Hephaestus
Hephaestus | |
---|---|
God of fire, volcanoes, metalworking, artisans, metallurgy, carpenters, forges, sculpting, and blacksmiths | |
Member of the Twelve Olympians | |
Abode | Mount Olympus |
Symbol | hammer, anvil, tongs |
Personal information | |
Parents | Zeus and Hera, or Hera alone |
Siblings | Ares, Hebe, Eileithyia, and many paternal half-siblings |
Consort | Aphrodite (divorced) Aglaea |
Children | Thalia, Erichthonius, Eucleia, Eupheme, Philophrosyne, Cabeiri and Euthenia |
Equivalents | |
Roman equivalent | Vulcan |
Part of a series on |
Ancient Greek religion |
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Hephaestus (
As a smithing god, Hephaestus made all the weapons of the gods in Olympus. He served as the blacksmith of the gods, and was worshipped in the manufacturing and industrial centres of Greece, particularly Athens. The cult of Hephaestus was based in Lemnos.[1] Hephaestus's symbols are a smith's hammer, anvil, and a pair of tongs.
Etymology
Hephaestus is probably associated with the Linear B (Mycenaean Greek) inscription 𐀀𐀞𐀂𐀴𐀍, A-pa-i-ti-jo, found at Knossos.[5] The inscription indirectly attests his worship at that time because it is believed that it reads the theophoric name (H)āpʰaistios,[5] or Hāphaistion.[6][7] The Greek theonym Hēphaistos is most likely of Pre-Greek origin, as the form without -i- (Attic Hēphastos) shows a typical Pre-Greek variation and points to an original sy.[5]
Epithets
Hephaestus is given many epithets. The meaning of each epithet is:[8]
- Amphigyḗeis often translated as "the lame one"; literally "lame on both sides" vel sim. (Ἀμφιγυήεις)
- Kyllopodíōn "club-footed" or "of dragging feet" (Κυλλοποδίων)
- Khalkeús "coppersmith" (Χαλκεύς)
- Klytotékhnēs "renowned artificer" (Κλυτοτέχνης)
- Polýmētis "shrewd, crafty" or "of many devices" (Πολύμητις)
- Aitnaîos "Aetnaean" (Αἰτναῖος), owing to his workshop being supposedly located below Mount Aetna.[9]
- Polýphrōn "ingenious, inventive" (Πολύφρων)
- Agaklytós "very famous, glorious" (Ἀγακλυτός)
- Aithalóeis theós "sooty god" (Αἰθαλόεις θεός)
Mythology
Craft of Hephaestus
Hephaestus had his own palace on Olympus, containing his workshop with anvil and twenty
He gave to the blinded Orion his apprentice Cedalion as a guide. In some versions of the myth,[14] Prometheus stole the fire that he gave to man from Hephaestus's forge. Hephaestus also created the gift that the gods gave to man, the woman Pandora and her pithos. Being a skilled blacksmith, Hephaestus created all the thrones in the Palace of Olympus.[12]
Automatons
According to Homer, Hephaestus built
A similar golden dog (Κυων Χρυσεος) was set by Rhea to guard the infant Zeus and his nurse, the goat Amaltheia, on the island of Krete. Later Tantalus was said to have stolen the automata when it guarded Zeus' temple, or to have persuaded Pandareos to steal it for him. Later texts attempt to replace the automaton with the idea that the golden dog was actually Rhea, transformed in that way by Hephaestus.[18]
Parentage
- According to Homer (Iliad, I 571-577), Hera is mentioned as the mother of Hephaestus but there is not sufficient evidence to say that Zeus was his father (although he refers to him in such way).
- According to Homer (Odyssey, VIII 306), there is not sufficient evidence to say that Zeus was the father of Hephaestus (although he refers to him in such way). Hera is not mentioned as the mother.
- According to Hesiod (Theogony, 927-928), Hera gave birth to Hephaestus on her own as revenge for Zeus giving birth to Athena without her (Zeus lay with Metis).
- According to Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, 1.3.6), Hera gave birth to Hephaestus alone. Pseudo-Apollodorus also relates that, according to Homer, Hephaestus is one of the children of Zeus and Hera (consciously contradicting Hesiod and Homer).
- Several later texts follow Hesiod's account, including Fabulae.
In the account of Attic vase painters, Hephaestus was present at the birth of Athena and wields the axe with which he split Zeus' head to free her. In the latter account, Hephaestus is there represented as older than Athena, so the mythology of Hephaestus is inconsistent in this respect.
