Henry IV of France
| Henry IV | |
|---|---|
Palais du Louvre , Paris, France
| |
| Cause of death | Assassination |
| Burial | 1 July 1610 Basilica of St Denis , Paris, France |
| Spouses | |
| Issue |
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Catholicism (1593–1610) | |
| Signature |  |
Henry IV (
Henry was baptised a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother. He inherited the throne of Navarre in 1572 on his mother's death. As a
An active ruler, Henry worked to regularise state finance, promote agriculture, eliminate corruption and encourage education. He began the first successful French colonization of the Americas. He promoted trade and industry, and prioritized the construction of roads, bridges, and canals to facilitate communication within France and strengthen the country's cohesion. These efforts stimulated economic growth and improved living standards.
While the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace to France, some hardline Catholics and Huguenots remained dissatisfied, leading to occasional outbreaks of violence and conspiracies. Henry IV also faced resistance from certain noble factions who opposed his centralization policies, leading to political instability.
His main foreign policy success was the Peace of Vervins in 1598, which made peace in the long-running conflict with Spain. He formed a strategic alliance with England through his marriage to the cousin of Queen Elizabeth I. He also forged alliances with Protestant states, such as the Dutch Republic and several German states, to counter the Catholic powers. His policies contributed to the stability and prominence of France in European affairs.
Childhood and adolescence
Henry de Bourbon was born in
First marriage and Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
At the death of his mother Queen Jeanne, it was arranged for Henry to marry
On 24 August, the
Wars of Religion
Henry became heir presumptive to the French throne in 1584 upon the death of Francis, Duke of Anjou, brother and heir to the Catholic Henry III, who had succeeded Charles IX in 1574. Given that Henry of Navarre was the next senior agnatic descendant of King Louis IX, King Henry III had no choice but to recognise him as the legitimate successor.[6]
War of the Three Henrys (1587–1589)
A conflict for the throne of France then ensued, contested by these three men and their respective supporters:
- King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques;
- King Henry of Navarre, heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Elizabeth I of Englandand the Protestant princes of Germany; and
- Henry I of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II of Spain.
Salic law barred inheritance by the king's sisters and all others who could claim descent through only the female line. However, since Henry of Navarre was a Huguenot, many Catholics refused to acknowledge the succession, and France was plunged into a phase of the Wars of Religion known as the War of the Three Henrys (1587–1589).
The Duke of Guise pushed for complete suppression of the Huguenots and had much support among Catholic loyalists. Political disagreements among the parties set off a series of campaigns and counter-campaigns that culminated in the Battle of Coutras.[7]
In December 1588, King Henry III had the Duke of Guise murdered,[8] along with his brother Louis, Cardinal of Guise,[9] thinking the removal of the brothers would restore his authority. However, the populace was horrified and rose against him. The King was no longer recognized in several cities; his effective power was limited to Blois, Tours, and the surrounding districts.
In the general chaos, Henry III relied on Henry of Navarre and his Huguenots. The two kings were united by a common interest—to win France from the Catholic League. Henry III recognized the King of Navarre as a true subject and Frenchman, not a fanatic Huguenot aiming to subjugate Catholics, and Catholic royalist nobles also rallied to them. With this combined force, the two kings marched to Paris. The morale of the city was low, and even the Spanish ambassador believed the city could not hold out longer than a fortnight. However, on 2 August 1589, a monk infiltrated Henry III's camp and assassinated him.[10]
King of France: Early reign
Succession (1589–1594)
When Henry III died, his ninth cousin once removed, Henry of Navarre, nominally became king of France. The Catholic League, however, strengthened by foreign support—especially from Spain—was strong enough to prevent a universal recognition of his new title. Pope Sixtus V excommunicated Henry and declared him ineligible to inherit the crown.[11] Most of the Catholic nobles who had joined Henry III for the siege of Paris also refused to recognize Henry of Navarre, and abandoned him. He set about winning his kingdom by force of arms, aided by English money and German troops. Henry's Catholic uncle Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon was proclaimed king by the League, but the Cardinal was Henry's prisoner at the time.[12] Henry was victorious at the Battle of Arques and the Battle of Ivry, but failed to take Paris after besieging it in 1590.[13]
When Cardinal de Bourbon died in 1590, the League could not agree on a new candidate at the
The Parlement of Paris also upheld the Salic law. They argued that if the French accepted natural hereditary succession, as proposed by the Spaniards, and accepted a woman as their queen, then the ancient claims of the English kings would be confirmed, and the monarchy of centuries past would be rendered illegal.[15] The Parlement admonished Mayenne, as lieutenant-general, that the kings of France had resisted the interference of the pope in political matters, and that he should not raise a foreign prince or princess to the throne of France under the pretext of religion. Mayenne was angered that he had not been consulted prior to this admonishment, but yielded, since their aim was not contrary to his present views.
