Henry Knox
Henry Knox | |
---|---|
Commander-in-Chief) | |
Succeeded by | John Doughty |
1st United States Secretary of War | |
In office September 12, 1789 – December 31, 1794 | |
President | George Washington |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Timothy Pickering |
2nd United States Secretary at War | |
In office March 8, 1785 – September 12, 1789 | |
Appointed by | Confederation Congress |
Preceded by | Benjamin Lincoln |
Succeeded by | Office abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America | July 25, 1750
Died | October 25, 1806 Thomaston, District of Maine, Massachusetts, U.S. | (aged 56)
Resting place | Thomaston Village Cemetery Thomaston, Maine, U.S. |
Political party | Federalist |
Spouse | |
Children | 3 |
Relatives | Henry Thatcher (grandson) |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch/service | Continental Army United States Army |
Years of service | 1772–1785 |
Rank | Major General |
Commands | Chief of Artillery |
Battles/wars | |
Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806), a Founding Father of the United States,[1] was a Boston bookseller who became a senior general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, serving as chief of artillery in most of Washington's campaigns. Following the American Revolution, he oversaw the War Department under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 to 1789. Washington, at the start of his first administration, appointed Knox the nation's first Secretary of War, a position he held from 1789 to 1794. He is well known today as the namesake of Fort Knox in Kentucky, the repository of a large portion of the nation's gold reserves.
Born and raised in
In 1785, the
Early life and marriage
Henry Knox's parents, William and Mary (née Campbell), were Ulster Scots immigrants who emigrated from Derry to Boston in 1729.[5][6] His father was a shipbuilder who, due to financial reverses, left the family for Sint Eustatius in the West Indies where he died in 1762 of unknown causes.[7]
Henry was admitted to the Boston Latin School, where he studied Greek, Latin, arithmetic, and European history.[8] Since he was the oldest son still at home when his father died, he left school at the age of 9 and became a clerk in a bookstore to support his mother. The shop's owner, Nicholas Bowes, became a surrogate father figure for the boy, allowing him to browse the store's shelves and take home any volume that he wanted to read.[9] The inquisitive future war hero, when he was not running errands, taught himself French, learned some philosophy and advanced mathematics, and devoured tales of ancient warriors and famous battles.[10] He immersed himself in literature from a tender age. However, Knox was also involved in Boston's street gangs, becoming one of the toughest fighters in his neighborhood.[8] Impressed by a military demonstration, at 18, he joined a local artillery company called The Train.[11]
On March 5, 1770, Knox was a witness to the
Knox supported the Sons of Liberty, an organization of agitators against what they considered tyrannical policies by the British Parliament. It is unknown if he participated in the 1773 Boston Tea Party, but he did serve on guard duty before the incident to make sure no tea was unloaded from the Dartmouth, one of the ships involved.[20] The next year he refused a consignment of tea sent to him by James Rivington, a Loyalist in New York.[21]
Henry married Lucy Flucker (1756–1824), the daughter of Boston Loyalists, on June 16, 1774, despite opposition from her father, who had differing political views.[22] Lucy's brother served in the British Army, and her family attempted to lure Knox to service there.[23] Despite long separations due to his military service, the couple were devoted to one another for the rest of his life, and carried on an extensive correspondence. After the couple fled Boston in 1775, she remained essentially homeless until the British evacuated the city in March 1776. Even afterward, she often traveled to visit Knox in the field. Her parents left, never to return, with the British during their withdrawal from Boston after the Continental Army fortified Dorchester Heights, a success that hinged upon Knox's Ticonderoga expedition.[24]
Military career
Siege of Boston
When the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, Knox and Lucy sneaked out of Boston, and Knox joined the militia army besieging the city.[25] His abandoned bookshop was looted and all of its stock destroyed or stolen.[26] He served under General Artemas Ward, putting his acquired engineering skills to use developing fortifications around the city.[27] He directed rebel cannon fire at the Battle of Bunker Hill.[28] When General George Washington arrived in July 1775 to take command of the army, he was impressed by the work Knox had done. The two also immediately developed a liking for one another, and Knox began to interact regularly with Washington and the other generals of the developing Continental Army.[29] Knox did not have a commission in the army, but John Adams in particular worked in the Second Continental Congress to acquire for him a commission as colonel of the army's artillery regiment. Knox bolstered his own case by writing to Adams that Richard Gridley, the older leader of the artillery under Ward, was disliked by his men and in poor health.[30]
