Heraclonas
Heraclonas | |||||
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Constantine III (until May 641) Tiberius (October 641) | |||||
Born | 626 Lazica | ||||
Died | 642 (aged 15–16) Rhodes | ||||
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Dynasty | Heraclian | ||||
Father | Heraclius | ||||
Mother | Martina | ||||
Religion | Chalcedonian Christianity |
Heraclian dynasty | ||
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Chronology | ||
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Succession | ||
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Heraclius (
Heraclonas was the son of
Early life and family
Heraclonas was born in 626, in the suburban Palace of Sophianae. He was the son of Emperor Heraclius, and his niece-wife Martina,[7][8][9] and was born while Heraclius campaigned in the east against the Persians.[10]
Under Heraclius, the
Life
Heraclonas was made
Heraclius died of
Shortly after Constantine took the throne, he was informed by his finance minister,
Heraclius' will also stated that Martina should serve as mother and empress-regent (sharing significant power), but this part was rejected by the Senate. Because of Heraclonas' young age, Martina ruled through him, consistently opposing the policies of Constantine, leading to the creation of two different political factions. Constantine's faction was initially the more powerful of the two, but this control was weakened by a flagging economy and the loss of Egypt to the Arabs. Shortly after, on 25 May 641,[c] Constantine died of an advanced case of tuberculosis, although some supporters of Constantine alleged Martina had him poisoned, leaving Heraclonas as the sole ruler, under the regency of Martina.[17][23][24][25][10]
Sole rule and fall
Martina maintained the plans of Constantine, and sent Cyrus to Alexandria, with much of the
Martina was opposed by Valentinus, who was beyond her reach in Anatolia, although she exiled his patron, Philagrius, to Africa.[19][26][27] Heraclonas and Martina lost the support of the Byzantine Senate and people due to the rumors that Martina had poisoned Constantine and their support for Monothelitism.[17] Also at this time, both Heraclonas and Martina's relations with the army suffered as a result of Martina's inability to raise enough funds to match the donative given by Constantine.[19][26][27]
In August 641, Valentinus marched his troops to
Notes
- ^ Constantine III is referred as "his own brother, the little Constantine". On this basis, Philip Grierson attributed to Heraclonas several coins previously thought to represent Constans II.[2] However, George E. Bates used other numismatic evidence to show that the emperor depicted is indeed Constans II, and that Heraclonas only ruled as "Heraclius".[3]
- ^ He is even more rarely called Heraclius III, with Heraclius Constantine numbered as 'Heraclius II' instead of 'Constantine III'.[5]
- inclusive counting, though this metod is not used when reckoning Heraclius' death).[22]
- ^ This must have happened some time after the election of Paul on 1 October.[25][24] Treadgold argued that Heraclonas was deposed on 5 November 641, as attested in the Chronicon Altinate.[24] Stratos favored January 642, but this would require to place Heraclius' death on March 641.[29] Ostrogorsky gives September 641,[6] but he reaches that conclusion by mixing several contradictory accounts.[30] The fall of Martina is usually dated to late 641.[31][10][17][25]
References
Ancient sources
- Breviarium by Nikephoros I of Constantinople.[35]
- ISBN 0-88402-184-X.
- Chronographia by Theophanes the Confessor
- ISBN 9780198225683.
Citations
- ^ Grierson 1992, p. 223–224.
- ^ Grierson 1992, p. 289–401.
- ^ Bates 1971.
- ^ Grierson 1992, p. 389.
- ^ Bussell 1910, pp. xii, 268.
- ^ a b Ostrogorsky 1969, pp. 112–114.
- ^ Kaegi 2003, p. 324.
- ^ a b Treadgold 1997, p. 307.
- ^ a b c PmbZ, Heraclonas (#2565/corr.).
- ^ a b c d e f Jones, Martindale & Morris 1992, p. 588.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 305.
- ^ a b Treadgold 1997, p. 306.
- ^ a b Kaegi 2003, pp. 265–266.
- ^ Stratos 1972, p. 140.
- ^ Reiskius 1829, pp. 627–628.
- ^ a b PmbZ, Heraklonas (#2565/corr.).
- ^ a b c d e f g Moore.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 308.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Treadgold 1997, p. 309.
- ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 917.
- ^ Grierson 1992, p. 385.
- ^ Stratos 1972, pp. 184–185, 216–221.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 308–309.
- ^ a b c Treadgold 1990, pp. 431–433.
- ^ a b c d e f Grierson 1992, p. 390.
- ^ a b c d Stratos 1980, p. 88.
- ^ a b c d Stratos 1980, p. 179.
- ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris 1992, p. 378.
- ^ Stratos 1972, p. 201.
- ^ Stratos 1972, pp. 220–222.
- ^ Foss 2005, p. 96.
- ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 496.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 310.
- ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 918.
- ^ Fontaine 2004, p. 42.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-884-02024-0.
- JSTOR 43573491.
- Bussell, Frederick William (1910). The Roman Empire: Essays on the constitutional history from the accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the retirement of Niceophorus III (1081 A.D.). New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.
- Fontaine, P.F.M. (2004). The Light and the Dark: A Cultural History of Dualism. The dualism in byzantine history, 638-1453 and in the East-West relationship of the Middle ages. Groningen: J.C. Gieben. ISBN 978-9-051-79134-1.
- Foss, Clive (2005). "Emperors named Constantine". Revue numismatique. 6 (161): 93–102. .
- ISBN 0-521-20160-8.
- Kaegi, Walter E. (2003). Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81459-1.
- ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
- Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). "Heraklonas". Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
- Moore, R. Scott (1996). "Heraklonas (April/May - September 641 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2.
- Reiskius, Io. Iac. (1829). Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae Libri Duo (in Latin). Bonn: Bonnae Impensis Ed. Weberi.
- Stratos, A. N. (1980). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius 685-711. Amsterdam: Hakkert. ISBN 978-9-025-60852-1.
- Stratos, Andreas N. (1972). Byzantium in the Seventh Century II: 634–641. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
- Treadgold, Warren (1990). "A Note on Byzantium's Year of the Four Emperors (641)". S2CID 194092611.
- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-72630-6.
External links
Media related to Heraclonas at Wikimedia Commons