Fall from Olympus
In one branch of Greek mythology, Hera ejected Hephaestus from the heavens because of his congenital impairment. He fell into the ocean and was raised by
In another account, Hephaestus, attempting to rescue his mother from Zeus' advances, was flung down from the heavens by Zeus. He fell for an entire day and landed on the island of Lemnos, where he was cared for and taught to be a master craftsman by the Sintians – an ancient tribe native to that island.[4] Later writers describe his physical disability as the consequence of his second fall, while Homer makes him disabled from his birth.
Return to Olympus
Hephaestus was one of the Olympians to have returned to Olympus after being exiled.
In an archaic story,[a][19][20] Hephaestus gained revenge against Hera for rejecting him by making her a magical golden throne, which, when she sat on it, did not allow her to stand up again.[b] The other gods begged Hephaestus to return to Olympus to let her go, but he refused, saying "I have no mother".[20]
It was Ares who undertook the task of fetching Hephaestus at first, but he was threatened by the fire god with torches.
According to
The theme of the return of Hephaestus, popular among the Attic vase-painters whose wares were favored among the
The traveller Pausanias reported seeing a painting in the temple of Dionysus in Athens, which had been built in the 5th century but may have been decorated at any time before the 2nd century CE. When Pausanias saw it, he said:
There are paintings here – Dionysus bringing Hephaestus up to heaven. One of the Greek legends is that Hephaestus, when he was born, was thrown down by Hera. In revenge he sent as a gift a golden chair with invisible fetters. When Hera sat down she was held fast, and Hephaestus refused to listen to any other of the gods except Dionysus – in him he reposed the fullest trust – and after making him drunk Dionysus brought him to heaven.
— Pausanias, 1.20.3
Hephaestus and Aphrodite
Though married to Hephaestus, Aphrodite had an affair with Ares, the god of war. Eventually, Hephaestus discovered Aphrodite's affair through Helios, the all-seeing Sun, and planned a trap during one of their trysts. While Aphrodite and Ares lay together in bed, Hephaestus ensnared them in an unbreakable chain-link net so small as to be invisible and dragged them to Mount Olympus to shame them in front of the other gods for retribution.
The gods laughed at the sight of these naked lovers, and Poseidon persuaded Hephaestus to free them in return for a guarantee that Ares would pay the adulterer's fine or that he would pay it himself. Hephaestus states in The Odyssey that he would return Aphrodite to her father and demand back his bride price. The Emily Wilson translation depicts Hephaestus demanding/imploring Zeus before Poseidon offers, however, leading the reader to assume Zeus did not give back the "price" Hephaestus paid for his daughter and was thus why Poseidon intervened.[31] Some versions of the myth state that Zeus did not return the dowry, and in fact Aphrodite "simply charmed her way back again into her husband’s good graces."[32] In the Iliad, Hephaestus is presented as divorced from Aphrodite, and now married to the Grace Aglaea.[33] In the Theogony, Aglaea is presented as Hephaestus' mate with no apparent mention of any marriage to Aphrodite.[34]
In a much later interpolated detail, Ares put the young soldier
The
Hephaestus was somehow connected with the archaic, pre-Greek
Hephaestus and Athena
Hephaestus is to the male gods as Athena is to the female, for he gives skill to mortal artists and was believed to have taught men the arts alongside Athena.[39] At Athens, they had temples and festivals in common.[d] Both were believed to have great healing powers, and Lemnian earth (terra Lemnia) from the spot on which Hephaestus had fallen was believed to cure madness, the bites of snakes, and haemorrhage; and priests of Hephaestus knew how to cure wounds inflicted by snakes.[40]
He was represented in the temple of Athena Chalcioecus (Athena of the Bronze House
Athena is sometimes thought to be the "soulmate" of Hephaestus.[47] Nonetheless, he "seeks impetuously and passionately to make love to Athena: at the moment of climax she pushes him aside, and his semen falls to the earth where it impregnates Gaia."[48]
Volcano god
Some state that his origin myth was that of a "daemon of fire coming up from the earth"—that he was also associated with gas "which takes fire and burns [and] is considered by many people to be divine" and that only later was a volcano considered Hephaestus's smithy.[45]
Hephaestus was associated by Greek colonists in southern Italy with the volcano gods Adranus (of Mount Etna) and Vulcanus of the Lipari islands. The first-century sage Apollonius of Tyana is said to have observed, "there are many other mountains all over the earth that are on fire, and yet we should never be done with it if we assigned to them giants and gods like Hephaestus".[49]
Nevertheless, Hephaestus’ domain over fire goes back to Homer’s Iliad, where he uses flames to dry the waters of Scamandrus river and force its homonym deity, who was attacking Achilles, to retreat.
