Henry Morton Stanley
Sir Henry Morton Stanley Liberal Unionist | |
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Vega Medal (1883) |
Member of Parliament for Lambeth North | |
In office 15 July 1895 – 17 September 1900 | |
Preceded by | Francis Coldwells |
Succeeded by | Frederick William Horner |
Military service | |
Allegiance |
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Years of service |
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Sir Henry Morton Stanley
More than a century after his death, Stanley's legacy remains the subject of enduring controversy. Although he personally had high regard for many of the native African people who accompanied him on his expeditions,
Early life
Henry Stanley was born as John Rowlands in
The boy was given his father's surname of Rowlands and brought up by his grandfather Moses Parry, a once-prosperous butcher who was living in reduced circumstances. He cared for the boy until he died, when John was five. Rowlands stayed with families of cousins and nieces for a short time, but he was eventually sent to the St Asaph Union Workhouse for the Poor. The overcrowding and lack of supervision resulted in his being frequently abused by older boys. Historian Robert Aldrich has alleged that the headmaster of the workhouse raped or sexually assaulted Rowlands, and that the older Rowlands was "incontrovertibly bisexual".[7] When Rowlands was 10 years old, his mother and two half-siblings stayed for a short while in this workhouse, but he did not recognise them until the headmaster told him who they were.[8]
Life in the United States
Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18. He disembarked at New Orleans and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader. He saw Stanley sitting on a chair outside his store and asked him if he had any job openings. He did so in the British style: "Do you need a boy, sir?" The childless man had indeed been wishing he had a son, and the inquiry led to a job and a close relationship between them.[9] Out of admiration, John took Stanley's name. Later, he wrote that his adoptive parent died two years after their meeting, but in fact the elder Stanley did not die until 1878.[10] This and other discrepancies led John Bierman to argue that no adoption took place.[11]: 27–28 Tim Jeal goes further, and, in his biography, subjects Stanley's account in his posthumously published Autobiography to detailed analysis. Because Stanley got so many basic facts wrong about his purported adoptive family, Jeal concludes that it is very unlikely that he ever met rich Henry Hope Stanley, and that an ordinary grocer, James Speake, was Rowlands' true benefactor until his (Speake's) sudden death in October 1859.[3]: 31–41, esp. 34–41
Stanley reluctantly joined[12]: 50 in the American Civil War, first enrolling in the Confederate States Army's 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment[13] and fighting in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862.[14] After being taken prisoner at Shiloh, he was recruited at Camp Douglas, Illinois, by its commander Colonel James A. Mulligan as a "Galvanized Yankee." He joined the Union Army on 4 June 1862 but was discharged 18 days later because of severe illness.[12]: 61 After recovering, he served on several merchant ships before joining the US Navy in July 1864. He became a record keeper on board the USS Minnesota, and participated in the First Battle of Fort Fisher and the Second Battle of Fort Fisher, which led him into freelance journalism. Stanley and a junior colleague jumped ship on 10 February 1865 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in search of greater adventures.[12]: 63–65 Stanley was possibly the only man to serve in the Confederate Army, the Union Army, and the Union Navy.[15]
British expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868)
Following the American Civil War, Stanley became a journalist in the days of frontier expansion in the American West. He then organised an expedition to the Ottoman Empire that ended catastrophically when he was imprisoned. He eventually talked his way out of jail and received restitution for damaged expedition equipment.[12]: 71–73
In 1867, the
Finding David Livingstone expedition (1871–1872)
Stanley travelled to Zanzibar in March 1871, later claiming that he outfitted an expedition with 192 porters.[18] In his first dispatch to the New York Herald, however, he stated that his expedition numbered only 111. This was in line with figures in his diaries.[19] James Gordon Bennett Jr., publisher of the New York Herald and funder of the expedition, had delayed sending to Stanley the money he had promised, so Stanley borrowed money from the United States Consul.[3]: 93–94
During the 700-mile (1,100 km) expedition through the tropical forest, his thoroughbred stallion died within a few days after a bite from a tsetse fly, many of his porters deserted, and the rest were decimated by tropical diseases.
