Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen
Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen | |
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Trigonometrical Survey of India | |
Author abbrev. (zoology) | Godwin-Austen |
Signature | |
He explored the mountains in the Himalayas and surveyed the glaciers at the base of K2, also known as Mount Godwin-Austen. Geographer Kenneth Mason called Godwin-Austen "probably the greatest mountaineer of his day".[1] He also remains the most important investigator of the terrestrial molluscs of the Indian subcontinent.
Early life
The eldest son of the eighteen children of the geologist
Austen's mother, Maria Elizabeth Godwin, was the only child of
Life in Burma and India
In 1851, after leaving the Royal Military College, Austen was commissioned into the
While in Burma, he surveyed the
A liaison with an Indian lady named Kudidje, the daughter of a Muslim landowner of Poonch, probably a Sudhan, may have begun as early as 1855, and this led to the birth on 5 May 1857 of a son who was named Edward.[12] Another source says that Edward was born at Sialkot on 15 March 1859.[13] The relationship is seen by one biographer as probably an obstacle to Godwin-Austen's advancement in India.[5] In April 1857 Godwin-Austen was posted to Kashmir. In June 1858 he married Kudidje in a ceremony near Budrawar; from the British point of view the marriage was legal as it satisfied Muslim conditions. In November 1858, Godwin-Austen was seriously injured in an attack near Udhampur which left him unconscious, and in April 1859 he took a year's home leave, joining the Second Battalion of his regiment in England. While there, he became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.[14]
From 1857 to June 1860 he had worked for the Survey of India, mainly around the
In 1860, after a separation of some fifteen months, Godwin-Austen and Kudidje were reunited, and she accompanied him on his first expedition to Baltistan. However, after September 1860 she disappears from the record, and Godwin-Austen arranged the adoption of their son by a couple named Milner, so it is likely that Kudidje had died by late 1860. A few months before his death in 1923, Godwin-Austen received the surprise of a letter from a Mrs Barclay, one of their grandchildren, a daughter of Edward, and in reply recalled of Kudidje "She was a good wife with me and if there is anything now left that I can look back on and love, it is her memory and the way she looked after me."[14]
On 5 April 1861 Godwin-Austen married Pauline Georgiana, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Wellesley Chichele Plowden, granddaughter of
In 1862, Godwin-Austen surveyed upper
Although he gave great attention to geology and topography, his greatest interest lay in collecting non-marine molluscs and in identifying birds. He published his Birds of Assam (1870–1878) and described a number of birds for the first time, some with Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale. Most of these notes were published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and Godwin-Austen sometimes drew illustrations of the new bird species. He was particularly active in ornithology after 1863, when he was posted in the eastern Himalayas as part of the political mission to Bhutan headed by Ashley Eden. He surveyed the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills, and in 1875 joined an expedition into the Daphla Hills.[7] Venturing into anthropology, he described the monuments and customs of the Khasi tribes.[16][17]
Retirement
In 1877, Godwin-Austen retired from the Trigonometrical Survey of India with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, as his health was beginning to deteriorate, but back in England he recovered. In 1881, he married lastly Jessie, daughter of John Harding Robinson, an Examiner in the House of Lords. She was 20 and he 47.[18] They remained married until his wife's death in 1913,[7] and the marriage has been called "a union of love and mutual support".[5] An obituary stated that, "of a most attractive disposition and singular charm of manner, Godwin-Austen was much beloved by his contemporaries".[6] He served as a justice of the peace from 1885.[19]
When his father died in 1884, Godwin-Austen inherited an estate and substantial house at
Godwin-Austen produced numerous research articles on the terrestrial molluscs that he had collected in India. He sold this collection to the
He died on 2 December 1923 at Nore, looked after in the last 10 years of his life by his sister Beatrice.[20]
Buddhism
Family tradition holds that Haversham Godwin-Austen was a convert to the Buddhist faith (following a self-attested period as an at least nominal Muslim in the middle to late 1850s), and as such he may be the first known British adherent to Buddhism. His small Burmese-style Buddhist shrine at Nore, Hascombe, Surrey, is likely to have been erected there around 1901 (although a later date of c. 1920 is possible), perhaps after being situated at each of Godwin-Austen's successive main residences from 1877 onwards, following his return to England after 25 years in Asia. Accordingly, the shrine probably constitutes the first ever custom-built physical structure raised for Buddhist devotional purposes in Britain. It was forgotten and lost to view under brambles after Godwin-Austen's time, prior to rediscovery in 1962 by a new owner of Nore, actor Dirk Bogarde.[21]
Godwin-Austen's conversion – and possibly his shrine – therefore predates the earliest formal Buddhist missions to Britain: namely, those of the Japanese-sponsored 'Buddhist Propagation Society', led by Irish-born Captain Charles J. W. Pfoundes in 1889, and that of English convert Charles Henry Allan Bennett, also known as 'Ananda Metteyya', in 1908. 'The Buddhist Society of Great Britain & Ireland' was formed in 1907.[22]
Legacy
The second-highest mountain in the world, the Karakoram peak K2 in the Himalayas, was at one time renamed Mount Godwin-Austen, in honour of its first surveyor. The Godwin-Austen Glacier was also named in his honour.[7]
Godwin-Austen "stands out as by far the most important investigator of Indian Mollusca."