Other mythology
In the Trojan war, Hephaestus sided with the Greeks, but was also worshipped by the Trojans and saved one of their men from being killed by Diomedes.[50] Hephaestus' favourite place in the mortal world was the island of Lemnos, where he liked to dwell among the Sintians,[51][52][53] but he also frequented other volcanic islands such as Lipari, Hiera, Imbros and Sicily, which were called his abodes or workshops.[54][55][56][57][58][59]
Hephaestus fought against the
The epithets and surnames by which Hephaestus is known by the poets generally allude to his skill in the plastic arts or to his figure or disability. The Greeks frequently placed miniature statues of Hephaestus near their hearths, and these figures are the oldest of all his representations.[63][64][65]
At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis he gave a knife as a wedding present.[66][67]
Lovers, others and children
According to most versions, Hephaestus's consort is
Károly Kerényi notes that "charis" also means "the delightfulness of art" and supposes that Aphrodite is viewed as a work of art, speculating that Aphrodite could also have been called Charis as an alternative name, for in the Odyssey Homer suddenly makes her his wife.[68]
In
On the island of Lemnos, Hephaestus' consort was the sea
.Hephaestus fathered several children with mortals and immortals alike. One of those children was the robber Periphetes.
Offspring | Mothers |
---|---|
Eucleia, Euthenia, Eupheme, Philophrosyne | Aglaea |
Erichthonius | Gaia |
The Palici | Aetna |
The Cabeiri, The Cabeirian nymphs | Cabeiro[73] |
Periphetes | Anticlea |
Ardalus, Spinter | Unknown |
In addition, the Romans claim their equivalent god, Vulcan, to have produced the following children:
Symbolism
Hephaestus was sometimes portrayed as a vigorous man with a beard and was characterized by his hammer or some other crafting tool, his oval cap, and the
Hephaestus is described in mythological sources as "lame" (chōlos) and "halting" (ēpedanos).[76] He was depicted with curved feet, an impairment he had either from birth or as a result of his fall from Olympus. In vase paintings, Hephaestus is sometimes shown bent over his anvil, hard at work on a metal creation, and sometimes his feet are curved back-to-front: Hephaistos amphigyēeis. He walked with the aid of a stick. The Argonaut Palaimonius, "son of Hephaestus" (i.e. a bronze-smith), also had a mobility impairment.[77]
Other "sons of Hephaestus" were the Cabeiri on the island of Samothrace, who were identified with the crab (karkinos) by the lexicographer Hesychius. The adjective karkinopous ("crab-footed") signified "lame", according to Detienne and Vernant.[78] The Cabeiri were also physically disabled.
In some myths, Hephaestus built himself a "wheeled chair" or chariot with which to move around, thus helping support his mobility while demonstrating his skill to the other gods.[79] In the Iliad 18.371, it is stated that Hephaestus built twenty bronze wheeled tripods to assist him in moving around.[80]
Hephaestus's appearance and physical disability are taken by some to represent
Comparative mythology
Parallels in other mythological systems for Hephaestus's symbolism include:
- The Ugarit craftsman-god Kothar-wa-Khasis, who is identified from afar by his distinctive walk – possibly suggesting that he limps.[83]
- As Herodotus was given to understand, the Egyptian craftsman-god Ptah was a dwarf god and is often depicted naked.[84]
- In Norse mythology, Weyland the Smithwas a physically disabled bronzeworker.
- In Hinduism the artificer god Tvastr fills a similar role, albeit more positively portrayed.[85]
- The Ossetian god Kurdalagon may share a similar origin.[85]
Worship
Solinus wrote that the Lycians dedicated a city to Hephaestus and called it Hephaestia.[86]
The Hephaestia in Lemnos was named after the god. In addition, the whole island of Lemnos was sacred to Hephaestus.[87]
Pausanias wrote that the Lycians in Patara had a bronze bowl in their temple of Apollo, saying that Telephus dedicated it and Hephaestus made it.[88]
Pausanias also wrote that the village of Olympia in Elis contained an altar to the river Alpheios, next to which was an altar to Hephaestus sometimes referred to as the altar of "Warlike Zeus."[89]
The island Thermessa, between Lipari and Sicily, was also called Hiera of Hephaestus (ἱερὰ Ἡφαίστου), meaning sacred place of Hephaestus in Greek.[90]
Namesakes
Pliny the Elder wrote that at Corycus there was a stone which was called Hephaestitis or Hephaestus stone. According to Pliny, the stone was red and was reflecting images like a mirror, and when boiling water poured over it cooled immediately or alternatively when it placed in the sun it immediately set fire to a parched substance.[91]
The minor planet 2212 Hephaistos, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh, was named in Hephaestus' honour.[92]
Genealogy
Hephaestus's family tree [93] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
Notes
- Libanios, according to Hedreen (2004).