Stanley found
The Herald's own first account of the meeting, published 1 July 1872, reports:[22]
Preserving a calmness of exterior before the Arabs which was hard to simulate as he reached the group, Mr. Stanley said: – "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" A smile lit up the features of the pale white man as he answered: "Yes, and I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you."[23]
Stanley joined Livingstone in exploring the region, finding that there was no waterway from Lake Tanganyika to the Nile. On his return, he wrote a book about his experiences: How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveries in Central Africa (1872).[24]
First trans-Africa expedition (1874–1877)
In 1874, the New York Herald and the Daily Telegraph financed Stanley on another expedition to Africa. His ambitious objective was to complete the exploration and mapping of the Central African Great Lakes and rivers, in the process circumnavigating Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika and locating the source of the Nile. Between 1875 and 1876 Stanley succeeded in the first part of his objective, establishing that Lake Victoria had only a single outlet, the one discovered by John Hanning Speke on 21 July 1862 and named Ripon Falls. If this was not the Nile's source, then the separate massive northward flowing river called by Livingstone, the Lualaba, and mapped by him in its upper reaches, might flow on north to connect with the Nile via Lake Albert and thus be the river's primary source.[8]: 301
It was therefore essential that Stanley should trace the course of the Lualaba downstream (northward) from Nyangwe, the point where Livingstone had left it in July 1871.[25] Between November 1876 and August 1877, Stanley and his men navigated the Lualaba up to and beyond the point where it turned sharply westward, away from the Nile, identifying itself as the Congo River.[8]: 315 Having succeeded with this second objective, they then traced the river to the sea. During this expedition, Stanley used sectional boats and dug-out canoes to pass the large cataracts that separated the Congo into distinct tracts. These boats were transported around the rapids before being reassembled to travel on the next section of river. In passing the rapids many of his men were drowned, including his last white colleague, Frank Pocock.[26] The expedition was repeatedly attacked by natives in canoes.[27] Stanley and his men reached the Portuguese outpost of Boma, around 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the mouth of the Congo River on the Atlantic Ocean, after 999 days on 9 August 1877. Muster lists and Stanley's diary (12 November 1874) show that he started with 228 people[3]: 163, 511 note 21 and reached Boma with 114 survivors, with him the only European left alive out of four. In Stanley's Through the Dark Continent (1878) (in which he coined the term "Dark Continent" for Africa), Stanley said that his expedition had numbered 356,[28][29] the exaggeration detracting from his achievement.
Stanley attributed his success to his leading African porters, saying that his success was "all due to the pluck and intrinsic goodness of 20 men ... take the 20 out and I could not have proceeded beyond a few days' journey".[30] Professor James Newman has written that "establishing the connection between the Lualaba and Congo Rivers and locating the source of the Victoria Nile" justified him (Newman) in stating that: "In terms of exploration and discovery as defined in nineteenth-century Europe, he (Stanley) clearly stands at the top."[31]
International Upper Congo Expedition (1879–1884)
On 15 April 1877,
Stanley persuaded Leopold that the first step should be the construction of a wagon trail around the Congo rapids and a chain of trading stations on the river. To avoid discovery, materials and workers were shipped in by various roundabout routes, and communications between Stanley and Leopold were entrusted to Colonel Maximilien Strauch.[35]
Stanley as Leopold's agent
In 1879, Stanley left for Africa for his first mission, ostensibly working for the
Stanley described in writings his dismay with the terrible scenes taking place in Congo. At the same time, his "findings" conveyed an idea that the Dark Continent must submit, willingly or otherwise. Stanley's writings show that he, too, held this view. "Only by proving that we are superior to the savages, not only through our power to kill them but through our entire way of life, can we control them as they are now, in their present stage; it is necessary for their own well-being, even more than ours."[36]
Unexpectedly, France had sent its own expedition to the Congo Basin. Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza had undermined Stanley's mission by concluding contracts himself with native heads of state. The creation of a station that would later be called Brazzaville could not be prevented. Leopold was furious, writing angrily to Strauch: "The terms of the treaties Stanley has made with native chiefs do not satisfy me. There must at least be an added article to the effect that they delegate to us their sovereign rights ... the treaties must be as brief as possible and in a couple of articles must grant us everything."[37]
Since everything in Central Africa was about the balance of power between the
On 26 February 1885, the Berlin Act was signed. The Act regulated an immense free trade zone in the Congo Basin and made it a neutral territory. Furthermore, the Act declared war on slavery. The act contained only one article that Leopold disliked: Article 17 gave the superpowers the right to establish an international commission to supervise the freedom of trade and navigation in Congo. As a result, Leopold would not be able to collect customs duties on the Congo River [36]
In 1890, on the 25th anniversary of Leopold's reign as Belgian monarch, Stanley was taken from one banquet hall to another, proclaimed a hero. Leopold honoured him with the Order of Leopold. Together they examined the entire Congolese situation. The key question was how the Free State could become profitable. Stanley pointed out to the monarch, among other things, the potential of rubber production. Stanley wrote: "You can find it on almost any tree. As we made our way through the forest, it was literally raining rubber juice. Our clothes were full of it. The Congo has so many tributaries that a well-organized company can easily extract a few tons of rubber per year here. You only have to sail up such a river and the branches with rubber hang almost up to your ship."[38]