Despite these setbacks for the League, Henry remained unable to take control of Paris.
Conversion to Catholicism: "Paris is well worth a Mass" (1593)
On 25 July 1593, with the encouragement of his mistress, His acceptance of Catholicism secured the allegiance of the vast majority of his subjects.
Coronation and recognition (1594–1595)
Since
Civil war and the Edict of Nantes
Henry IV successfully ended the civil wars. He and his ministers appeased Catholic leaders using bribes of about 7 million écus, a sum greater than France's annual revenue. Huguenot leaders were placated by the Edict of Nantes, which had four separate sections. The articles laid down the tolerance which would be accorded to the Huguenots including the exact places where worship may or may not take place, the recognition of three Protestant universities, and the allowance of Protestant synods. The king also issued two personal documents (called brevets) which recognized the Protestant establishment. The Edict of Nantes signed religious tolerance into law, and the brevets were an act of benevolence that created a Protestant state within France.[25]
Despite this, it would take years to restore law and order to France. The Edict was met by opposition from the parlements, which objected to the guarantees offered to Protestants. The
Later reign
Domestic policies
During his reign, Henry IV worked through the minister
The King restored Paris as a great city, with the
Economically, Henry IV sought to reduce imports of foreign goods to support domestic manufacturing. To this end, new sumptuary laws limited the use of imported gold and silver cloth. He also built royal factories to produce luxuries such as crystal glass, silk, satin, and tapestries (at Gobelins Manufactory and Savonnerie de Chaillot workshops). The king re-established silk weaving in Tours and Lyon, and increased linen production in Picardy and Brittany. He had distributed 16,000 free copies of the practical manual The Theatre of Agriculture by Olivier de Serres.[27]
King Henry's vision extended beyond France, and he financed several expeditions of
International relations
During the reign of Henry IV, rivalry continued among France,
Spain and Italy
During Henry's struggle for the crown, Spain had been the principal backer of the Catholic League, and it tried to thwart Henry. Under the Duke of Parma, an army from the Spanish Netherlands intervened in 1590 against Henry and foiled his siege of Paris. Another Spanish army helped the Catholic League nobles opposing Henry to win the Battle of Craon in 1592.
The Spanish war was not ended with Henry's coronation, but after his victory at the
One of Henry's major problems was the
The Saluzzo conflict was Henry IV's last major military operation, but he continued to finance Spain's enemies. He generously assisted the Dutch Republic with over 12 million livres between 1598 and 1610. In some years, the payment was 10% of France's total annual budget. France also sent subsidies to Geneva after the Duke of Savoy attempted to capture the city in 1602.[30]
Germany
In 1609 Henry helped negotiate an end to the War of the Jülich Succession.
It was widely believed that in 1610 Henry was preparing for war against the Holy Roman Empire, which was prevented by his assassination and the subsequent rapprochement with Spain under the regency of Marie de' Medici.
Ottoman Empire
Even before Henry's accession to the French throne, the French Huguenots were in contact with Aragonese
After his crowning, Henry continued the policy of a Franco-Ottoman alliance and received an embassy from Sultan Mehmed III in 1601.[35][36] In 1604, a "Peace Treaty and Capitulation" was signed between Henry IV and the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I, granting France numerous advantages in the Ottoman Empire.[36]
In 1606–07, Henry IV sent Arnoult de Lisle as Ambassador to Morocco to request the observance of past friendship treaties. An embassy was sent to Ottoman Tunisia in 1608 led by François Savary de Brèves.[37]
East Asia
Under Henry IV, various enterprises were set up to develop long-distance trade. In December 1600, a company was formed through the association of
From 1604 to 1609, following the return of François Martin de Vitré, Henry attempted to set up a
Religion
Historians have assessed that Henry IV was a convinced
Henry IV was baptized as a
Nicknames
Henry was nicknamed Henri le Grand (the Great), and in France is also called le bon roi Henri (good king Henry) and le vert galant (The Green Gallant) for his numerous mistresses.[28][42] In English he is most often referred to as Henry of Navarre.
