Henry Charles Carey
Henry Charles Carey | |
---|---|
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
Died | 13 October 1879 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | (aged 85)
Political party | Republican |
Academic career | |
Field | Political economy |
School or tradition | American School |
Influences | |
Signature | |
Henry Charles Carey (December 15, 1793 – October 13, 1879) was an American publisher, political economist, and politician from Pennsylvania. He was the leading 19th-century economist of the American School and a chief economic adviser to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase during the American Civil War.
Carey's central work is The Harmony of Interests: Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Commercial (1851), which criticizes the system of
Biography
Early life
Carey was born in
His father,
Carey began working at his father's firm at only twelve years old.[a][1] At the firm, Carey read most of the books selected for publication, substituting for a formal college education.[1] In 1812, he traveled to Raleigh, North Carolina as part of his business for the firm.[1] He was elevated to partner alongside his father in 1814.[1]
In 1819, he married Martha “Patty" Leslie, the sister of Charles Robert Leslie and Eliza Leslie. They adopted one daughter.[1]
Publisher
In 1821, Carey became the leading partner at Carey & Lea, at the time the largest publishing house in the United States.[4] He took little formal interest in economics, tacitly accepting the market doctrines of Jean-Baptiste Say and of his Philadelphia associates, Condy Raguet, Nicholas Biddle, and Charles Pettit McIlvaine who were active believers in free trade doctrine.[5]
In 1824, Carey established the common method of trade sales, a medium of exchange between booksellers, which lasted through his life.[1][6]
Economist
In 1835, Carey read the published 1829–30 lectures of Nassau William Senior titled The Rate of Wages and The Cost of Obtaining Money and published his refutation Essay on the Rate of Wages, with an Examination of the Differences in the Condition of the Laboring Population throughout the World.[5][6] Carey agreed with Senior's principles and main propositions but criticized the Senior's failure to adjust for real wage rates.[7] He remained an advocate of free trade in the essay, writing that "Laissez nous faire is the true doctrine. . . it is now so fully understood that the true policy of the United States is freedom of trade and action, that there will be every day less disposition to interfere with it." Nevertheless, his intensely nationalist tone conflicted with economic orthodoxy; Carey identified the purpose of political economy as the promotion of the happiness of nations and the application of national labor for the comfort of workers.[7]
The same year that Essay on the Rate of Wages was published, Carey retired from active business with a fortune and devoted his time to economics and related work.[7] He began work on a text, The Harmony of Nature, which he did not feel adequate for wider publication but which became central to his later thinking.[5] Setting this work aside, he began Principles of Political Economy in 1837, an expansion of his refutation of Senior.[8] He completed the three-volume work in 1840. This work was largely adapted by the French economist Frédéric Bastiat in his own Harmonie Economiques in 1849, with some later accusing Bastiat of plagiarism.[9][6][5] The first volume explained Carey's labor theory of value. Its second volume, a comparative study of credit systems in France, Great Britain, and the United States, reads as a defense of the American free banking system, particularly as practiced in New England, in the wake of the Panic of 1837.[10] It was cited favorably by John Stuart Mill in defense of his own arguments for a similar system in Britain.[10] Carey continued to ground his thinking in standard laissez faire doctrine, writing that "Governments have arrogated to themselves the task of regulating the currency, and the natural effect is that nothing is less regular." He would soon thereafter abandon the doctrine.[11]
Rejection of free trade
Following the Panic of 1837 and the perceived success of the protectionist Tariff of 1842, Carey became an open critic of free trade.
Carey's newfound skepticism was based on his empirical observation of tariff history and his belief that some economic law must exist to explain prosperity under protection and bankruptcy under free trade. By Carey's own account, he initially expected the 1842 tariff would prolong the recession; when it did not, he sought an explanation and became convinced "as with a flash of lightning, that the whole Ricardo-Malthusian system is an error and that with it must fall the system of British free trade."