In 1891, rubber extraction was divided among concessionaires. This soon led to abuses, when the switch was made to "forced labour".[38]
Founding of Leopoldville (Kinshasa)
Stanley, who had left from a post at
Dealings with Zanzibari slave traders
Tippu Tip, the most powerful of Zanzibar's slave traders of the 19th century, was well known to Stanley, as was the social chaos and devastation brought by slave-hunting. It had only been through Tippu Tip's help that Stanley had found Livingstone, who had survived years on the Lualaba under Tippu Tip's friendship. Now, Stanley discovered that Tippu Tip's men had reached still further west in search of fresh populations to enslave.[citation needed]
Four years earlier, the Zanzibaris had thought the Congo deadly and impassable and warned Stanley not to attempt to go there, but when Tippu Tip learned that Stanley had survived, he was quick to act. Villages throughout the region were burned and depopulated. Tippu Tip had raided 118 villages, killed 4,000 Africans, and, when Stanley reached his camp, had 2,300 slaves, mostly young women and children, in chains ready to transport halfway across the continent to the markets of Zanzibar. [citation needed]
Having found the new ruler of the Upper Congo, Stanley had no choice but to negotiate an agreement with him, to stop Tip coming further downstream and attacking Leopoldville and other stations. To achieve this, he had to allow Tip to build his final river station just below Stanley Falls, which prevented vessels from sailing further upstream.[40][citation needed] At the end of his physical resources, Stanley returned home, to be replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Francis de Winton, a former British Army officer.
Emin Pasha Relief Expedition (1887–1890)
In 1886, Stanley led the
The spread of sleeping sickness across areas of central and eastern Africa that were previously free of the disease has been attributed to this expedition,[43][44] but this hypothesis has been disputed. Sleeping sickness had been endemic in these regions for generations and then flared into epidemics as colonial trade increased trade throughout Africa during the ensuing decades.[45][46]
In a number of publications made after the expedition, Stanley asserts that the purpose of the effort was singular; to offer relief to Emin Pasha. For example, he writes the following while explaining the final route decision.
The advantages of the Congo route were about five hundred miles shorter land journey, and less opportunities for deserting. It also quieted the fears of the French and Germans that, behind this professedly humanitarian quest, we might have annexation projects.[47]
However, Stanley's other writings point to a secondary goal which was precisely territorial annexation. He writes in his book on the expedition about his meeting with the Sultan of Zanzibar, when he arrived there at the start of the expedition, and a certain matter that was discussed at that meeting. At first, he is not explicit on the agenda but it is clear enough:
We then entered heartily into our business; how absolutely necessary it was that he should promptly enter into an agreement with the English within the limits assigned by Anglo-German treaty. It would take too long to describe the details of the conversation, but I obtained from him the answer needed.[48]
A few pages further in the same book, Stanley explains what the matter was about and this time, he makes it clear that indeed, it had to do with annexation.
I have settled several little commissions at Zanzibar satisfactorily. One was to get the Sultan to sign the concessions which Mackinnon tried to obtain a long time ago. As the Germans have magnificent territory east of Zanzibar, it was but fair that England should have some portion for the protection she has accorded to Zanzibar since 1841 ... The concession that we wished to obtain embraced a portion of East African coast, of which Mombasa and Malindi were the principal towns. For eight years, to my knowledge, the matter had been placed before His Highness, but the Sultan's signature was difficult to obtain.[49]
The records at the
Later years
On his return to Europe, Stanley married English artist
Mainly at his wife's behest,
Stanley died at his home at 2 Richmond Terrace, Whitehall, London on 10 May 1904.[55] At his funeral, he was eulogised by Daniel P. Virmar. His grave is in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels' Church in Pirbright, Surrey, marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words "Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841–1904, Africa". Bula Matari translates as "Breaker of Rocks" or "Breakstones" in Kongo and was Stanley's name among locals in Congo. It can be translated as a term of endearment for, as the leader of Leopold's expedition, he commonly worked with the labourers breaking rocks with which they built the first modern road along the Congo River.[3]: 241–242 Author Adam Hochschild suggested that Stanley understood it as a heroic epithet,[56]: 68 but there is evidence that Nsakala, the man who coined it, had meant it humorously.[57][3]: 242
Controversies
Overview
Having survived for ten years of his childhood in the workhouse at St Asaph, it is postulated that he needed as a young man to be thought of as harder and more formidable than other explorers. This made him exaggerate punishments and hostile encounters. It was a serious error of judgement for which his reputation continues to pay a heavy price.[3] In the conclusion to his account of a fight with a fellow boy while in the workhouse, Stanley remarked, "Often since have I learned how necessary is the application of force for the establishment of order. There comes a time when pleading is of no avail."[58] He was accused of indiscriminate cruelty against Africans by contemporaries, which included men who served under him or otherwise had first-hand information.[59] Stanley himself acknowledged, "Many people have called me hard, but they are always those whose presence a field of work could best dispense with, and whose nobility is too nice to be stained with toil."[60]
About society women, Stanley wrote that they were "toys to while slow time" and "trifling human beings."
