Henry Morgenthau Sr.
Henry Morgenthau Sr. | |
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Abram I. Elkus | |
Personal details | |
Born | Mannheim, Baden (present-day Baden-Württemberg, Germany) | April 26, 1856
Died | November 25, 1946 New York City, U.S. | (aged 90)
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | Josephine Sykes |
Children |
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Relatives |
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Alma mater | |
Profession | Lawyer, diplomat |
Religion | Reform Judaism |
Henry Morgenthau (
Morgenthau was the father of the politician
Early life and education
Morgenthau was born the ninth of 11 living children, in
The Morgenthau family immigrated to New York in 1866. There, despite considerable savings, his father was not able to re-establish himself in business. His development and marketing of various inventions and his investments in other enterprises failed. Lazarus Morgenthau staved off failure and stabilized his income by becoming a fundraiser for Jewish houses of worship. Henry attended City College of New York, where he received his BA, and later Columbia Law School.
Business career
He began his career as a lawyer, but he made a substantial fortune in real estate investments.
Morgenthau married Josephine Sykes in 1882 and they had four children:
Morgenthau built a successful career as a lawyer and served as the leader of the Reform Jewish community in New York.[16]
Political career
Morgenthau's career enabled him to contribute handsomely to President Woodrow Wilson's election campaign in 1912. He had first met Wilson in 1911 at a dinner celebrating the fourth anniversary of the founding of the Free Synagogue society and the two "seem to have bonded", marking the "turning point in Morgenthau's political career".[17] His role in American politics grew more pronounced in later months. Although he did not gain the chairmanship of Wilson's campaign finance committee, Morgenthau was offered the position of ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. He had hoped for a cabinet post as well, but was not successful in gaining one.
Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
As an early Wilson supporter, Morgenthau assumed that Wilson would appoint him to a cabinet-level position, but the new President had other plans for him. Like other prominent Jewish Americans (
Although the safety of American citizens in the Ottoman Empire, mostly Christian missionaries and Jews, loomed large early in his ambassadorship, Morgenthau said that he was most preoccupied by the
The American government however, not wanting to get dragged into disputes, remained a neutral power in the conflict at the time and voiced little official reaction. Morgenthau held high-level meetings with the leaders of the Ottoman Empire to help alleviate the position of the Armenians, but the Turks waived and ignored his protestations. He famously admonished the Ottoman Interior Minister
Exasperated with his relationship with the Ottoman government, he resigned from the ambassadorship in 1916. Looking back on that decision in his memoir Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, he wrote he had come to see the Ottoman Empire as "a place of horror. I had reached the end of my resources. I found intolerable my further daily association with men, however gracious and accommodating…who were still reeking with the blood of nearly a million human beings."[25] He published his conversations with Ottoman leaders and his account of the Armenian genocide in Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, which appeared in the end of 1918.[26]
In June 1917 Felix Frankfurter accompanied Morgenthau, as a representative of the War Department, on a secret mission to persuade the Ottoman Empire to abandon the Central Powers in the war effort. The mission had as its stated purpose to "ameliorate the condition of the Jewish communities in Palestine".[27] In 1918 Morgenthau gave public speeches in the United States warning that the Greeks and Assyrians were being subjected to the "same methods" of deportation and "wholesale massacre" as the Armenians, and that two million Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians had already perished.[28]
Interwar period
Following the war, there was much interest and preparation within the Jewish community for the forthcoming
Death
Morgenthau died in 1946 following a
Selected works
Morgenthau published several books. The Library of Congress holds some 30,000 documents from his personal papers, including:
- Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918). Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday (online).
- The Secrets of the Bosphorus (1918) (online)
- The Morgenthau Report (October 3, 1919) concerning the plight of Jews in the Second Polish Republic.
- All In a Lifetime (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co, 1925), 454 pages, 7 illustrations; featuring the Morgenthau Report (online, at Archive.org).
- I was sent to Athens (1929) deals with his time working with Greek refugees (openlibrary.org)
- The Murder of a Nation (1974). With preface by W. N. Medlicott. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America.