As the siege wore on, the idea arose that cannon recently captured at the fall of forts
The region was lightly populated and Knox had to overcome difficulties hiring personnel and draft animals.[36] On several occasions cannon crashed through the ice on river crossings, but the detail's men were always able to recover them.[37] In the end, what Knox had expected to take just two weeks actually took more than six, and he was finally able to report the arrival of the weapons train to Washington on January 27, 1776.[38] Called by historian Victor Brooks "one of the most stupendous feats of logistics" of the entire war,[39] Knox's effort is commemorated by a series of plaques marking the Henry Knox Trail in New York and Massachusetts.[40]
Upon the cannon's arrival in Cambridge they were immediately deployed to fortify the
New York and New Jersey campaign
Knox was with Washington's army during the
In 1777, while the army was in winter quarters at
Philadelphia campaign
Knox returned to the main army for the 1777 campaign. In June he learned that Congress had appointed Philippe Charles Tronson du Coudray, a French soldier of fortune, to command the artillery. Du Coudray's appointment upset not only Knox, who immediately threatened his resignation to Congress, but also John Sullivan and Nathanael Greene, who also protested the politically motivated appointment. George Washington also wrote Congress on behalf of Knox on May 31, 1777.[51] Du Coudray was subsequently reassigned to the post of inspector general, and died in a fall from his horse while crossing the Schuylkill River in September 1777.[52]
Knox was present at Brandywine, the first major battle of the Philadelphia campaign, and at Germantown.[53] At Germantown he made the critical suggestion, approved by Washington, to capture rather than bypass the Chew House, a stone mansion that the British had occupied as a strong defensive position.[54] This turned out to significantly delay the army's advance and gave the British an opportunity to reform their lines. Knox afterward wrote to Lucy, "To [morning fog and] the enemy's taking possession of some stone buildings in Germantown, is to be ascribed the loss of the victory."[55] Knox was also present at the Battle of Monmouth in July 1778, where Washington commended him for the artillery's performance.[56] The army saw no further action that year, but privateers that Knox and fellow Massachusetts native Henry Jackson invested in were not as successful as they hoped; many of them were captured by the British.[57]
Artillery training school and Yorktown
Knox and the artillery established a winter
In late September 1780, Knox was a member of the court martial that convicted Major John André, the British officer whose arrest exposed the treachery of Benedict Arnold.[60] (Knox had briefly shared accommodations with André while en route to Ticonderoga in 1775, when André was traveling south on parole after being captured near Montreal.)[61] During these years of relative inaction Knox made several trips to the northern states as Washington's representative to increase the flow of men and supplies to the army. In 1781, Knox accompanied Washington's army south and participated in the decisive siege of Yorktown.[62] He was personally active in the field, directing the placement and aiming of the artillery. The Marquis de Chastellux, with whom Knox established a good friendship, wrote of Knox, "We cannot sufficiently admire the intelligence and activity with which he collected from different places and transported to the batteries more than thirty pieces ...",[63] and "one-half has been said in commending his military genius.[64] Washington specifically called out both Knox and the French artillery chief for their roles in the siege,[64] and recommended to Congress that Knox be promoted.[65]
Demobilization
With the arrival of news of a preliminary peace in April 1783 Congress began to order the demobilization of the Continental Army, and Washington gave Knox day-to-day command of what remained of the army. During this time Knox organized The Society of the Cincinnati, a fraternal, hereditary society of Revolutionary War officers that survives to this day. He authored the society's founding document, the Institution,[73] in April 1783 and served as its first Secretary General.[74][75][76][77] Knox also served as The Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati's first Vice President.[78] The hereditary nature of the society's membership initially raised some eyebrows, but it was generally well received.[79] He also drafted plans for the establishment of a peacetime army, many of whose provisions were eventually implemented. These plans included two military academies (one naval and one army, the latter occupying the critical base at West Point), and bodies of troops to maintain the nation's borders.[80]
When the
The post of
Knox returned to
Secretary of War
Congress finally appointed Knox the nation's second
Some members of the Confederation Congress opposed the establishment of a peacetime army, and also opposed the establishment of a military academy (one of Knox's key proposals) on the basis that it would establish a superior military class capable of dominating society.