Over the course of ninety days in 1848, Carey expanded on this view by writing Past, Present, and Future,[12] which he said was "designed to demonstrate the existence of a simple and beautiful law of nature, governing man in all his efforts for the maintenance and improvement of his condition... which, nevertheless, has hitherto remained unnoticed." The work argued in favor of a marriage of industry with capital and the necessity of maintaining domestic markets to promote prosperity; it was met with derision from Manchester school economists.[11] The same year, while living in Burlington, New Jersey,[11] Carey founded The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil, a periodical journal of economic development, with John Stuart Skinner serving as its publisher. Selections of Carey's writings in the journal were compiled into his next work, The Harmony of Interests.[13]
Critique of slavery
Carey was a long-time opponent of American slavery, criticizing it as an economic albatross.
In 1853, prompted by the popularity of Uncle Tom's Cabin, Carey wrote and published The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign: Why it Exists and How It May Be Extinguished.[14] The tract was partly written as an accusation of hypocrisy against the English. Uncle Tom's Cabin had been particularly popular among abolitionists in England, who cited it to contrast English liberty to American slavery; Carey sought to expose the English system of pauperism and colonialism as an equally severe or worse form of bondage, introducing famine, exile, and pestilence to its subjects in addition to its restraint on liberty.[14] Nevertheless, The Slave Trade is primarily a criticism of the Southern system of chattel slavery on moral and economic grounds.[14]
New York Tribune
From 1849–57, Carey was a leading editorialist on political economy at
Beginning in 1852,
While at the Tribune, Carey successfully pressed for an open editorial position in support of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War against Great Britain and France, despite the Russian institution of serfdom. This stance was adopted by much of the Northern press and has been partially credited for influencing Russia's reciprocal support of the Union during the American Civil War and the opposition of Great Britain and France.[19]
Carey left the Tribune in 1857, around the same time Greeley came out in support of
Influence on Republican Party
Carey was hugely influential in shaping the nationalist and protectionist economic policy of the early
Tariff of 1857
When the Republican Party was founded in popular reaction against the
Through personal friendship with
Panic of 1857 and 1860 election
After the United States entered another economic recession, Republicans began to take a new interest in economic policy. Revived calls for protective tariffs enhanced Carey's standing.[24] Senator Simon Cameron was elevated as Pennsylvania's candidate for President on a protectionist platform, and David Wilmot agreed to stand for Pennsylvania's other Senate seat on the same platform. Cameron's campaign was premised on a proposition that no candidate could win without Pennsylvania, and no candidate could win Pennsylvania without supporting protection.[24]
As Carey's influence in the party grew, he began to draw connections between slavery and international trade. In a public debate of letters with William Cullen Bryant on the causes of the Panic, its relationship to slavery, and the Republican response, Carey argued that, "In [Pennsylvania and New] Jersey, the tariff is the one and almost the only question."[25][26] He positioned slavery as one phase of an international economic system. "Slavery," he argued, "must stand or fall with free trade."[26] Protection would bring about abolition through industrialization, an end to the plantation economy and cotton exports, and the establishment of a Southern middle class.[26]
By 1860, Republicans outside of Pennsylvania remained reluctant to embrace protection. In most Western states, the party was divided, and Senator
The platform ultimately declared, "while providing revenue for the support of the general government by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an adjustment as to encourage the development of the industrial interests of the whole country." Biographer George Winston Smith claimed Carey personally drafted the plank through Pennsylvania judge
Advisor to Lincoln and Chase
After his election, Abraham Lincoln sought Carey's advice on whether he should nominate Simon Cameron for Secretary of the Treasury. Lincoln initially sought Carey out for his expertise on Pennsylvania politics and Cameron's reputation for corruption, which Carey confirmed despite their prior alliance. Lincoln soon began to consult with Carey on tariff policy.[33] At the same time, Carey backed Lincoln's alternative for Treasury, Salmon P. Chase. Though Chase did not respond to Carey's letters and had a background as a supporter of free trade, Carey preferred to persuade Chase than trust Cameron.[33] Via a sustained correspondence through the summer of 1861, Chase and Lincoln consulted Carey on the tariff, domestic taxation, and financial matters generally.[33] By July, Morrill reported to Carey that although "[Chase's] Philosophy is Free trade or ad valorems," he was "willing to yield" on tariff policy amid the growing cost of the American Civil War. "I think Chase, considering his antecedents, should receive generous treatment by all our friends," Morrill wrote. "He is doing the best he can practically."[34] Carey also used his influence to secure key appointments in the Treasury Department for protectionists, including his trusted adviser Dr. William Elder as the lead tariff architect in the administration.[33]