Assassination
Though generally well-liked, Henry was considered a heretical usurper by some Catholics and a traitor to their faith by some Protestants.[43] Henry was the target of at least 12 assassination attempts, including by Pierre Barrière in August 1593[44] and by Jean Châtel in December 1594.[45]
Henry was killed in Paris on 14 May 1610 by
His widow,
-
Assassination of Henry IV,
engraving by Gaspar Bouttats -
His assassin, François Ravaillac, brandishing his dagger -
Pierre Firens - "Le Roi Est Mort continues at the Palace of Versailles". 1610 -
Lying in state at the Louvre, engraving after François Quesnel
.jpg)
Legacy
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) |
In 1614, four years after Henry IV's death, his statue was erected on the Pont Neuf. During the early phase of the French Revolution, when it aimed to create a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic, Henry IV was held up as a model for King Louis XVI. When the Revolution radicalized and came to reject monarchy altogether, Henry IV's statue was torn down along with other royal monuments. It was nevertheless the first to be rebuilt, in 1818, and it still stands on the Pont Neuf today.[49]
Henry IV was much lauded during the
Henry serves as a loose inspiration for the character Ferdinand, King of Navarre, in William Shakespeare's 1590s play Love's Labour's Lost.[52]
A 1661 biography, Histoire du Roy Henry le Grand,[53] was written by Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont for the edification of Henry's grandson Louis XIV.[citation needed][54] A 1663 English translation was published for another grandson, King Charles II of England.[55]
On 14 September 1788, when anti-tax riots broke out during the incipient French Revolution, rioters stopped travellers and demanded they dismount to salute Henry IV's statue.[56]
Henry's minister Sully published his Royal Economies in 1611 after de Sully's fall from power, but subsequent research has shown that it exaggerates the economic accomplishments of Sully's ministry. Many of the official source documents were altered, or even forged to make them more impressive.[57]
Genealogy
Ancestry
| Ancestors of Henry IV of France Françoise of Alençon | | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11. Margaret of Lorraine | |||||||||||||||
| 1. Henry IV of France | |||||||||||||||
| 12. John III of Navarre | |||||||||||||||
| 6. Henry II of Navarre | |||||||||||||||
| 13. Catherine of Navarre | |||||||||||||||
| 3. Jeanne d'Albret | |||||||||||||||
| 14. Charles, Count of Angoulême | |||||||||||||||
| 7. Marguerite of Angoulême | |||||||||||||||
| 15. Louise of Savoy | |||||||||||||||
Marriages and legitimate children
On 18 August 1572, Henry married his second cousin
Henry favoured the idea of obtaining an annulment of his marriage to Margaret and marrying his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrées, who had already borne him three children. Henry's councillors strongly opposed this idea, but the matter was resolved unexpectedly by Gabrielle's sudden death in the early hours of 10 April 1599, after she had given birth to a premature stillborn son. His marriage to Margaret was annulled in 1599. On 17 December 1600, Henry married
For the royal entry of Marie into Avignon on 19 November 1600, the citizens bestowed on Henry the title of the Hercule Gaulois ("Gallic Hercules"), concocting a genealogy that traced the House of Navarre back to a nephew of Hercules' son Hispalus.[60]
His marriage to Marie de' Medici produced six children:
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
Louis XIII, King of France[61] |
27 September 1601 | 14 May 1643 | Married Anne of Austria in 1615 |
Elisabeth, Queen of Spain |
22 November 1602 | 6 October 1644 | Married Philip IV, King of Spain, in 1615 |
Christine Marie, Duchess of Savoy |
10 February 1606 | 27 December 1663 | Married Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy , in 1619
|
| Monsieur d'Orléans | 16 April 1607 | 17 November 1611 | Never baptised or named; sometimes erroneously called "Nicolas." |
| Gaston, Duke of Orléans | 25 April 1608 | 2 February 1660 | Married (1) Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, in 1626 Married (2) Marguerite of Lorraine in 1632 |
| Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Queen of Scots, and Queen of Ireland | 25 November 1609 | 10 September 1669 | Married Charles I, King of England, King of Scots and King of Ireland, in 1625 |
Armorial
The arms of Henry IV changed throughout his lifetime:
-
From 1562,
as Prince of Béarn and Duke of Vendôme -
From 1572,
as King of Navarre -
From 1589,
as King of France and Navarre (also used by his successors) -
Grand Royal Coat of Arms of Henry and the House of Bourbon as Kings of France and Navarre (1589–1789)
.svg)
References
- ^ Pitts 2009, p. 1.
- ^ Pitts 2009, p. 334.
- ^ Kamen 2000, p. 145.
- ^ a b Dupuy, Johnson & Bongard 1995, p. 326.
- ^ Knecht 1998, p. 153.
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 269 (vol. 1).
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 431 (vol. 1).
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 96 (vol. 2).
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 103 (vol. 2).
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 156–157 (vol. 2).