As part of his new duties, Knox was responsible for implementation of the
When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1793, American merchant shipping began to be affected after Washington formally declared neutrality in the conflict. Both France and Britain began seizing American shipping that was trading with the enemy nation. Most of the Continental Navy's few ships were sold off at the end of the Revolutionary War, leaving the nation's merchant fleet without any defenses against piracy or seizure on the high seas.[102] Knox urged and presided over the creation of a regular United States Navy and the establishment of a series of coastal fortifications.[103]
Native American diplomacy and war
Knox was responsible for managing the nation's relations with the Native Americans resident in lands it claimed, following a 1789 act of U.S. Congress.
Seeking to close the issue before he left office, he organized an expedition led by Anthony Wayne that brought the conflict to a meaningful end with the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers.[110][111] Wayne's "troops had burned 'immense fields of corn' for a stretch of about fifty miles along the river", in a move that affected civilian non-combatants. The result of American military action in the Northwest led to the Treaty of Greenville, which forced the defeated Native Americans to cede lands in the Ohio area. The bloody campaigns that Secretary Knox oversaw in some cases involved armies many times larger than later battles in the 1870s.[112][113]
The Native American nations were reluctant to leave their hunting grounds but Knox thought he could make a deal with the southern tribes headed by Alexander McGillivray. He would promise the U.S. Army would protect them from land-hungry squatters. Washington and Knox generally felt the use of force would be too costly to Americans and a violation of republican ideals.[114] Knox proposed furnishing the Natives with livestock, farming implements, and missionaries, in order to make them pacific farmers.[115] Knox signed the Treaty of New York (1790) on behalf of the nation, ending conflict with some, but not all, Cherokee tribal units.[116] Of the dying off of the native populations in the nation's most heavily populated areas, Knox wrote, "A future historian may mark the causes of this destruction of the human race in sable colors."[117] In the 1990s leftist writer Noam Chomsky claims that the nation's leaders "knew what they were doing", and often used language saying they were the natives' "benefactors", "philanthropists and humanitarians", when in reality they were engaged in the "genocidal practices" of extermination and Indian removal.[118] Knox said how the American government and settlers were treating the Indian tribes so harmfully that "our modes...have been more destructive to the Indian natives than the conduct of the conquerors of Mexico and Peru". He went on to cite the fact that where there was white settlement, there was "the utter extirpation" of natives, or almost none left alive.[119] Regardless of whether the Americans wanted to obtain Native American lands by purchase, conquest or other means, "there would be no lasting peace while land remained the object of American Indian policy", which continued after Knox left office.[120] Washington's policies, as carried out by Secretary Knox, set the stage for the rise of Tecumseh two decades later. Many thousands of Native Americans refused to accept treaties, claiming that they had not approved them and that their only purpose was to remove them from their lands. They specifically cited the Treaty of Greenville, and reoccupied ancestral lands, beginning renewed resistance in the Northwest that was finally crushed in the War of 1812.
On January 2, 1795, Knox left the government and returned to his home in Thomaston, District of Maine, which was then part of Massachusetts, to devote himself to caring for his growing family. He was succeeded in the post of Secretary of War by Timothy Pickering.
Business ventures and land speculation
Knox settled in Thomaston and built a magnificent three-story mansion surrounded by outbuildings called Montpelier, the whole of "a beauty, symmetry and magnificence" said to be unequaled in the Commonwealth.[121] He spent the rest of his life engaged in cattle farming, ship building, brick making and real estate speculation. Connections formed during the war years served Knox well, as he invested widely in frontier real estate, from the Ohio valley to Maine (although his largest holdings by far were those in Maine). Although he claimed to treat settlers on his Maine lands fairly, he used intermediaries to evict those who did not pay their rents or squatted on the land. These tactics upset those settlers to the point where they once threatened to burn Montpelier down.[82]
One of the people Knox took land from was Joseph Plumb Martin, a soldier who settled in Maine and wrote a memoir of his war experiences. Knox briefly represented Thomaston in the Massachusetts General Court, but he eventually became so unpopular that he lost the seat to a local blacksmith.