His son R.A. Godwin-Austen was also a career army officer
Godwin-Austen's son by Kudidje, Edward, who had been adopted by a family named Milner, became a civil engineer in Hyderabad State and elsewhere. In 1879 he married Emma Theresa Smith, and they had fifteen children. Edward Henry Hastings Milner died in Bombay in 1917, aged only 59, but his widow lived until 1958.[14]
Selected publications
- Notes on the Pangong Lake District of Ladakh (1864)
- Birds of Assam (1870–1878)
- Land and freshwater mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon and other islands of the Indian Ocean; Supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley's Conchologica Indica (Taylor and Francis, London, VI+257+ 442+65 pp., 165 pls, published in parts, 1882–1920:
- Volume 1 + plates; 1882: pp. I–VI, 1–66, pls. 1–12; 1883: pp. 67–164, pls. 13–42; 1884: pls. 43–51; 1886: pp. 165–206; 1887: pls. 52–62; 1888: pp. 207–257 (as Volume I, 1889)
- volume 2 + plates; 1897: pp. 1–46, pls. 63–69; 1898: pp. 47–86, pls. 70–82; 1899: pp. 87–146, pls. 83–100; 1907: pp. 147–238, pls. 101–117; 1910: pp. 239–310, pls. 118–132; 1914: pp. 311–442, pls. 133–158; (as Volume II, 1914)
- volume 3 + plates: 1920: pp. 1–65, pls. 159–165; (as Volume III, 1920)
- Blanford W. T. & Godwin-Austen H. H. 1908. Mollusca. Testacellidae and Zonitidae The Fauna of British India, including Burma and Ceylon
Bibliography
Moorehead, Catherine (2013). The K2 man (and his molluscs): the extraordinary life of Haversham Godwin-Austen. Neil Wilson Publishing. p. 365.
References
- ISBN 978-0906371916.
- ^ a b Melvill, J.C. (1924). "Obituary notice: Lieut.-Col. H.H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S.". Journal of Conchology. 17 (5): 141–146.
- ^ J.W.J. (1885). "Obituary notices of fellows deceased". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 38: ix–xiii.
- ^ a b Moorehead 2013, chapter 3.
- ^ a b c d Moorehead 2013, chapter 1.
- ^ .
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33438. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Holdich, T.H. (1924). "Obituary: Lieut.-Colonel Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen". Geographical Journal. 63: 175–176.
- ^ "Edmund Godwin Austen". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ Roger Taylor, Larry J. Schaaf, Impressed by Light (Yale University Press and Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007), p. 357
- ^ a b c d e Preece, R.C.; White, T.S.; Raheem, D.C.; Ketchum, H.; Ablett, J.; Taylor, H.; Webb, K.; Naggs, F. (2022). "William Benson and the golden age of malacology in British India: biography, illustrated catalogue and evaluation of his molluscan types". Tropical Natural History. Supplement 6: 1–434.
- ^ a b Moorehead 2013, chapter 8.
- ^ D. K. Palit, Saga of an Indian I. M. S. Officer: The Life and Times of Lieutenant Colonel Anath Nath Palit, OBE 1883-1972 (Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India, 2006), p. 67, quoting a letter of Godwin-Austen: "When your father was born at Sialkot on 15 March 1859, he was known as Edward or Eddy. The other names you give, Henry Hastings Godwin, are new to me and must have come from the Milners..."
- ^ a b c Moorehead 2013, chapter 9.
- JSTOR 1798464.
- JSTOR 2840948.
- JSTOR 1800441.
- ^ "Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen". Historic Godalming. Godalming Museum. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ "Surrey". Surrey Mirror: 4–5. 16 May 1885.
- ^ Moorehead 2013, chapter 26.
- ^ Moorehead 2013.
- ^ Brian Bocking, Laurence Cox and Shin’ichi Yoshinaga, The First Buddhist Mission to The West: Charles Pfoundes and The London Buddhist Mission of 1889–1892. (2014) "The First Buddhist Mission to the West: Charles Pfoundes and the London Buddhist mission of 1889 – 1892 | Brian | DISKUS". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ^ Verdcourt, B. (1995). "The reprint mailing list of Lt. Col. H.H. Godwin-Austen". The Conchologists' Newsletter. 8 (1): 501–504.
- ^ Anonymous (1924). "Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen". Nautilus. 38 (1): 31–32.
- ^ Nevill, G. (1878). Hand list of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part I. Gastropoda. Pulmonata and Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. xv + 338.
- ^ Sykes, R. (1900). Sykes, Fauna Hawaiiensis. Volume II, Part IV, Mollusca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 271–412, pls 11, 12.
- .
- ISBN 978-1421401355. ("Austen", p. 13).
- ^ Kingsley, N. (30 March 2017). "(255) Godwin-Austen of Shalford House". Landed families of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ Maxwell Fraser, Surrey (1975), p. 155
- ^ Steen Ammentorp, [1] at generals.dk, accessed 26 May 2014
External links
- Portrait of H.H. Godwin-Austen
- Watercolour of the Baltoro Glacier by H.H. Godwin-Austen
- "H.H. Godwin-Austen". Find a Grave. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2022.