When Stanley married Dorothy, he invited his friend, Arthur Mounteney Jephson, to visit while they were on their honeymoon. Dr. Thomas Parke also came because Stanley was seriously ill at the time. Stanley's good relations with these two colleagues from the Emin Pasha Expedition could possibly be seen as demonstrating that he could get along with colleagues.[61][3]
General opinion about African people
In Through the Dark Continent, Stanley observed the peoples of the region, and wrote that "the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision".[67] Stanley further wrote: "If Europeans will only ... study human nature in the vicinity of Stanley Pool (Kinshasa), they will go home thoughtful men, and may return again to this land to put to good use the wisdom they should have gained ... during their peaceful sojourn."[68]
In How I Found Livingstone (1872), he wrote that he was "prepared to admit any black man possessing the attributes of true manhood, or any good qualities ... to a brotherhood with myself."[69]
Stanley insulted and shouted at
Opinion about mixed African-Arab peoples
The Wangwana of Zanzibar were of
On the other hand, in one of his books, Stanley said about mixed Afro-Arab people: "For the half-castes I have great contempt. They are neither black nor white, neither good nor bad, neither to be admired nor hated. They are all things, at all times ... If I saw a miserable, half-starved negro, I was always sure to be told, he belonged to a half-caste. Cringing and hypocritical, cowardly and debased, treacherous and mean ... this syphilitic, blear-eyed, pallid-skinned, abortion of an Africanized Arab."[73]
Accounts of cruel treatment toward African people
The
In a letter to the Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society in the 1870s, Conservative MP and treasurer of the Aborigines' Protection Society, Sir Robert Fowler, who believed Kirk's report and refused to "whitewash Stanley", insisted that his "heartless butchery of unfortunate natives has brought dishonour on the British flag and must have rendered the course of future travellers more perilous and difficult."[59]
General Charles George Gordon remarked in a letter to Richard Francis Burton that Stanley shared Samuel Baker's tendency to write openly about deploying firearms against Africans in self-defense: "These things may be done, but not advertised",[84] Burton himself wrote that Stanley "shoots negros as if they were monkeys"[56][85][11] in an October 1876 letter to Kirk. He also loathed Stanley for disproving his long-held theory that Lake Tanganyika, which he was the first European to discover, was the true source of the Nile, which may have influenced Burton to misrepresent Stanley's activities in Africa.[86]
In 1877, not long after one of Stanley's expeditions, Farler met with African porters who had been part of the expedition and wrote, "Stanley's followers give dreadful accounts to their friends of the killing of inoffensive natives, stealing their ivory and goods, selling their captives, and so on. I do think a commission ought to inquire into these charges, because if they are true, it will do untold harm to the great cause of emancipating Africa ... I cannot understand all the killing that Stanley has found necessary".[87] Stanley, when reporting the American Indian Wars as a young reporter, had been encouraged by his editors to exaggerate the number of Indians killed by the US Army. The legacy for Stanley, of being a helpless illegitimate boy, deserted by both parents, was a deep sense of inferiority that could only be kept at bay by claims of being much more powerful and feared than he was.[88] Tim Jeal, in his biography of Stanley, has shown by a study of Stanley's diary and his colleague Frank Pocock's diary that on almost every occasion when there was conflict with Africans on the Congo in 1875–76, Stanley exaggerated the scale of the conflict and the deaths on both sides. On 14 February 1877, according to his colleague, Frank Pocock's diary, Stanley's nine canoes, and his sectional boat the Lady Alice, were attacked and followed by eight canoes, crewed by Africans with firearms. In Stanley's book, Through the Dark Continent, Stanley inflated this incident into a major battle, by increasing the number of hostile canoes to 60 and adjusting the casualties accordingly.[88]