Many incidents in Knox's career attest to his character, both good and bad. As one example, when he and Lucy were forced to leave Boston in 1775, his home was used to house British officers who looted his bookstore. In spite of personal financial hardships, he managed to make the last payment of £1,000 to
Knox was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1805.[123]
As well as building a landed estate, Knox attempted to enlarge his fortune through industrial craft enterprises. He had interests in lumbering, ship building, stock raising and brick manufacturing. Unfortunately for him, these businesses failed (due in part to a lack of focused investment), and Knox built up significant debts. Knox was forced to sell large tracts of land in Maine to satisfy some of his creditors. The purchaser of his Maine lands was a Pennsylvania banker named William Bingham, leading those tracts to become known locally as the Bingham Purchase.[62][82]
Death
Knox died at his home on October 25, 1806, at the age of 56, three days after swallowing a chicken bone which lodged in his throat and caused a fatal infection.[124] He was buried on his estate in Thomaston with full military honors.[125]
Lucy Flucker died in 1824, having sold off more portions of the family properties to pay the creditors of Knox's insolvent estate.[126][127] The couple had three children that survived to adulthood.[128] Their son, Henry Jackson Knox, became known as a wastrel for his drinking and scandalous behavior.[128] Before his death in 1832, Henry Jackson Knox became "impressed with a deep sense of his own unworthiness", requesting in penance that his remains not be interred with his honored relatives but deposited in a common burial ground "with no stone to tell where."[129] Their daughter Lucy Flucker Knox Thatcher had a son, Henry Thatcher, who would serve as an admiral in the Civil War.[130][131]
Montpelier remained in the family until it was demolished in 1871,[126] to make way for the Brunswick-Rockland railroad line. The only surviving structure is an outbuilding that was deeded to the Thomaston Historical Society upon its founding in 1972.[132] The current Montpelier Museum is a 20th-century reconstruction not far from the site of the original.[133]
Honors
Towns and cities in
Knox has been honored by the
Knox was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1791.[139]
Two forts,
In popular culture
- Russell Gordon Carter's 1948 young adult short story "Colonel Knox's Oxen" tells the story of the winter trek of the cannons from Ticonderoga to Boston.[146]
- Farnham Scott portrayed Henry Knox in the 1984 miniseries George Washington,[147] and the 1986 sequel George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation.[148]
- In the 2000 film The Crossing, which tells the story of the Revolutionary War's Battle of Trenton, Knox is played by actor John Henry Canavan.[149]
- Seymour Reit's 2001 novel Guns for General Washington[150] tells the story of the winter trek of the cannons from Ticonderoga to Boston from the point of view of Henry Knox's (fictitious?) nineteen-year-old brother Will.
- Knox is portrayed by Del Pentecost in the 2008 HBO miniseries John Adams, which chronicled the life of John Adams. Abigail Adams (the wife of John Adams) walks out of her home, and upon seeing Knox and his men traveling down the road pulling two British cannons which they captured from Fort Ticonderoga, Abigail says, "Mr. Knox! You used to sell books to my husband; and now look at you!"
- In the 2015 musical Hamilton, George Washington says to Hamilton, "Nathanael Greene and Henry Knox wanted to hire you" during the song "Right Hand Man".
Notes
- ^ "Hamilton Club Honors Memory of Washington". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 23, 1902. p. 8. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
- ^ Chernow, 2010, p.444
- ^ The Origins of The Society of the Cincinnati Archived January 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved January 26, 2021
- ^ Ellis, 2007, pp 127-164.
- ^ Stark's antique views of the town of Boston. 1901.
- ^ "The Ulster-Scots and New England: Scotch-Irish foundations in the New World" (PDF). Ulster-Scots Agency. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 1–4
- ^ a b Puls (2008), p. 3
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 1, 3
- ^ Puls, Mark (2008). Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 9.
