralogy
The term Henriad was popularized by Alvin Kernan in his 1969 article, The Henriad: Shakespeare’s Major History Plays to suggest that the four plays of the second tetralogy (
The character Falstaff is introduced in Henry IV, pt. 1, he returns in Henry IV, pt. 2, and he dies early in Henry V. Falstaff represents the tavern world, a world which Prince Hal will leave behind.[8] (This group of three plays is occasionally dubbed the "Falstaffiad" by Harold Bloom and others.)[9][10]
Eight-play Henriad
The term Henriad, following after Kernan, acquired an expanded second meaning, which refers to two groups of Shakespearean plays: The tetralogy mentioned above (
The two Shakespearean tetralogies share the name Henriad, but only the "second Henriad" has the epic qualities that Kernan had in mind in his use of the term. In this way the two definitions are somewhat contradictory and overlapping. Which meaning is intended can usually be derived by the context.[13]
The eight plays, when considered together, are said to tell a unified story of a significant arc of British history from Richard II to Richard III. These plays cover this history, while going beyond the English chronicle play; they include some of Shakespeare's greatest writing. They are not tragedies, but as history plays they are comparable in terms of dramatic or literary quality and meaning. When considered as a group they contain a narrative pattern: disaster, followed by chaos and a battle of contending forces, followed by the happy ending—the restitution of order. This pattern is repeated in every play, as Britain leaves the medieval world and moves towards the British Renaissance. These plays further express the "Elizabethan world order", or mankind's striving in a world of unity battling chaos, based on the Elizabethan era's philosophies, sense of history, and religion.[14][15][16]
The eight-play Henriad is also known as The First Tetralogy and The Second Tetralogy; a terminology that had been in use,
The theories that consider the eight plays as a group dominated scholarship in the mid 20th century, when the idea was introduced, and have since engendered a great deal of discussion.[20][21][22]
King John is not included in the Henriad because it is said to have a style that is of a different order than the other history plays. King John has great qualities of poetry, freedom and imagination, and is appreciated as a new direction taken by the author. Henry VIII is not included due to unresolved questions regarding how much of it is coauthored, and what of it is written by Shakespeare.[23]
Three-play Henriad
In Algernon Charles Swinburne's book A Study of Shakespeare (1880), he refers to three plays, Henry IV pt. 1, Henry IV pt. 2, and Henry V, as "our English Henriade", and says the "ripest fruit of historic or national drama, the consummation and the crown of Shakespeare’s labours in that line, must of course be recognised and saluted by all students in the supreme and sovereign trilogy of King Henry IV and King Henry V." They are, according to Swinburne, England's "great national trilogy", and Shakespeare's "perfect triumph in the field of patriotic drama."[24]
H. A. Kennedy writing in 1896 refers to Henry IV pt. 1, Henry IV pt. 2, and Henry V, saying "taken together the three plays form a Henriade, a trilogy, whose central figure is the hero of Agincourt, whose subject is his development from the madcap prince to the conqueror of France".[25]
Authorship
Shakespeare is well established as the sole author of the plays of the second Henriad, but there has been speculation regarding possible co-authors of the Henry VI plays of the first Henriad. Since then, the 16th century playwright Christopher Marlowe has been suggested as a possible contributor. Then in 2016 the editors of the New Oxford Shakespeare, led by Gary Taylor, announced that Marlowe and "anonymous" would be listed on their title pages of Henry VI, Parts 2 and 3 as co-author side-by-side with Shakespeare, and that Marlowe, Thomas Nashe and “anonymous" would be listed as the authors of Henry VI, Part 1, with Shakespeare listed only as the adaptor. This is not universally accepted, but it is the first time a major critical edition of Shakespeare's works has listed Marlowe as a co-author.[26][27][28]
Literary background
The plays that may have influenced, inspired, or provided a tradition for Shakespeare's Henriad plays would include popular morality plays, which contributed to the evolution of British drama. Notable morality plays that focus on British history include John Skelton's Magnificence (1533), David Lyndsay's A Satire of the Three Estates (1552), and John Bale's play King John (c. 1538). Gorboduc (1561) is considered the first Senecan tragedy in the English language, though it is a chronicle play written in blank verse; it has numerous serious speeches, a unified dramatic action, and its violence is kept off-stage.[29][30]
Out of this tradition the English chronicle play developed to carry on the tradition of the medieval moralities, to provide historic stories and memorials of historic figures, and to teach morality. When King Lear was published as a quarto in 1608 it was called a "true English Chronicle". Some notable examples of the English chronicle include George Peele's Edward I, John Lyly’s Midas (1591), Robert Greene's Orlando Furioso, Thomas Heywood’s Edward IV, and Robert Wilson's Three Lords and Three Ladies of London (1590). Holinshed's Chronicles (1587) contributed greatly to the plays of Shakespeare's Henriad, and also advanced the development of the English chronicle play.[31][32]
Criticism
In his book, Shakespeare’s History Plays, E. M. W. Tillyard's mid-20th century theories regarding the eight-play Henriad, have been extremely influential. Tillyard supports the idea of the
If presented as one very long dramatic event, the plays of the Henriad do not cohere well together. In performance the plays can seem jumbled and tonally mismatched, and narratives are at times oddly dropped and resumed.[37]
Numerous inconsistencies exist between the individual plays of the first tetralogy, which is typical of serialized drama in the early modern playhouses. James Marino suggests, "It is more remarkable that any coherency appears at all in a 'series' cobbled together from elements of three different repertories". The four plays (of the first tetralogy) variously originated from three different theatre companies: The Queen's Men, Pembroke's Men and Chamberlain's Men.[38]
An earlier use
An earlier use of the word "Henriad" to refer to a group of Shakespeare's plays occurs in a book published in 1876 titled Shakespeare’s Diversions; A Medley of Motley Wear. The author does not define the word, but indicates that the plays in which the character, Mistress Quickly, hostess of the Boar's Head Tavern, appears include "The English Henriad" as well as The Merry Wives of Windsor. The source also indicates that the number of plays she appears in is four — "one more than is granted to Falstaff".[39] The four plays that Mistress Quickly appears in are The Merry Wives of Windsor, the two parts of Henry IV, and Henry V.