- ^ Knecht 2014, p. 238.
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 180 (vol. 2).
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 181 (vol. 2).
- ^ Holt, Mack P., The French Wars of Religion, 1562–2011, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 148
- ^ Ranke, Leopold. Civil Wars and Monarchy in France, p. 467
- ^ Holt 1995, p. 149.
- ^ Alistair Horne, Seven Ages of Paris, Random House (2004)
- Guizot (1787–1874) A Popular History of France..., gutenberg.org
- ^ Janel Mueller & Joshua Scodel, eds, Elizabeth I, University of Chicago Press (2009)
- ^ G. de Berthier de Savigny in his Histoire de France (1977 p. 167) claims that the Calvinists in revenge attributed the phrase to him.
- ^ Paul Desalmand & Yves Stallini, Petit Inventaire des Citations Malmenées (2009)[page needed]
- ^ Knecht 2013, p. 269.
- ^ Knecht 2013, p. 270.
- ^ de La Croix 1979, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Parker 1979, p. 117.
- ^ Briggs 1977, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Parker 1979, p. 120.
- ^ ISSN 1920-9894.
- ^ de La Croix 1979, p. 182.
- ^ a b Parker 1979, pp. 122–124.
- ISBN 978-9004092396. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ISBN 978-0674024304. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-0543959713.
- ISBN 978-0226319650. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ISBN 978-0195364330.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-82724-9.
- ISBN 978-0203987223.
- ^ a b c d Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 1, Donald F. Lach pp. 93–94 [1]
- ^ a b c Newton, Arthur Percival (1936). The Cambridge History of the British Empire, volume 2. p. 61. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-0226467658. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ A history of modern India, 1480–1950, Claude Markovits p. 144: The account of the experiences of François Martin de Vitré "incited the king to create a company in the image of that of the United Provinces"
- ^ l'Académie française: Dictionnaire de la langue française (Institut de France. 6th edition. 1835): 'C'est un vert galant' se dit d'un homme vif, alerte, qui aime beaucoup les femmes et qui s'empresse à leur plaire. É.Littré: Dictionnaire Française (Hachette. 1863): Hommme vif, alerte, vigoreux et particulièrement empressé auprès de femmes. Grand Larousse de la Langue Française (Paris. 1973): Homme entreprenant auprès de femmes. And see Discussion under the heading Vert Galant – A look at the Dictionaries
- ISBN 2-7242-0785-8, p. 399
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 367 (vol. 2).
- ^ Baird 1886, p. 368 (vol. 2).
- ^ de l'Estoile, Pierre. Journal du règne de Henri IV. Paris: Gallimard, 1960. p. 84
- ^ Knecht, Robert J. "The Murder of le roi Henri". History Today, May 2010.
- ^ Moote 1989, p. 41.
- S2CID 159942339.
- S2CID 156578524.
- ^ "Vive Henri IV!" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ G.R. Hibbard (editor), Love's Labour's Lost (Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 49
- ^ Perefixe, Hardouin de Beaumont (1664). Histoire du Roy Henry le Grand (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Daniel Elzevier.
- ^ Hardouin, Paul Philippe (1661). Histoire de Henri-le-Grand, roi de France et de Navarre : suivie d'un recueil de quelques belles actions et paroles mémorables de ce prince (PDF) (Réédition ed.). Nîmes: C. Lacour.
- ^ "The life of Henry the Fourth of France, Translated from the French of Perefix, by m. le moine, One of his most Christian Majesty's Gentlemen in Ordinary by Perefixe de Beaumont, Paul Philippe Hardouin de]: (1785) | Antiquates Ltd – ABA, ILAB". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 5". The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.
Three weeks later, September 14, 1788, when the retirement of Lamoignon became known, the riotings were renewed. The mob rushed to set fire to the houses of the two ministers, Lamoignon and Brienne, as well as to that of Dubois. The troops were called out, and in the Rue Mélée and the Rue de Grenelle there was a horrible slaughter of poor folk who could not defend themselves. Dubois fled from Paris. "The people themselves would execute justice," said Les deux amis de la liberté. Later still, in October 1788, when the parlement that had been banished to Troyes was recalled, "the clerks and the populace" illuminated the Place Dauphine for several evenings in succession. They demanded money from the passersby to expend on fireworks, and forced gentlemen to alight from their carriages to salute the statue of Henri Quatre.
- ^ Parker 1979, p. 115.
- ^ Thompson, Neil D.; Hansen, Charles M. (2012). The Ancestry of Charles II, King of England. American Society of Genealogists.
- ^ Pitts 2009, p. 229.