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 19
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 8–10
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 12
- ^ Boston News Letter, August 15, 1771
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 13
- ISBN 9780795025853.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Puls, Mark (2008). Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 19.
- ^ Puls, Mark (2008). Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 25.
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 14
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 16
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 15
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 18
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 25
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 45
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 25–27
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 18
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 28
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 29
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 30–31
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 31–32,35
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 38, and Martin, p. 106. Knox tends to be the person most often given credit for the idea.
- ^ N. Brooks (1900), pp. 34, 38–39
- ^ Ware (2000), pp. 19–24
- ^ N. Brooks (1900), p. 38
- ^ "Henry Knox's "Noble Train of Artillery:" No Ox for Knox". Journal of the American Revolution. February 4, 2019.
- ^ Ware (2000), p. 24
- ^ Callahan (1958), pp. 46–50
- ^ Drake (1873), p. 23
- ^ V. Brooks (1999), p. 210
- ^ "Knox Trail official New York site". New York State Museum. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 43–45
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 50
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 49, 245
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 161
- ^ Mattern, pp. 74, 88, 110
- ^ N. Brooks, pp. 54–67
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 72–79
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 83
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 87
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 84–87
- ^ "The Knox Trail - General Henry Knox". Hudson River Valley Institute.
- ^ N. Brooks, pp. 91–93
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 103–108
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 109
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 110
- ^ N. Brooks, pp. 121–124
- ^ N. Brooks, pp. 125–127
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 130
- ^ N. Brooks, p. 134
- ^ N. Brooks, pp. 136–137
- ^ Callahan (1958), pp. 39, 164
- ^ ISBN 0-16-072376-0
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 151–152, 164–165
- ^ a b Puls (2008), p. 167
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 168
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 169
- ^ Callahan (1958), pp. 191–192
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 172
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 173–175
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 176
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 180
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 177
- ^ The Institution of The Society of the Cincinnati Archived January 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 26, 2021
- ^ The Founding of The Society of the Cincinnati Archived February 6, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 25, 2021
- ^ Thomas, p. 90.
- ^ Metcalf, p.188.
- ^ "Officers Represented in the Society of the Cincinnati". The American Revolution Institute of the Society of the Cincinnati. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
- ^ The Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati Archived January 26, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 25, 2021
- ^ a b Puls (2008), p. 184
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 203
- ^ Ward, p. 4
- ^ a b c Taylor, pp. 37–59
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 228
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 229
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 4
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 23
- ISBN 0-684-81363-7.
- ^ Ward, pp. 49–50
- ^ a b Puls (2008), p. 190
- ^ Ward, p. 47
- ^ Callahan (1958), pp. 236–237
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 191
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 240
- ^ Callahan (1958), pp. 242–252
- ISBN 9780230623880. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 200
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 267
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 204
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 205
- ISBN 1-55553-592-5.
- ISBN 1-84176-087-0.
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 211–213
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 214–216
- ^ Ellis, Joseph J. "The Treaty." American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic. New York: Knopf, 2007, pp. 136–137.
- ^ McNickle, p. 52
- ^ Native America, discovered and conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny Robert Miller, 2006, Praeger, pp. 42, 46
- ^ Callahan (1958), pp. 314–316, 328
- ^ Maulden, Kristopher (Winter 2016). "A Show of Force: The Northwest Indian War and the Early American State". Ohio Valley History. 16 (4): 20–40. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
- ^ President Washington's Indian War Wiley Sword, 1985, University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 148-150
- ^ Callahan (1958), pp. 317–327
- ^ Puls (2008), p. 209
- ISBN 9781586489908.
- ISBN 9781111343392.
- ^ Ellis 2007, pp 153-155.
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 329
- ^ Callahan (1958), pp. 330–334
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 337
- ^ "Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and U.S. Political Culture Noam Chomsky, 1993, South End Press p 5". Archived from the original on November 13, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- ISBN 978-0300160017.
- ISBN 9780394352381.
- ^ Eaton, pg. 209. Maine was at the time still part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
- ^ Griffiths, Thomas, Maine Sources in The House of the Seven Gables (Waterville, Maine, 1945). (Hawthorne visited Thomaston prior to writing the book.)