Stanley wrote with some measure of satisfaction when describing how Captain John Hanning Speke, the first European to visit Uganda, had been punched in the teeth for disobedience to Sidi Mubarak Bombay, a caravan leader also employed by Stanley, which made Stanley claim that he would never allow Bombay to have the audacity to stand up for a boxing match with him.[89] In the same paragraph, Stanley described how he several months later administered punishment to the African.[89][88]
William Grant Stairs found Stanley during the Emina Pasha expedition to be cruel, secretive and selfish.[90] John Rose Troup, in his book about the Emin Pasha expedition, said that he saw Stanley's self-serving and vindictive side: "In the forgoing letter he brings forward disgraceful charges, that really do not refer to me at all, although he blames me for what happened. The injustice of his accusations, made as they are without documentary or, as far as I can learn, any evidence, can hardly be made clear to the public, but they must be aware, when they read what has preceded this correspondence, that he has acted as no one in his position should have acted".[91][88]
By way of counterpoint, it may be noted that, in later in life, Stanley rebuked subordinates for inflicting needless corporal punishment. For beating one of his most trusted African's servants, he told Lieutenant Carlos Branconnier "that cruelty was not permissible" and that he would dismiss him for a future offence, and he did.[92][3] Stanley was admired by Arthur Jephson, whom William Bonny, the acerbic medical assistant, described as the "most honourable" officer on the expedition.[93] Jephson wrote, "Stanley never fights where there is the smallest chance of making friends with the natives and he is wonderfully patient & long suffering with them".[94] Writer Tim Jeal has argued that during Stanley's 1871 expedition, he treated his indigenous porters well under "contemporary standards."[95]
Possible inspiration for Heart of Darkness
The legacy of death and destruction in the Congo region during the Free State period and the fact that Stanley had worked for Leopold are considered by author Norman Sherry to have made him an inspiration for Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.[96]
Conrad, however, had spent six months of 1890 as a steamship captain on the Congo, years after Stanley had been there (1879–1884) and five years after Stanley had been recalled to Europe and ceased to be Leopold's chief agent in Africa.[3]
Works by Stanley
- How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone. Scribner, Armstrong. 1872. ISBN 9780524087862.
- Through the Dark Continent; Or, The Sources of the Nile: Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, Rivington. 1878.
- The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State: A Story of Work and Exploration. Harper & Brothers. 1885. ISBN 9780403002887.
- In Darkest Africa; Or, The Quest, Rescue, and Retreat of Emin, Governor of Equatoria. Scribner. 1890.
- My Dark Companions and Their Strange Stories. New York: Scribner. 1893.
- Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1893.
- The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley. Houghton Mifflin. 1909. ISBN 9780837119632.
- Stanley, Richard; Neame, Alan, eds. (1961). The Exploration Diaries: Of H. M. Stanley. Now First Published from the Original Manuscripts. Kimber.
- Bennett, Norman Robert, ed. (1970). Stanley's Despatches to the New York Herald: 1871–1872, 1874–1877. Boston: Boston University Press. ISBN 978-0-8419-8706-7.
