Hepacivirus

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Hepacivirus
Hepacivirus structure and genome
Hepacivirus structure and genome
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Flasuviricetes
Order: Amarillovirales
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Hepacivirus
Synonyms
  • Hepatitis C-like viruses[1]
  • Hepatitis virus C group[2]

Hepacivirus is a genus of

Hepacivirus C, infects humans and is associated with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.[3][4] There are fourteen species in the genus which infect a range of other vertebrate.[3]

History

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is the causative agent of hepatitis C in humans, and a member of the species Hepacivirus C, was discovered in 1989.[5] Seven genotypes (1–7) and eighty-six subtypes (1a, 1b etc.) of hepatitis C virus have been named.[6]

GBV-B virus (also known as GB virus B) discovered in 1995 is capable of infecting

tamarins. Like HCV it is transmitted by the blood-borne route and similar to HCV it is associated with the viral hepatitis. However GBV-B has never been identified in wild animals and its natural host is not known.[5]

Structure

Viruses in the genus Hepacivirus are enveloped and have spherical icosahedral-like geometries with pseudo T=3 symmetry. The virus particle diameter is around 50 nm. Genomes are linear, non-segmented, and around 10,000 nucleotides in length.[3][4]

Life cycle

Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive strand RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation. Humans and other vertebrate serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are sexual, blood, and contact.[3][4]

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of hepaciviruses and pegiviruses with their host

In the genus Hepacvirus there are 14 species:[7][3]

Additional information

Additional hepaciviruses have been described from bats, rodents including bank voles, horses, and dogs.

Spermophilus undulatus.[12]

Cattle are a host for viruses of the species Hepacivirus N.[13][14] The viruses most closely related to Hepacivirus C are the equine hepaciviruses of the species Hepacivirus A.[15] There are at least two subtypes of equine hepacivirus.[16] Hepacivirus A infecting horses has also been found in donkeys.[17]

A virus related to the hepaciviruses has been isolated from bald eagles (

Proscyllium habereri).[20] The virus – Jogalong virus – has been described that appears to belong to another species in this genus.[21]

References

  1. PMID 8992952
    . Retrieved 13 March 2019. To name the genus comprising the hepatitis C-like viruses as the genus Hepacivirus.
  2. ^ 1ICTV 6th Report Murphy, F. A., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Ghabrial, S. A., Jarvis, A. W. Martelli, G. P. Mayo, M. A. & Summers, M. D.(eds)(1995). Virus Taxonomy. Sixthreport of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology Supplement 10, p. 424 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%206th%20Report.pdf
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Flaviviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
  4. ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  5. ^
    PMID 21084497
    .
  6. ^ "HCV Classification". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).[dead link]
  7. PMID 27692039
    .
  8. PMID 23572554
    .
  9. PMID 23818848
    .
  10. PMID 23740998
    .
  11. PMID 29495551
    .
  12. ^ Li LL, Liu MM, Shen S, Zhang YJ, Xu YL, Deng HY, Deng F, Duan ZJ (2019) Detection and characterization of a novel hepacivirus in long-tailed ground squirrels (Spermophilus undulatus) in China. Arch Virol
  13. PMID 25787289
    .
  14. PMID 25926652
    .
  15. PMID 26494702
    .
  16. S2CID 19064165
    .
  17. ^ Walter S, Rasche A, Moreira-Soto A, Pfaender S, Bletsa M, Corman VM, Aguilar-Setien A, García-Lacy F, Hans A, Todt D, Schuler G, Shnaiderman-Torban A, Steinman A, Roncoroni C, Veneziano V, Rusenova N12, Sandev N12, Rusenov A, Zapryanova D, García-Bocanegra I, Jores J, Carluccio A, Veronesi MC, Cavalleri JMV, Drosten C, Lemey P, Steinmann E, Drexler JF (2016) Differential infection patterns and recent evolutionary origins of Equine Hepaciviruses in donkeys. J Virol 91(1)
  18. ^ Goldberg TL, Sibley SD, Pinkerton ME, Dunn CD, Long LJ, White LC, Strom SM (2019) Multidecade mortality and a homolog of Hepatitis C Virus in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the national bird of the USA. Sci Rep 9(1):14953
  19. ^ Chu L, Jin M, Feng C, Wang X, Zhang D (2019) A highly divergent hepacivirus-like flavivirus in domestic ducks. J Gen Virol
  20. PMID 26491167
    .
  21. ^ Williams SH, Levy A, Yates RA, Somaweera N, Neville PJ, Nicholson J, Lindsay MDA, Mackenzie JS, Jain K, Imrie A, Smith DW, Lipkin WI (2020) Discovery of Jogalong virus, a novel hepacivirus identified in a Culex annulirostris (Skuse) mosquito from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. PLoS One 15(1):e0227114

External links