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter K" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ Callahan (1958), p. 380
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 246–247
- ^ a b Puls (2008), pp. 248–249
- ^ Taylor, p. 213
- ^ a b Taylor, p. 47
- ^ Eaton, p. 355
- ^ "Lucy Flucker Knox Thatcher, ca. 1840". Maine Historical Society. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
- ^ "Admiral Henry Knox Thatcher". Maine Historical Society. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
- ^ "History of the Society's Building". Thomaston Historical Society. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^ "History of Montpelier". The General Knox Museum. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^ a b Puls (2008), p. 250
- ^ "GNIS Detail - Knoxville". geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
- ^ "NHL listing for Knox Headquarters". National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum
- ^ "Henry Knox". American Philosophical Society Member History. American Philosophical Society. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ Puls (2008), pp. 249–250
- ^ "Fort Sill Memorial Database". United States Army. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^ "Fort Sill: Who We Are". United States Army. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^ De Leon, Sgt. Jaime D. (April 16, 2010). "3rd BCT artillerymen earn Knox Award". United States Army. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^ "Registry of Army Vessel Names" (PDF). United States Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "Henry Knox Papers". Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 13, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^ Carter, Russell Gordon (1948). Teen-Age Historical Stories. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
- ^ George Washington (Biography, Drama, History, War), Barry Bostwick, Patty Duke, David Dukes, Jaclyn Smith, David Gerber Productions, MGM/UA Television, April 8, 1984, retrieved October 13, 2020
{{citation}}
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- ^ Harmon, Robert (January 10, 2000), The Crossing (Biography, Drama, History, War), Jeff Daniels, Roger Rees, Sebastian Roché, Steven McCarthy, A+E Networks, Chris/Rose Productions, Columbia TriStar Television, retrieved October 13, 2020
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References
- Brooks, Noah (1900). Henry Knox, a Soldier of the Revolution: Major-general in the Continental Army, Washington's Chief of Artillery, First Secretary of War Under the Constitution, Founder of the Society of the Cincinnati; 1750–1806. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 77547631.
- Brooks, Victor (1999). The Boston Campaign. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing. OCLC 42581510.
- Callahan, North (1958). Henry Knox: General Washington's General. New York: Rinehart.
- Chernow, Ron (2010). Washington: A Life. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-311996-8.
- Eaton, Cyrus (1865). History of Thomaston, Rockland and South Thomaston, Maine. Thomaston Historical Society. Vol. I (Reprinted by Courier-Gazette, Inc. 1972 ed.). Hallowell, Masters, Smith & Co.
- Ellis, Joseph J. American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic. New York: Knopf, 2007.
- Martin, James Kirby (1997). Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero (An American Warrior Reconsidered). New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5560-7.
- Mattern, David (1998). Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution (paperback ed.). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. OCLC 39401358.
- McNickle, D'Arcy (1993). Native American Tribalism: Indian Survivals and Renewals. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 191038173.
- Metcalf, Bryce (1938). Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies. Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.
- Puls, Mark (2008). Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-62388-0.
- Taylor, Alan (1990). Liberty Men and Great Proprietors. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 233271601.
- Thomas, William Sturgis (1929). Members of the Society of the Cincinnati, Original, Hereditary and Honorary; With a Brief Account of the Society's History and Aims. New York: T.A. Wright
- Ward, Harry (1965). The Department of War, 1781–1795. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. OCLC 569079.
- Ware, Susan (2000). Forgotten Heroes: Inspiring American Portraits from Our Leading Historians. Portland, OR: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 45179918.
- "8c Henry Knox single". Smithsonian National Postal museum. 1985. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
Further reading
- Carter, Michael (1997) Nation building and the Military: The Life and Career of Secretary at War Henry Knox, 1750–1806.(PhD dissertation) OCLC 39218113
- Knox, Henry (1876). Waters, Henry Fitz-Gilbert (ed.). Henry Knox's Diary. New England Historical and Genealogical Register. Diary of the Ticonderoga expedition.
- ISBN 9780807001172
- Ward, Harry M. "Knox, Henry" American National Biography (1999) online, short scholarly biography