- ^ A section "The Binding of Hera" is devoted to this archaic theme in Kerenyi (1951, pp 156–158), who refers to this "ancient story", which is one of the "tales of guileful deeds performed by cunning gods, mostly at a time when they had not joined the family on Olympus".
- ^ The return of Hephaestus was painted on the Etruscan tomb at the "Grotta Campana" near Veii was identified by Petersen (1902); the "well-known subject" was doubted in this instance by Harmon (1912).
- ^ See Dict of Ant. s. v. Hêphaisteia, Chalkeia.
References
- ^ a b Walter Burkert, Greek Religion 1985: III.2.ii; see coverage of Lemnos-based traditions and legends at Mythic Lemnos
- ISBN 0736621121.
- ^ a b Homeric Hymn to Apollo 316–321; Homer, Iliad 395–405.
- ^ Valerius Flaccus, ii, 8.5; Apollodorus, i, 3 § 5. Apollodorus confounds the two occasions on which Hephaestus was thrown from Olympus.
- ^ a b c Beekes 2009, p. 527.
- ISBN 0-521-29037-6. At Google Books.
- ISBN 0-87220-721-8. At Google Books
- ^ Autenrieth, Georg (1891). "Hephaestus". A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges. United States of America: Harper and Brothers.
- ^ Aelian, Hist. An. xi. 3, referenced under Aetnaeus in William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
- ^ Il. xviii. 370, &c.
- ^ The provenance of the staff of office is recounted in Iliad II
- ^ a b Graves, Robert (1960). "The Palace of Olympus". Greek Gods and Heroes. United States of America: Dell Laurel-Leaf. p. 150.
- ^ Virg. Aen. viii. 416, &c.
- S2CID 161700684.
- ^ Homer, Iliad, 18. 373–379
- ^ Homer, Iliad, 18. 417–421
- ^ Homer, Odyssey, 7. 91–4
- ^ Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses, 11 and 36.
- ^ Guy Hedreen (2004) The Return of Hephaistos, Dionysiac Processional Ritual and the Creation of a Visual Narrative. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 124 (2004:38–64) p. 38 and note.
- ^ a b Kerényi 1951, p. 156–158.
- ^ Libanius, Progymnasmata 7
- ^ Axel Seeberg (1965) Hephaistos Rides Again. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 85, pp. 102–109, describes and illustrates four pieces of Corinthian painted pottery with the theme
- ^ A black red-figure calpis in the collection of Marsden J. Perry was painted with the return of Hephaestus (Eldridge, 1917, pp 38–54).
- ^ L. G. Eldridge (1917) An Unpublished Calpis. American Journal of Archaeology, 21.1, pp 38–54 (January–March 1917).
- ^ The significance of the subject for the pre-history of Greek drama is argued by Webster (1958, pp 43ff.) and more recently by Hedreen (2004, pp 38–64).
- ^ T.B.L. Webster (1958) Some thoughts on the pre-history of Greek drama. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 5, pp 43ff.
- Hyginus, Fabulae 166
- ^ Slater, pp 199-200 "And [Hera] was released only when she swore to the truth of his birth story, or, in another version, promised Aphrodite to her son."
- ^ Petersen (1902) Über die älteste etruskische Wandmälerei, pp 149ff. Rome.
- ^ A. M. Harmon (1912) The Paintings of the Grotta Campana. American Journal of Archaeology, 16.1, 1–10 (January–March 1912);
- ISBN 9780393634563.
- ISBN 9780133649505.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 18.382
- ^ a b Hesiod, Theogony, 945
- ISBN 978-90-420-2709-1.
- ^ Lucian, Gallus 3, see also scholiast on Aristophanes, Birds 835; Eustathius, Ad Odysseam 1.300; Ausonius, 26.2.27; Libanius, Progymnasmata 2.26.