Works depicting Stanley
- Stanley and Livingstone, a 1939 film, stars Spencer Tracy as Stanley and Cedric Hardwicke as Livingstone.[97]
- The 1949 comedy film Africa Screams is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington, played by Lou Costello. He is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt.[98]
- Stanley was portrayed by Fort Larned, Kansas to assess Hancock's success in avoiding war on the frontier. Charles Carlson filled the role of Wild Bill Hickok.[99]
- Stanley Livingston, played by Mort Marshall, whose name invokes both Stanley and David Livingtone, was the zoo director on Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales, a 1963-66 animated series.[citation needed]
- In 1971, the BBC produced a six-part dramatised documentary series entitled Search for the Nile. Much of the series was shot on location, with Stanley played by Keith Buckley.[100]
- Stanley appears as a character in Tippu Tib while Stanley went on to relieve Emin Pasha.[101]
- Stanley was portrayed by Aidan Quinn in the TV movie Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997).[102]
- A Nintendo video game based on his life was released in 1992 called Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston.[103]
- In 2004, Welsh journalist Tim Butcher wrote his book Blood River: A Journey to Africa's Broken Heart. The book followed Stanley's journey through the Congo.[104]
- The 2009 History Channel series Expedition Africa documented a group of explorers attempting to traverse the route of Stanley's expedition in search of Livingstone.[105]
- In 2015, Oscar Hijuelos's novel Twain & Stanley Enter Paradise retold the story of Stanley's life through a focus on his friendship with Mark Twain.[106]
Honours and legacy
A former hospital in St Asaph, north Wales, was named after Stanley in honour of his birth in the area.[107] It was formerly the workhouse in which he spent much of his early life. Memorials to Stanley were erected in St Asaph and in Denbigh (a statue of Stanley with an outstretched hand) in 2011.[108] A working party was set up in 2020 to consider new wording for a plaque on the St Asaph obelisk,[109] and a public consultation and vote was held in 2021 over a proposal to remove the Denbigh statue, which resulted in an 80 per cent majority for retaining the statue.[110]
- freshwater snail Gabbiella stanleyi (E. A. Smith, 1877)[111]
- freshwater snail genus Stanleya Bourguignat, 1885[112]
The mineral stanleyite is named in his honour, as the describer of the mineral was surnamed Livingstone but a mineral named livingstonite (named for David Livingstone) already existed.[113]
Stanley Electric, a major Japanese supplier of automotive lighting, was named by founder Takaharu Kitano after Stanley in admiration of his "perseverance and pioneering spirit".[114]
List of Stanley's expeditions
Expedition | Date |
---|---|
British Expedition to Abyssinia |
1867–1868 |
Search for Livingstone | 1871–1872 |
Third Ashanti war Expedition | 1873–1873 |
First trans-Africa expedition | 1874–1877 |
International Upper Congo Expedition | 1879–1884 |
Emin Pasha Relief Expedition | 1887–1890 |
Source:[115] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Stanley was Welsh by birth and upbringing, but assumed an American identity as a young man and consistently represented himself as an American throughout his life. He was naturalised as an American citizen in 1885,[3]: 294–295 though he later resumed his British subjecthood in 1892 in order to run for Parliament.[3]: 424
References
- ^ "Henry Stanley (1841–1904)". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Sir Henry Morton Stanley". britannica.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0300126259.
- ^ Rushby, Kevin (24 March 2007). "A plinth for the fallen idol". The Guardian.
And in recent times, Stanley's reputation has only fallen further. Both Adam Hochschild's King Leopold's Ghost (1998) and Frank McLynn's two-volume biography (1989 and 1991) exposed the hard-hearted monster to pitiless scrutiny. Treaties made between Brussels and illiterate chiefs show Stanley as the architect of a shoddy robbery: vast swaths of Congo exchanged for bolts of cheap cloth and bottles of gin.
- ^ Stanley 1909, p. 4.
- ^ Davies, William Llewelyn (1959). "Stanley, (Sir) Henry Morton (alias Rowlands, John) (1841–1904), explorer, administrator, and author". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. The National Library of Wales. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-134-64459-9.
- ^ ISBN 9780300149357.
- ^ a b Severin, Timothy (February 1974). "The Making of an American Lion". American Heritage. 25 (2). Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ISBN 0-312-30486-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-292-70802-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7524-9494-4.
- ^ "Primary Sources: Henry Morton Stanley: A Confederate Soldier at Shiloh, (for the 2002 PBS film The American Experience: Ulysses S. Grant)". Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-85532-606-4.
- ISBN 0-8032-6075-X.
- ^ "How I Found Livingstone, by Henry M. Stanley". The Project Gutenberg EBook.
- ^ Rushby, Kevin (24 March 2007). "A plinth for the fallen idol". The Guardian.
- ^ Stanley 1872, p. 68.
- ^ Stanley 1970, p. 13.
- ^ ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ^ Stanley, Henry Morton (2 July 1872). "The Search for Livingston" (PDF). The New York Times.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ NY Herald, 1 July 1872.
- ^ "David Livingstone letter deciphered at last. Four-page missive composed at the lowest point in his professional life". Associated Press. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ^ Stanley 1872.
- ^ Livingstone, David (1874). Horace Waller (ed.). The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi ; in Two Volumes. Vol. 2. J. Murray. p. 141.
- ^ Stanley 1961, pp. 187–.
- ^ Boyd, James Penny (1889). Stanley in Africa. Stanley Publishing Company. p. 397.
- ISBN 9780395194263.
- ^ Stanley 1878, p. 65.
- ^ Stanley to Edward King, 2 October 1877, RMCA.