- ^ The official account, Labyrinthe royal... quoted in Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, (B.F. Sessions, tr., 1995) p. 26
- ^ Pitts 2009, p. 335.
Works cited
- OL 6938957M.
- Briggs, Robin (1977). Early Modern France, 1560–1715. Oxford University Press. OL 4401210M.
- ISBN 978-0-3945-0734-7.
- ISBN 978-0-7858-0437-6.
- Holt, Mack P. (1995). The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629. Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 0-4151-4727-1.
- ISBN 978-0-5820-8241-0.
- Knecht, Robert J. (2013). The French Civil Wars: 1562–1598. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-5820-9549-6.
- Knecht, Robert J. (2014). Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574–89. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-2930-8.
- Moote, A. Lloyd (1989). Louis XIII, the Just. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. OL 2040742M.
- Parker, Geoffrey (1979). Europe in Crisis: 1598–1648. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-6312-2028-2.
- Pitts, Vincent J. (2009). Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0578-0. online
Further reading
- Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1995). France in the Sixteenth Century. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3336-2088-5.
- Bryson, David M. (1999). Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land: Dynasty, Homeland, Religion and Violence in Sixteenth-century France. Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill Academic. ISBN 978-9-0041-1378-7.
- Buisseret, David (1990). Henry IV, King of France. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-0444-5635-3.
- Cameron, Keith, ed. (1989). From Valois to Bourbon: Dynasty, State & Society in Early Modern France. Exeter: University of Exeter. ISBN 978-0-8598-9310-7.
- Crawford, Katherine B. "The politics of promiscuity: Masculinity and heroic representation at the court of Henry IV." French Historical Studies 26.2 (2003): 225–252.
- Finley-Croswhite, S. Annette (1999). Henry IV and the Towns: The Pursuit of Legitimacy in French Urban Society, 1589–1610. Cambridge: ISBN 978-0-5216-2017-8.
- ISBN 978-0-7538-2039-1.
- Greengrass, Mark (1984). France in the Age of Henri IV: The Struggle for Stability. London: Longman. ISBN 978-0-5824-9251-6.
- Holt, Mack P. (2005). The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5218-3872-6.
- Knecht, Robert Jean (1989). The French wars of religion 1559–1598. Routledge. OL 2060355M.
- Lee, Maurice J. (1970). James I & Henri IV: An Essay in English Foreign Policy, 1603–1610. Urbana: ISBN 978-0-2520-0084-3.
- Lloyd, Howell A. (1983). The State, France, and the Sixteenth Century. London: George Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-0-0494-0066-5.
- Lockyer, Roger (1974). Habsburg and Bourbon Europe, 1470–1720. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 978-0-5823-5029-8.
- Love, Ronald S. (2001). Blood and Religion: The Conscience of Henri IV, 1553–1593. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2124-7.
- Merlin, Paolo (2010). A 400 anni dai Trattati di Bruzolo. Gli equilibri europei prima e dopo i Trattati (in Italian). Susa: Segusium.
- Major, J. Russell (1997). From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles & Estates. Baltimore: ISBN 978-0-8018-5631-0.
- ISBN 978-0-6841-3357-7.
- Pettegree, Andrew (2002). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-6312-0704-7.
- Salmon, J.H.M. (1975). Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century. London: Ernest Benn. ISBN 978-0-5102-6351-5.
- Sutherland, N.M. (1973). The Massacre of St. Bartholomew and the European Conflict, 1559–1572. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3331-3629-4.
- ——— (1980). The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition. New Haven: ISBN 978-0-3000-2328-2.
- ——— (1984). Princes, Politics and Religion, 1547–1589. London: Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-0-9076-2844-6.
- ——— (2002). Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion, 1572–1596. 2 volumes. Bristol: Elm Bank. ISBN 978-1-8415-0846-7.
- Wolfe, Michael (1993). The Conversion of Henri IV: Politics, Power, and Religious Belief in Early Modern France. Cambridge, MA: ISBN 0-6741-7031-8
Fiction
- George Chapman (1559?–1634), The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron (1608), éd. John Margeson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988)
- Alexandre Dumas, La Reine Margot(Queen Margot) (1845)
- Heinrich Mann, Die Jugend des Königs Henry Quatre (1935); Die Vollendung des Königs Henry Quatre (1938) (in German)
- Maynard, Katherine. Reveries of Community: French Epic in the Age of Henri IV, 1572–1616 (Northwestern University Press, 2017).
- M. de Rozoy, Henri IV, Drame lyrique (1774) (in French)
External links
Media related to Henry IV of France at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Henry IV of France at Wikiquote
Works by or about Henry IV of France at Wikisource
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