In the winter of 1860–61 amid Southern secession, Morrill and Campbell pressed tariff protection in the lame duck Congress, and Carey personally went to Washington to direct lobbying efforts.[35] John Sherman, now serving as Chair of Ways and Means, was persuaded to the cause.[35] With most free trade advocates leaving Congress as the result of secession, the bill passed with some amendments in the session's final days. George W. Scranton of Pennsylvania also distributed Carey's writings to all members-elect in the incoming Congress; Carey continued to influence tariff policy in Congress throughout the war, and his views remained dominant in the party long after.[35]
National Banking Act and greenbacks
Carey's theories also influenced the
In March 1865, Carey published a series of letters written to the Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax during the Civil War, entitled "The Way to Outdo England Without Fighting Her". In these letters, Carey advocated the continuance of the greenback system to ensure economic sovereignty. Carey also suggested raising the reserve requirements on private banks up to 50%.[citation needed]
After the war, Carey publicly opposed Secretary Hugh McCulloch's proposal to contract the money supply. In a series of public letters, he accused Wall Street banks of artificially inflating the cost of capital and predicted that a swift contraction would lead to chaos, economic paralysis, and political rebellion, particularly among farmers in the West whose mortgage rates would increase.[36] He also opposed the sale of United States bonds overseas, arguing that specie payments could not be resumed until the national debt was held by America creditors, and that payment should be made in silver as well as gold.[36]
Later work and death
In autumn 1872, Carey was a delegate to the convention organized to write a new Pennsylvania Constitution. His commentary during the convention on banking, usury, corporations, and railroads were later published in pamphlet form.[19]
He died at his home in Philadelphia on October 13, 1879.[6]
Views
Carey's views are generally described as nationalist
Carey's rejection of orthodox English economic theory was borne of a belief that the state, as the coordinating power in society, must intervene to prevent private advantage from working public mischief. Carey argued for developmentalism, positing that state intervention was necessary to remove "the obstacles to the progress of younger communities created by the action of older and wealthier nations."[citation needed]
Carey's philosophy is condensed and summarized in his work The Principles of Social Science, which frames social science and political economy from the perspective of the economic development of the citizen, that is, one belonging to and responsible to a social community.[39] In his Principles of Social Science, Carey appealed to natural law to argue life must be intentionally oriented toward happiness and peace, and suffering is the result of willful ignorance of natural law. One way in which suffering is brought about is by obscuring the "real" man in favor of the "politico-economical man," a two-dimensional monster who "can be made to work, must be fed, and will procreate."[39] Carey therefore defined social science as "the science of laws which govern man in his efforts to secure for himself the highest individuality and the greatest power of association with his fellow men."[39] Political economy is thus the subset of social science that considers the measures that give these natural laws their fullest effect.[39]
Economic nationalism and trade
A common theme in Carey's writing is the limits of international economic association and the necessary of national association,
Consistent with the law of comparative advantage, Carey argued global centralization required an international division of labor by which each nation developed only those resources in which it possessed a natural advantage. This system placed despotic power in the hands of those controlling the mediums of exchange; the places these middlemen congregated became the global marketplace.[38] Carey argued this theory was the basis for the British policy of imperialism and free trade, by which the Empire intended to establish a global monopoly on both manufacturing and shipping centered on London, while other nations were resigned to exporting raw materials.[38] To check centralization, Carey thus emphasized the need for human association; in Carey's writing, the natural form of association was the nation, an association of citizens. He suggested that the United States and other nations should interpose protective tariffs between themselves and London, increasing the cost of their raw materials, fostering domestic manufacturing, and depriving British manufacturers of a monopoly on finished goods.[38] This would enable the establishment of a middle class, the abolition of chattel slavery, and the encouragement of patriotic feeling.[38]