- ISBN 978-1-57488-597-2.
- OCLC 781941957.
- ^ Stanley 1885, p. 20.
- ^ Hannes, Vanhauwaert (2005). "8. The short colonial careers of Jules Greindl, Eugène père Beyens, Eugène Napoléon Beyens and Maximilien Strauch; section: A skeptical Jules Greindl (1835–1917)". All the King's Men: A search for the colonial ideas of some advisers and "accomplices" of Leopold II (1853-1892) (in Dutch). Catholic University of Leuven.
- ^ Hochschild, Adam (6 October 2005). "In the Heart of Darkness". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9789463962094.
- ^ Maurice, Albert (1957). H.M. Stanley Unpublished Letters. London: W. & R. Chambers. p. 161.
- ^ ISBN 9789463962094.
- OCLC 781941957.
- ISBN 978-0-8419-0861-1.
- ^ Stanley 1890.
- ^ (Turnbull, 1983)
- ^ Scott, H. Harold (1939). A History of Tropical Medicine (PDF). London: Edward Arnold & Co. p. 458.[permanent dead link]
- PMID 18450785.
- ISBN 978-0-7103-0624-1.
- PMID 24763309.
- ^ Stanley 1909, p. 355.
- ^ Stanley 1890, p. 62.
- ^ Stanley 1890, p. 69.
- ^ Gray, J. M. (1948). "Early Treaties in Uganda, 1888–1891". The Uganda Journal. 2 (1). The Journal of the Uganda Society: 30.
- ^ British National Archives, Kew (BNA) FO 2/139 (Treaty number 56, undated).
- ^ Daerden, Peter; Wynants, Maurits (2005), Inventory of the Henry M. Stanley Archives (PDF) (Revised ed.), Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa
- ^ "No. 11101". The Edinburgh Gazette. 13 June 1899. p. 589.
- ^ Handelsblad (Het), 9 March 1890.
- ^ "STANLEY, Sir Henry Morton (1841-1904)". English Heritage. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ ISBN 0547525737.
- ^ Stanley's Congo Diaries, 1–3 December 1879, RMCA.
- ^ Stanley, Henry M. (Henry Morton); Stanley, Dorothy (1911). The autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley. University of California Libraries. Boston : Houghton Mifflin.
- ^ ISSN 0031-2746.
- ^ Glave, E. J. (1892). In Savage Africa; or, Six Years of Adventure in Congo-Land. New York: R. H. Russell & Son.
- ^ ISBN 9781847010827.
- ^ Reddall, Henry Frederic (1890). Henry M. Stanley: A Record of His Early Life and Struggles. R. Bonner's Sons. p. 21.
- ISBN 9780897330633.
- ISBN 978-1842774854.
- ISBN 9781574885972.
- ^ Alice Pike to Stanley 17 November 1877; also 28, 13 Oct Nov and 4 December 1874; for Katie Gough Roberts see Jeal, 87–88.
- ^ Stanley 1878, p. 216.
- ^ Stanley 1885, p. 394.
- ^ Stanley 1872, p. 10.
- ^ Stanley 1885, pp. 80, 96.
- ^ Stanley to Strauch, 20 September 1880, RMCA.
- ^ Stanley 1872, p. 30.
- ^ Stanley 1872, p. 6.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ^ Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 98–99.
- ^ Waller to Livingstone, 12 August 1872, Rhodes House, Oxford.
- ^ Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. London: Faber & Faber. p. 227.
- ^ Hall, Richard (1974). Stanley:An Adventurer Explored. London: Collins. pp. 245–6.
- ^ Bierman, John (1990). Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley. New York: Knopf. p. 223.
- ^ Stanley to Edward Levy-Lawson 17 August 1877 Russell Train Collection.
- ^ Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. London: Faber & Faber. p. 228.
- ^ Bennett, Norman R. (1970). Stanley's Despatches to the New York Herald 1871-77. Boston: Boston University Press. pp. 317ff, 477ff.
- ^ J. Kirk to Lord Derby, 1 May 1878, F.O. 84/1514.
- ^ Burton, Lady Isabel (1897). Wilkins, W. H. (ed.). The Romance of Isabel, Lady Burton: The Story of Her Life. Vol. 2. New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 661.
- ^ Lefort, Rebecca (25 July 2010). "Row over statue of 'cruel' explorer Henry Morton Stanley". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
- ^ Kennedy, Dane (2005). The Highly Civilised Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World. New York. p. 133.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Extract from a letter of the Rev. J. P. Farler, Magila, Zanzibar, 28 December 1877. FO 84/1527.