Voltaire’s Henriade
The French critic and playwright, Voltaire, is known for making extreme criticisms of Shakespeare that he would then balance with more positive comments. For example, Voltaire called Shakespeare a "barbarian" and his works a "huge dunghill" that contains some pearls.[40] Voltaire wrote an epic poem titled La Henriade (1723), which is sometimes translated as Henriade. Voltaire's poem is based on Henry IV of France (1553 – 1610).[41] Algernon Charles Swinburne points out how the two similarly titled works, Shakespeare's and Voltaire's, are dissimilar, in that Shakespeare's "differs from Voltaire’s as Zaïre [a tragedy written by Voltaire] differs from Othello."[42]
Broadcast productions
- 1960: An Age of Kings
- 1979: BBC Television Shakespeare
- 2012 & 2016: BBC2[43]
References
- ISBN 9780198708735
- ^ Zarin, Cynthia. "Nine Hours of Shakespeare." The New Yorker Magazine. 15 May 2016
- ISBN 9780226761800
- ^ Kernan, Alvin, B. The Henriad: Shakespeare’s Major History Plays. The Yale Review, p. 55 (1969)
- ^ Kernan, Alvin, B. ed. Modern Shakespeare Criticism. Harcourt Brace (1970). pp. 245-75
- ISBN 9780198711728p. 149
- ^ [1] Voltaire. The Henriad; a Poem. Published by Sydney Smith (1834)
- ^ Kernan, Alvin, B. The Henriad: Shakespeare’s Major History Plays. The Yale Review, p. 58 (1969)
- ISBN 9781501164132
- ISBN 9780786734023
- ISBN 9780815333012
- ISBN 9780801885044
- ISBN 9780812205770
- ISBN 978-0701111571pp. 10 - 13, 319-322
- ISBN 9780520036529p. 1-12
- ISBN 9781134828388
- ^ Henneman, John Bell. Shakespearean and Other Papers. The University Press (1911) p. 11 & 85.
- ^ Crane, Mary Thomas. "The Shakespearean Tetralogy". Shakespeare Quarterly. Vol. 36, No. 3. Oxford Univ. Press. (1985), pp. 282-299
- ISBN 978-0701111571
- ^ Hawkins, Sherman. "Structural Pattern in Shakespeare's Histories". Studies in Philology. Vol. 88, No. 1 Univ. North Carolina Press. (1991), pp. 16-45
- ISBN 978-0333244708
- ^ Sitwell, Edith. A Notebook on William Shakespeare. Macmillan & Co. Ltd. (1948) P. 185
- ISBN 978-0701111571p. 215-233
- ISBN 9781465588272p. 154.
- ^ Kennedy, H. A. author."Shakespeare Falstaff & Queen Elizabeth." Knowles, James. editor.The Nineteenth Century, a Monthly Review. (1896) Volume 39. Leonard Scott Publication. p. 319
- ^ [3] Alberge, Dalya. "Christopher Marlowe credited as one of Shakespeare's co-writers". The Guardian. 23 October 2016.
- ISBN 978-0199591152
- ^ Pollack-Pelzner, Daniel. "The Radical Argument of the New Oxford Shakespeare". The New Yorker Magazine. 19 February 2017.
- ^ Ward, A.W. editor. "Phyllyp Sparowe”. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature’' Cambridge University (1907–21) Volume III. Renascence and Reformation.
- ^ Brockett, Oscar G. History of the Theatre. Pearson, 2014., p. 107
- ^ Ribner, Irving. (1957) The English History Play In The Age Of Shakespeare, pp. 30-40.
- ISBN 978-0701111571
- ^ Burden, Dennis. "Shakespeare History Plays : 1952 - 1983". Shakespeare Survey, volume 38, Cambridge University Press (1985). Wells, Stanley, editor. p. 1-18
- ^ Merrix, Robert P. "Shakespeare’s Histories and the New Bardolators". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. Vol. 19, No. 2, Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama, pp. 179-196. Rice University Press. (1979)
- ^ Kott, Jan. Shakespeare Our Contemporary. Doubleday. (1966)
- ISBN 978-0701111571p. 10
- ^ Green, Jesse. "Theater Review: 13 Hours of Shakespeare’s Henrys, in Brooklyn". Vulture. 6 April 2016.
- ISBN 9780812205770
- ^ Jacox, Francis. Shakespeare’s Diversions: A Medley of Motley Wear. Publisher: Daldy, Isbister & Co. 56 Ludgate Hill. (1876). pp. 437-438
- ISBN 9781108048194p. 349.
- ^ Voltaire. The Henriade; with the Battle of Fontenoy: Dissertations on Man, Law of Nature, Destruction of Lisbon, Temple of Taste, And Temple of Friendship, From the French of M. De Voltaire; With Notes From All the Commentators. Derby & Jackson (1859)
- ISBN 9781465588272p. 154.
- ^ "Henriad « Shakescene". Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
tetralogies of "expanded Henriad" | approx. dates written | years covered | plays |
---|---|---|---|
First Henriad | 1591–1594 | 1422–1485 | Henry VI, Parts 1, 2, 3; Richard III |
(Second) Henriad | 1595–1599 | 1398–1415 | Richard II; Henry IV, Parts 1, 2; Henry V |