- ^ Aeneid i.664
- ^ Roman Monica and Luke, p. 201
- ^ Od. vi. 233, xxiii. 160. Hymn. in Vaulc. 2. &c.
- ^ Philostr. Heroic. v. 2; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 330; Dict. Cret. ii. 14.
- ^ The Museum of Goddess Athena, Sanctuary of Athena Chalkiokos at Sparta
- ^ Paus. iii. 17. § 3
- ^ v. 19. § 2
- ^ Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 30; Val. Max. viii. 11. § 3
- ^ ISBN 9780812210347. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Herod. iii. 37; Aristoph. Av. 436; Callim. Hymnn. in Dian. 60
- ^ Stein, p. 11, which goes on to say: "Yet a kind of cloudy mysteriousness shrouds their relationship; no single tradition was ever clearly established on this subject, and so what confronts us is a blurred image based on rumors and conflicting reports."
- ISBN 978-0882143125.
- ^ Life of Apollonius of Tyana, book v.16.
- ^ Homer, Iliad, v, 9 ff.
- ^ Od. viii. 283ff.
- ^ Homer, Iliad, i, 593.
- ^ Ovid, Fasti, viii, 82.
- ^ Apollonius of Rhodes, iii. 41.
- ^ Callimachus, Hymn. in Dian. 47
- ^ Serv. ad Aen, viii, 416.
- ^ Strabo, p. 275.
- ^ Pliny, Naturalis Historia, iii, 9.
- Valerius Flaccus, ii, 96.
- ^ Apollodorus 1.6.2; other sources give Mimas' killer as Zeus or Hephaestus' brother Ares.
- ^ Gantz, p. 451
- Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.220–234
- Heroditus, iii, 37
- ^ Aristophanes, Av., 436.
- ^ Callimachus, Hymn. in Dian., 60.
- ^ a b "Bibliothèque de Photius : 190. Ptolémée Chennus, Nouvelle Histoire". remacle.org.
- ^ "ToposText". topostext.org.
- ISBN 9780500270486. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ a b Kerényi 1951, p. 281.
- ^ a b c d e f Kerényi 1951, p. 123.
- ^ ISBN 0-674-36281-0
- ^ Hyginus made an imaginative etymology for Erichthonius, of strife (Eris) between Athena and Hephaestus and the Earth-child (chthonios).
- ^ Strabo, 10.3.21 citing Pherecydes.
- ^ "ToposText". topostext.org.
- ^ "Plutarch, Amatorius, section 18". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
- ^ Odyssey 8.308; Iliad 18.397, etc.
- ^ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica i.204.
- ISBN 978-90-04-09706-3.
- S2CID 17273927.
- ^ Murray, A.T. "The Iliad 18.371". Perseus. Tufts University. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- PMID 3314977.
- ISBN 978-0-300-04440-9.
- ^ Baruch Margalit, Aqhat Epic 1989:289.
- ^ Herodotus, iii.36.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9
- ^ "ToposText". topostext.org.
- ^ "ToposText". topostext.org.
- ^ "Pausanias, Description of Greece, 9.41.1".
- ^ "ToposText". topostext.org. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ "Strabo, Geography, Book 6, chapter 2, section 10". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
- ^ Elder, Pliny the. "Natural History" – via Wikisource.
- ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
- ^ This chart is based upon Hesiod's Theogony, unless otherwise noted.
- ^ According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
- ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.
- ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 886–890, of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived, but the last to be born; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head", see Gantz, pp. 51–52, 83–84.
- ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
- ^ According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
Bibliography
Ancient
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Evelyn-White, Hugh, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard
- Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica; with an English translation by R. C. Seaton. William Heinemann, 1912.
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Ovid, Ovid's Fasti: With an English translation by Sir James George Frazer, London: W. Heinemann LTD; Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1959. Internet Archive.
- Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
Modern
- ISBN 978-90-04-32186-1.
- ISBN 0-500-27048-1.
- Slater, Philip Elliot (1968), The Glory of Hera: Greek Mythology and the Greek Family, Princeton, New Jersey: ISBN 0-691-00222-3. Google books.
- Stein, Murray, Soul: Treatment and Recovery: The selected works of Murray Stein, Routledge, 2015. ISBN 9781317649847.
- Strabo, Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). LacusCurtis, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, Books 6–14.
External links
- Theoi Project, Hephaestus in classical literature and art
- Greek Mythology Link, Hephaestus summary of the myths of Hephaestus
- The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Hephaestus)