Carey emphasized that the final result of industrialization would be the establishment of "perfect free trade" between developed nations, whose range of production would be limited only by absolute natural barriers.[41] His utopian vision was laid out in writing:
"Of the advantage of perfect free trade there can be no doubt. What is good between the states ought to be good the world over. But free trade can be successfully administered only after an apprenticeship of protection. Strictly speaking, taxation should all be direct. Tariff for revenue should not exist. Interference with trade is excusable only on ground of self-protection. A disturbing force of prodigious power pre- vents the loom and spindle from taking and keeping their proper places by the plow and harrow. When the protective regime has counteracted the elements of foreign opposition, obstacles to free trade will disappear and the tariff will pass out of existence. Wars will cease; for no chief magistrate will dare to recommend an increase of direct taxation."[41]
Carey further contrasted this theory of "perfect" free trade to the English system in a letter to Henry Wilson: "Free trade, as ultimated in England, is the most debased ignorance, the most abhorrent cruelty, the most disgusting vice and the most heart-breaking misery that can be seen in any country calling itself civilized and Christian."[41] Despite this stated utopian view, Carey never backed down from his support for high tariffs within his lifetime, believing that the United States had not reached complete economic development.[41]
In addition to his long advocacy for protectionism to obstruct international trade, Carey also opposed the institution of an international
Monetary and banking theory
As a corollary to his system of protection, Carey developed a theory of
He criticized the view of
In the realm of private banking, Carey was a lifelong advocate of free banking and believed banks were essential as springs of local business life; he discouraged the general attacks on private banking institutions made by some other "green-backers."[20]
Criticism of Ricardo and Malthus
In Principles of Social Science, Carey delivers a lengthy rebuke of
Malthus, Carey says, "teaches that a monopoly of the land is in accordance with a law of nature. Admiring morality, he promotes profligacy by encouraging celibacy. ... Desirous to uplift the people, he tells the landowner and the laborer that
Legacy
Upon his death, Carey's library was donated to the University of Pennsylvania.[4]
A portrait of Carey painted by his brother-in-law Charles Robert Leslie is housed by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.[43]
Carey elected to prestigious societies during his lifetime:
- Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1833[44]
- Elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1863[3]
- Elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1868[2]
Publications
Within his lifetime, Carey's works were translated into English, French, German, Italian, Swedish, Russian, Hungarian, Japanese, and Portuguese.[14][9] His works have been compared to those of Friedrich List and Stephen Colwell, a close friend also of Philadelphia.[14]
Carey's publications included:
Books
- Essay on the Rate of Wages, Philadelphia, 1835.
- Harmony of Nature (unpublished), Philadelphia, 1836
- Principles of Political Economy, Philadelphia, 1837–40 (3 volumes).
- The Past, the Present and the Future, Philadelphia, 1848.
- The Harmony of Interests: Agricultural, Manufacturing and Commercial, New York, 1851.
- The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign: Why It Exists & How It May Be Extinguished, Philadelphia, 1853.
- Principles of Social Science, Philadelphia, 1858–60 (3 volumes).
- Manual of Social Science (ed. McKean), 1864.
- The Unity of Law as Exhibited in the Relations of Physical, Social, Mental and Moral Science, Philadelphia, 1873.
Essays and pamphlets
Carey wrote an estimated three thousand pages of pamphlets and articles for the New York Tribune; The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil; the Philadelphia North American, and other publications.[45] Below is a selection of his work.
- What Constitutes Currency? What are the Causes of Unsteadiness in the Currency? and What is the Remedy?, 1840.
- Commercial Associations of France and England, 1845.
- What Constitutes Real Freedom of Trade?, 1850.
- What the North Desires, —.
- Two Diseases Raging in the Union: Anti-Slavery and Pro-Slavery, —.
- The Prospect, Agricultural Manufacturing, Commercial, and Financial at the Opening of the Year, 1851.
- How to Increase Competition for the Purchase of Labor and How to Raise the Wages of Labor, 1852.