- Diaries
- United States Diplomacy on the Bosphorus: The Diaries of Ambassador Morgenthau, 1913–1916 (2004). Compiled with an introduction by ISBN 1-903656-40-0.
- Official documents
- Ara Sarafian (ed.): United States Official Records On The Armenian Genocide. 1915–1917 (2004). London and Princeton: Gomidas Institute. ISBN 1-903656-39-7
Depictions
In
See also
- Leslie Davis, American diplomat and wartime US consul to Harput
- Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide
References
- The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 219–221.
- ISBN 978-0-7377-7319-4.
- ^ "Collection: Morgenthau Family Collection | the Center for Jewish History ArchivesSpace".
- ^ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, p. 219.
- ^ "Col. Astor Sells a Block," The New York Times, Dec. 6, 1900.
- ^ Clifton Hood, "The Impact of the IRT on New York City," in Historical American Engineering Record, Survey Number HAER NY-122, pp. 145–206, available at https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_Impact_of_the_IRT_on_New_York_City_(Hood).
- ^ "Morgenthau | Encyclopedia.com". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ About Henry Morgenthau. henrymorgenthaupreserve.com
- ^ "HELEN FOX DEAD; A GARDEN EXPERT; Writer Lectured Widely on Horticultural Topics". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- Jewish Telegraph Agency. January 24, 1934.
- ^ "Naumburg". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
- ^ "Elkan Naumburg". wikipedia.
- ^ "George W. Naumburg Is Dead; Banker and Philanthropist, 94; He Specialized in Children's Welfare in Several Areas Assisted Refugees". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ^ "The Henry Morgenthau Preserve". The Henry Morgenthau Preserve. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ISBN 9780393330304.
- ^ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, p. 220.
- ^ Oren. Power, Faith, and Fantasy, p. 333.
- ^ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, p. 222.
- ^ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, p. 223.
- ^ "Daily at first and then almost hourly, the reports reached Morgenthau's desk": Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, p. 334.
- ^ Oren. Power, Faith, and Fantasy, pp. 333–336.
- ^ Oren. Power, Faith, and Fantasy, p. 335.
- ^ Oren. Power, Faith, and Fantasy, p. 336.
- ^ Oren. Power, Faith, and Fantasy, p. 337.
- ^ Morgenthau, Henry (1918). Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
- ISBN 0-465-01979-X.
- ^ Travis, Hannibal. "Native Christians Massacred: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I," Genocide Studies and Prevention 1 (December 2006): p. 327.
- Alfred M. Lilienthal, The Zionist Connection II: What Price Peace? (New Brunswick, New Jersey: North American, 1982), pp. 768–769. Cited in Edward C. Corrigan, Jewish Criticism of Zionism Archived 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, Middle East Policy Council, Journal, Winter 1990–91, Number 35
- New York Times. May 18, 1972.
- ^ Bezdikian, Hooshere (20 April 2017). "'The Promise' Premieres in New York with Full Cast, Filmmakers, and UN Dignitaries". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Further reading
- The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins.
- Meier, Andrew. Morgenthau: Power, Privilege, and the Rise of an American Dynasty. New York: Random House, 2022.
- Morgenthau III, Henry (1991). Mostly Morgenthaus: A Family History. New York: Ticknor & Fields.
- Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 1776 to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
- Tuchman, Barbara. "The Assimilationist Dilemma: Ambassador Morgenthau's Story," Commentary63 (May 1977).
External links
- Works by or about Henry Morgenthau Sr. at Internet Archive
- Works by Henry Morgenthau Sr. at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Henry Morgenthau Sr. at Flickr Commons
- Henry Morgenthau Sr.. Ambassador Morgenthau's Story at Project Gutenberg
- ——. Ambassador Morgenthau's Story at the World War I Document Archive.
- ——. Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. With translations in French, German and Turkish.
- Henry Morgenthau Sr.. Secrets of the Bosphorus at Project Gutenberg
- I was sent to Athens. An electronic copy of Morgenthau's book on the treatment of Greek refugees by the Ottoman Empire from 1913–1929.
- Native Christians Massacred: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I. Describes Ambassador Morgenthau's attempts to educate the American public about the genocide of the Assyriansof Anatolia and Mesopotamia.