- ^ a b c d Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 195–202.
- ^ a b Stanley 1872, p. 28.
- ISBN 9780773516403.
- ^ Troup, John Rose (1890). With Stanley's Rear Column. Chapman and Hall. p. 302.
- ^ Stanley's Congo Diaries, 16 March 6 July 1881, RMCA.
- ^ William Bonny Diary, 29 September 1888, RMCA.
- ISBN 978-1-351-89161-5.
- ^ John Carey (18 March 2007). "A good man in Africa?". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
- ISBN 0-521-29808-3.
- ^ "THE SCREEN; Stanley and Livingstone,' a Film Record of History's Toughest News Assignment, Comes to the Roxy". The New York Times. 5 August 1939. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ISBN 0-399-51605-0, p. 187.
- ^ "The Truth Teller on Death Valley Days". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ "The Search for the Nile: Find Livingstone". Film & TV Database. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-230-36014-3.
- IMDb
- ^ "Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston". Something Awful. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
- ^ Maclean, Rory (9 January 2008). "Rory recommends: Congo crossing". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Carter, Bill (21 May 2009). "Exploring Africa to Find Riches in Ratings". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Corrigan, Maureen (3 November 2015). "'Twain & Stanley Enter Paradise' Educates But Doesn't Entertain Its Readers". NPR. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "HM Stanley Hospital closed and put on market for sale". BBC News. 21 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
- ^ "HM Stanley statue unveiled in his home town of Denbigh". BBC News. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
- ^ Hemming, Jez (24 June 2020). "St Asaph's HM Stanley obelisk will stay where it is, but 'historical context' will be added to it say councillors". Rhyl Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
- ^ Evans, Arron (15 September 2020). "Denbigh Town Council provide update on town's HM Stanley statue consultation process". Denbighshire Free Press. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
- Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 712–722.
Figures 21–22
- ^ Bourguignat, J. R. (1885). Notice prodromique sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Victor Giraud dans la region méridionale du lac Tanganika [Prodromic note on terrestrial and fluvial molluscs collected by Mr. Victor Giraud in the southern region of Lake Tanganyika] (in French). Paris: Tremblay. pp. 11, 86–87.
- S2CID 53679659.
- ^ "Auto lightning supplier in London back on beam". The Columbus dispatch. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- ^ The Expeditions of Sir Henry Morton Stanley
Further reading
- Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 779–781. .
- Dugard, Martin: Into Africa: The Epic Adventures of Stanley and Livingstone, 2003. ISBN 0-385-50451-9
- Hall, Richard (1974). Stanley. An Adventurer Explored, London.
- Hughes, Nathaniel, Jr. Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Confederate ISBN 0-8071-2587-3, reprint with introduction, copyright 2000, from original, The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1909)
- Liebowitz, Daniel; Pearson, Charles: The Last Expedition: Stanley's Mad Journey Through the Congo, 2005. ISBN 0-393-05903-0
- Pakenham, Thomas: The Scramble for Africa. Abacus History, 1991. ISBN 0-349-10449-2
- Petringa, Maria: Brazza, A Life for Africa, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
- The British Medical Journal 1870–1871 editions have numerous reports of Stanley's progress in trying to track David Livingstone.
- Simpson, J. 2007. Not Quite World's End A Traveller's Tales. pp. 291–293; 294–296. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-43560-4
- Anonymous (1873). "H. M. Stanley". Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers. pp. 124–125. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
External links
- Works by Henry Morton Stanley at Project Gutenberg
- How I Found Livingstone at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Henry Morton Stanley at Internet Archive
- Works by Henry Morton Stanley at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- H M Stanley Hospital
- How I Found Livingstone, illustrated. From Internet Archive.
- In darkest Africa; or, The quest, rescue, and retreat of Emin, governor of Equatoria. Volume 1 (1890), illustrated. From Internet Archive.
- In darkest Africa; or, The quest, rescue, and retreat of Emin, governor of Equatoria. Volume 2 (1890), illustrated. From Internet Archive.
- Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), Explorer and journalist Sitter associated with 27 portraits
- Letters and maps associated with HM Stanley from Gathering the Jewels
- HM Stanley and Knife Crime
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir Henry Stanley
- Collected journalism of Henry Stanley at The Archive of American Journalism
- Newspaper clippings about Henry Morton Stanley in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Archive Henry Morton Stanley, Royal Museum for Central Africa