- Two Letters to a Cotton Planter, —.
- Ireland's Miseries and their Cause, —.
- The Working of British Free Trade, —.
- British Free Trade in Ireland, —.
- Letter to a Farmer of Ohio, —.
- Three Letters to Hon. R. M. T. Hunter, —.
- The Present Commercial Policy of the County, —.
- Letters on International Copyright, Philadelphia, 1853, (2nd ed. 1868).
- The North and the South, New York, Ann Arbor, Office of the Tribune, 1854.
- Coal: Its Producers and Consumers, —.
- American Labor Versus British Free Trade, Philadelphia, 1855.
- The True Policy of the South, –.
- Present Situation and Future Prospects of American Railroads, –.
- Money: A Lecture Delivered before the New York Geographical and Statistical Society, Philadelphia, 1856, (2nd ed. 1860).
- The French and American Tariffs Compared, 1861.
- Contraction or Expansion? Repudiation or Resumption?, Philadelphia, 1866.
- Resources of the Union: A Lecture Before the American Geographical and Statistical Society, 1866.
- The National Bank Amendment Bill, –.
- The Public Debt, Local and National, Philadelphia, –.
- Review of the Decade 1857–67, Philadelphia, —.
- The Finance Minister, the Currency, and the Public Debt, 1868.
- Resumption: How It May Be Profitably Brought About, 1869.
- How protection, increase of public and private revenues, and national independence, march hand in hand together, Philadelphia, 1869.
- Review of the Farmer's Question, 1870.
- Wealth: Of What Does it Consist?, —.
- A Memoir of Stephen Colwell: Read before the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1871.
- The International Copyright Question Considered, 1872.
- The Rate of Interest and its Influence on the Relations of Capital and Labor, 1873. (speech to the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention).
- Capital and Labor, 1874. (Report of the Committee on Industrial Interests and Labor in the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention).
- The British Treaties of 1871 and 1874, —.
- The Senate Finance Bill, 1875.
- Manufactures: At Once an Evidence and a Measure of Civilization, —.
- To the Friends of the Union Throughout the Union, 1876.
- Appreciation of the Price of Gold: Evidence Before the U.S. Monetary Commission, —.
- The Three Most Prosperous Countries in the World, 1877.
- Resumption: When and How will it End?, —.
- Repudiation: Past, Present, and Future, 1879.
Published correspondence
A number of Carey's publications were selected from his private correspondence with Republican politicians or public polemic letters written for dissemination.[45]
- Letters to the President on the Foreign and Domestic Policy of the Union and Its Effects, as Exhibited in the Condition of the People and the State, Philadelphia, 1858. (letters to James Buchanan).
- Financial Crisis: Their Causes and Effects, Philadelphia, 1860. (letters to William C. Bryant).
- The Way to Outdo England Without Fighting Her: On the Paper, the Iron, the Farmer's, the Railroad, and the Currency Questions, Philadelphia, 1865. (letters to Schuyler Colfax).
- Reconstruction: Industrial, Financial, and Political, Washington, 1867. (letters to Henry Wilson).
- Shall We Have Peace? Peace Financial, and Peace Political?, Philadelphia, 1869. (letters to Ulysses S. Grant).
- Currency Inflation: How it Has Been Produced and How it May Be Profitably Reduced, 1874, (letters to Benjamin Bristow).
- Monetary Independence, 1875. (letter to Moses W. Field).
- Commerce, Christianity, and Civilization, versus British free trade : letters in reply to the London times, Philadelphia, 1876.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Elder 1880, pp. 31–36.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b AAAS 1881, p. 417.
- ^ a b c Elder 1880, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d Elder 1880, p. 25.
- ^ a b c d "Obituary: Henry Charles Carey". The New York Times. October 14, 1879. p. 5. Retrieved March 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Levermore 1890, pp. 554–55.
- ^ Levermore 1890, p. 556.
- ^ a b Levermore 1890, p. 561.
- ^ a b Levermore 1890, pp. 556–57.
- ^ a b c d e f g Levermore 1890, pp. 558–60.
- ^ a b c Elder 1880, p. 26.
- ^ Elder 1880, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d e Elder 1880, pp. 27–29.
- ^ Marx & Engels 1975, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Marx & Engels 1975, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Marx & Engels 1975, pp. 67–70, 225–28.
- ^ Levermore 1890, pp. 565.
- ^ a b c Elder 1880, p. 23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Levermore 1890, pp. 570–72.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lee 1957.
- ^ a b c Lee 1957, pp. 284–87.
- ^ Lee 1957, p. 284.
- ^ a b c Lee 1957, pp. 287–92.
- ^ Lee 1957, p. 289.
- ^ a b c Levermore 1890, pp. 568–69.
- ^ Lee 1957, p. 290.
- ^ Lee 1957, pp. 298–.
- ^ Smith 1951, p. 85.
- )
- ^ Lee 1957, p. 292.
- ^ Luthin 1964, pp. 626–27.
- ^ a b c d Lee 1957, pp. 293–96.
- ^ Lee 1957, pp. 297–.
- ^ a b c Lee 1957, pp. 297–300.
- ^ a b Levermore 1890, pp. 570–572.
- ^ Levermore 1890.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Levermore 1890, pp. 566–68.
- ^ a b c d Levermore 1890, pp. 562–68.
- ^ Elder 1880, p. 30–31.
- ^ a b c d Levermore 1890, p. 570.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Levermore 1890, pp. 562–66.
- ^ "Henry C. Carey by Charles R. Leslie". c. 1826.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Elder 1880, p. 39.
Notes
- ^ Some sources claim Carey was as young as eight.[3]
- ^ Levermore posits that Carey, in arguing for a subsistence diet, consciously elevated vegetarianism and the work of Sylvester Graham.[42]
Bibliography
- "Henry Charles Carey". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. XVII: 417.
- Elder, William (1880). A Memoir of Henry C. Carey. Philadelphia: H.C. Baird & Co.
- Lee, Arthur M. (1957). "Henry C. Carey and the Republican Tariff". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 81 (3): 280–302.
- JSTOR 2139529– via JSTOR.
- Luthin, Reinhard H. (1944). Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff.
- Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1975). "Notes". In Ryazanskaya, S. W. (ed.). Selected Correspondence (PDF). Translated by Lasker, I. (3rd ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 473.
Carey's views were criticized by Marx in a number of letters (see for instance pp. 67–70, 225–28 of this volume) as well as in Capital and The Theories of Surplus-Value.
- Smith, George Winston (1951). Henry C. Carey and the American Sectional Conflict. Albuquerque, N.M.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Attribution
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carey, Henry Charles". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Green, Arnold Wilfred (1951). Henry Charles Carey: Nineteenth-century Sociologist. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.
- Huston, James (1999). The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0807124925.
- Kaplan, Abraham D. H. (1931). "Henry Charles Carey: A Study in American Economic Thought" (PDF). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Morrison, Rodney J. (1968). "Carey, Classical Rent, and Economic Development". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 27 (3): 267–276. .
- Morrison, Rodney J. (1986). "Henry C. Carey and American Economic Development". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 76 (3): i–91. JSTOR 1006463.
- Stanwood, Edward (1904). American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century. Vol. II. Boston.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Luthin, Reinhard H. (1964). The First Lincoln Campaign.
- Hacker, Louis M. (1946). The Triumph of American Capitalism. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Isely, Jeter Allen (1947). Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853–1861. Princeton, N.J.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Myers, Maxwell C. (1940). The Rise of the Republican Party in Pennsylvania (PhD). University of Pittsburgh.
- Nevins, Allan (1950). The Emergence of Lincoln. Vol. II. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Randall, James G. (1945). Lincoln the President, Springfield to Gettysburg. Vol. I. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Szporluk, Roman (1988). Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Turner, John Roscoe (1921). "Henry Charles Carey". The Ricardian Rent Theory in Early American Economics. The New York University Press.
External links
- Works by Henry Charles Carey at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Henry Charles Carey at Internet Archive
- Henry Charles Carey at Library of Congress, with 124 library catalog records